Chan Chak Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-202). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese 摘耍 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.xii / List of figures --- p.xiii / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of diabetes mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Classification of diabetes mellitus --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Other forms of diabetes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Complications of diabetes mellitus --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Current treatment of diabetes mellitus --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Diet and exercise --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Medication --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- The use of herbal medicines in diabetes treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- "Hypothesis, objectives and design of the project" --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Preparation and authentication of traditional Chinese medicines --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Background information of the formulae --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Component herbs of formula1 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Raw herbal materials and formula 1 extract --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and its component herbs in vitro --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Type 2 diabetes and peripheral tissues --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Type 2 diabetes and liver --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Type 2 diabetes and intestinal glucose absorption --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objectives --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Cell culture media, buffers, reagents and culture wares" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Chemicals, media and reagents for 3T3-L1 differentiation" --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Chemicals and reagents for 3T3-L1 and Hs68 2-deoxy-D- glucose (2-DG) uptake assay --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Chemicals and buffers for H4IIE glucose production assay and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- "Animal, buffers and reagents for preparation and glucose uptake assay of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV)" --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Reagents for bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methods --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cell culture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Studies on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Oil red O staining of the 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- 2-DG uptake assay of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Studies on gluconeogenesis in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Glucose production assay --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- PEPCK assay --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Studies on BBMV glucose uptake --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Preparation of BBMV --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Preparation of the chloroform extract of the herbal water extract --- p.96 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Glucose uptake assay of BBMV --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) protein assay --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK assay in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Glucose uptake assay in BBMV --- p.113 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK activity in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Glucose absorption in BBMV --- p.125 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and Rhizoma Smilacis Chinensis in vivo --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Diabetic animal models --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Animals --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Chemicals and reagent kit --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- Methods --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Induction of diabetes in rats --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Plasma glucose level determination --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.147 / Chapter 4.6 --- Discussion --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The effects of the TCM treatment on glucose homeostasis in diabetic foot ulcer patients --- p.155 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3 --- Materials --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study subjects --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Blood sample --- p.158 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Chemicals and reagents for erythrocyte glucose uptake assay --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4 --- Methods --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preparation of blood sample --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Zero-trans influx of 3-OMG uptake in erythrocytes --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.161 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results --- p.162 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.166 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.168 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview of the project and analysis of research findings --- p.168 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of the study --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future directions --- p.174 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.177 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- References --- p.177 / Appendices --- p.203 / Appendix I The determination of the sugar contents in the herbal water extracts by high performance liquid chromatography --- p.203 / Appendix II Basal glycaemia test of formula 1 (822mg/kg) on nO-STZ rats --- p.206

Yeung Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-162). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / THESIS COMMITTEE --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.iii~v / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.vi~vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii~xiii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv~xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi~xviii / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xix~xx / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Different lipoproteins and their functions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chylomicrons --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- VLDL --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- LDL --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- HDL --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Background information of CHD --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- "Relationship between serum total cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and CHD" --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and CHD --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Triglyceride and CHD --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Cholesterol homeostasis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Roles of HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Roles of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A) in cholesterol catabolism…… --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Related hormone --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Possible mechanisms of hypolipidemic agents --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Hypolipidemic functional foods --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Pharmacological drugs --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5 --- Edible and medicinal mushrooms --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- General introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Hypolipidemic agents from Fungi --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6 --- Animal model --- p.35 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mushroom samples and control --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Sample introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Sample collection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Sample preparation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Moisture content --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animal diets for different experiments --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Basal diet --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Diet for preliminary screening --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Diet for dosage experiment --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Diet for active ingredient experiments --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2.5 --- Diet for long-term feeding experiment --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Animal model --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Nutritional components of mushroom samples --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Crude protein content (Kjeldahl method) --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Total dietary fiber content --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Crude lipid content --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Ash content --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Moisture content --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Animal handling experiments --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Feeding experiment standards --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.1 --- Feeding experiments of preliminary screening test --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.2 --- Feeding experiments of dosage test --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3 --- Feeding experiments of solvent extracts from Agrocybe aegerita (Brig) Sing (AA) --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3.1 --- Fractionation of ethanol & water soluble components of AA --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3.2 --- Feeding experiments of ethanol & water soluble components of AA --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.4 --- Feeding experiment of long-term test --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Blood sample collection --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Serum preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Liver sample preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Fecal sample preparation --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of serum lipid profiles --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Serum total cholesterol (TC) assay --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Serum triglyceride (TG) assay --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol assay --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.1 --- Separation of HDL fraction --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.2 --- HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) determination --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of liver lipid profiles --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Liver total cholesterol (TC) level determination --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Determination of liver total lipid (TL) level --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Quantitative determination of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Separation of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Derivatisation of fecal neutral sterols --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Derivatisation of fecal acidic sterols --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- Gas chromatographic analysis of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays of liver key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Preparation of hepatic microsome --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Assay of HMG-CoA reductase activity --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Assay of CYP7A activity --- p.69 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data statistics --- p.71 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Preliminary screening of eleven mushrooms for their hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Body weight and food intake --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum TC levels --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum TG levels --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum HDL levels --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Discussion of serum lipid profiles of S.D. rats fed M.S. diets in mushroom screening experiments --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effect and discussion of mushroom supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effect and discussion of mushroom supplementation on fecal neutral sterol excretion --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Summary (mushroom screening experiments) --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hypolipidemic effect of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing (AA) in a dose response study in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Nutritional composition of AA mushroom --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Body weight and food intake --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effect of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on blood lipid profiles of S.D. rats --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum TC level --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum TG level --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum HDL level --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Discussion of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum lipid profiles --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Effect and discussion of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Effect and discussion of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterol excretion --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Summary (dose response study) --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- Hypolipidemic effect of ethanol extract (E.E.) & water extract (W.E.) from AA in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Extraction yield --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Body weight & food intake --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum TC level --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum TG level --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum HDL level --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterols excretion --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Discussion (active fraction extract study) --- p.113 / Chapter 3.4 --- Long-term evaluation of the hypolipidemic effect of AA supplementation in normolipic S.D. rats --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Body weight & food intake --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum TC level --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum TG level --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum HDL level --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterols excretion --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on hepatic key enzymes of cholesterol metabolism ´ؤ HMG-CoA reductase and CYP7A --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Quantitation of hepatic microsomal protein --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on HMG-CoA reductase activity in S.D. rats --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on CYP7A activity in S.D. rats --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Discussion (long-term study) --- p.126 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.130 / References --- p.136

Chan Yiu-Pong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Declaration --- p.vi / Table of content --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of abbreviation --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum seed --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacological studies --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction to tracheal secretion --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mucus composition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sputum formation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Expectorant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Secretolytic drugs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Mucolytic drugs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Assays of studying expectorant activity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to oxidant and antioxidant --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Production of oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Reactive oxygen species reaction products --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.1 --- DNA damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.2 --- Protein damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.3 --- Lipid damage --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Antioxidant --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Endogenous antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.1 --- Superoxide dismutase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.2 --- Catalase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.3 --- Glutathione and glutathione peroxidases --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Synthetic and natural antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Vitamin C --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Tocopherols (Vitamin E) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activities --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- DPPH radical scavenging system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- APPH-induced hemolysis system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the research --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semen Oroxyli --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Assay for studying expectorant activity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phenol red standard curve --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DPPH radicals scavenging system --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- AAPH-induced red blood cell hemolysis system --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Extraction, fractionation and purification of Semen Oroxyli" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 70% ethanol extraction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Fractionation in polyamide column --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Fractionation in resin column --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Sub-fractions separation from 95% ethanol soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Pure compounds obtained from sub-fractions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Nulcear magnetic resonance (NMR) for identification --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results of Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Expectorant Activity on Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Expectorant activities of fractionations of Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results of Antioxidative Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Antioxidative activity of 70% ethanol extract --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidative activity of fractions of 70% ethanol extract --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Antioxidative activity on sub-fractions fractionated from 95% ethanol-soluble fraction --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Antioxidative activity on pure compounds isolated from sub-fractions --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results of Identification of Pure compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Compound A --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Compound B --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Compound C --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Compound D --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Compound E --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Discussion of expectorant activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of antioxidative activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- General Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Appendix A Procedures for preparing the phenol red standard curve for tracheal phenol red secretion system. --- p.85 / Appedix B 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra --- p.87 / References --- p.98

Zhang Li. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-159). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Abstract --- p.II / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.IV / Publications --- p.V / List of Abbreviations --- p.VI / List of Tables --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.VIII / Table of Contents --- p.XIII / Chapter Chapter One. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Flavonoids --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Tea --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Composition of green tea catechins (GTC) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Pharmacological activity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Anticarcinogenic activity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Radical scavenge --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Cardiovascular activity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Pharmacokinetics of GTC --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Absorption --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Distribution --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Elimination --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Metabolism --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.1 --- Metabolism in the small intestine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.4.2 --- Metabolism in the liver --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Summary of the pharmacokinetics of GTC --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Hawthorn --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Composition of hawthorn --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Pharmacological activity --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Inotonic activity --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Antiarrhythmic activity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Hypolipidemic activity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Antihypertensive activity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2.5 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Pharmacokinetics of HF --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Absorption --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Distribution and elimination --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Summary of pharmacokinetic of HF --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- Mechanisms of intestinal absorption --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Passive transcellular transport --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Paracellular transport --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Carrier-mediated transport --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- ABC transporters --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Cellular location and tissue distribution --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Substrates and inhibitors of ABC transporters --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6 --- Oral absorption models --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Ussing chamber --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- In situ intestinal perfusion model --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cell culture model --- p.34 / Chapter 1.7 --- Aims of the study --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Two. --- Transport mechanism of green tea catechins --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Materials for cell culture --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Instruments --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Analytical methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Analytical methods for validation of Caco-2 model --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1.1 --- Fluorescence analysis of lucifer yellow --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1.2 --- HPLC analysis of propranolol --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1.1.3 --- HPLC analysis of verapamil --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1.1.4 --- HPLC analysis of quinidine --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Analytical methods for samples contained GTC --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.2.1 --- HPLC analysis for each GTC --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.2.2 --- Preparation of calibration curves for each GTC --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1.2.3 --- HPLC/MS analysis of samples containing mixtures of four GTC --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1.2.4 --- Preparation of calibration curves for samples containing GTC mixture --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1.2.5 --- Validation of the HPLC methods --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Identification of metabolites with HPLC/MS --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Determination of stability profile of GTC in phosphate buffer --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Cell culture --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Validation of Caco-2 cell monolayer model --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayer at pH 6.0 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Permeability of paracellular and transcellular markers at pH 6.0 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Validation of the existence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporterin Caco-2 monolayer model --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Cytotoxicity test --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Transport study of GTC using Caco-2 cell monolayer model --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Bi-directional transport experiment --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Preparation of different dosing formulations of GTC --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.5.2.1 --- Preparation of individual pure GTC solutions --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.5.2.2 --- Preparation of cocktail 1 solution --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5.2.3 --- Preparation of green tea extract solution --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5.2.4 --- Preparation of cocktail 2 solution --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5.3 --- Sample treatment --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5.3.1 --- Samples for direct analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5.3.2 --- Samples for enzymatic hydrolysis treatment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.4 --- Further investigation of the transport mechanism of GTC --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.1 --- Inhibition transport of EC and EGC --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.2 --- Transport mechanism of metabolites of EC and EGC --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.5.4.3 --- Metabolic competition between EGC and the other GTC --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Calculation --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Data analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Validation of the HPLC methods --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Stability of the GTC --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Extract of green tea leaves --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validation of Caco-2 model --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayer --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Permeability of paracellular and transcellular markers at pH 6.0 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.4.3 --- Validation of P-glycoprotein --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.4.4 --- Cytotoxicity test --- p.61 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Transport study of GTC --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Bi-directional transport of individual pure GTC --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Bi-directional transport of GTC in different dosing formulations --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.5.2.1 --- Absorption transport profile of GTC in different dosing formulations --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.5.2.2 --- Secretion transport profile of GTC in different dosing formulations --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.5.3 --- Identification of metabolites of each GTC formed during the transport in Caco-2 cell model --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Further investigation of the transport mechanism of GTC --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- Inhibition transport of EC and EGC --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- Transport mechanism of metabolites of EC and EGC --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.6.3 --- Metabolic competition between EGC and the other GTC --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.6.4 --- Contribution of GTC on the metabolism of EGC --- p.89 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Stability of the four GTC --- p.92 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Validation of Caco-2 cell model --- p.92 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Bi-directional transport of GTC --- p.93 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Structure related efflux --- p.97 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Metabolism of GTC --- p.98 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Relationship between metabolism and efflux transport of GTC --- p.99 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Bi-directional transport of GTC in different dosing formulations …… --- p.100 / Chapter 2.5.7.1 --- Absorption transport profile of different dosing formulations --- p.100 / Chapter 2.5.7.2 --- Secretion transport profile of different dosing formulations --- p.101 / Chapter 2.6 --- Conclusion --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter Three. --- Transport mechanism of hawthorn flavonoids --- p.106 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Materials for cell culture --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Instruments --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Analytical methods for HF --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Analytical methods of individual pure compound of HF --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.1 --- HPLC analysis of HP and IQ --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.2 --- HPLC analysis of EC --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Preparation of calibration curves for individual pure HF --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- HPLC/MS analysis of three HF in mixture --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Preparation of the calibration curves of three HF in mixture --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Validation of HPLC methods --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Analytical methods for identification of metabolites with HPLC/MS --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Cell culture --- p.112 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cytotoxicity test --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Transport studies of HF using Caco-2 monolayer model --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Bi-directional transport experiment --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Preparation of loading solutions in different dosing formulations of HF for Caco-2 cell model --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.5.2.1 --- Preparation of individual pure HF solutions --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.5.2.2 --- Preparation of cocktail 1 solution --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.5.2.3 --- Preparation of hawthorn extract solution --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.5.2.4 --- Preparation of cocktail 2 solution --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Sample treatment --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.5.4 --- Further study of the transport mechanism of HF --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.5.4.1 --- "Inhibition transport of EC, IQ, and HP" --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.5.4.2 --- "Transport mechanisms of the metabolites of EC, HP, IQ" --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Calculation --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Data analysis --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Validation of the HPLC methods --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cytotoxicity test --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Transport study of HF --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Bi-directional transport of individual pure HF --- p.122 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Bi-directional transport of the HF in different formulations --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.3.2.1 --- Absorption transport of different formulations of HF --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.3.2.2 --- Secretion transport of different dosing forms --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- Identification of metabolites of each HF formed during their transport in Caco-2 model --- p.126 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Further study on the transport mechanism --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- "Inhibition transport of EC, HP, IQ" --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Transport mechanism of metabolites of HF --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Transport profiles of HF metabolites upon the loading of different dosing formulations of HF --- p.138 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.140 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Bi-directional transport of each HF --- p.140 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Bi-directional transport of HF in different formulations --- p.141 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.142 / Chapter Chapter Four. --- Limitations of the current study --- p.143 / Chapter Chapter Five. --- Overall conclusions --- p.146 / References --- p.148 / Appendices --- p.160

Chen Qian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-156). / Abstract and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 中文摘要 --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.IV / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.V / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VII / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.IX / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "General principles of diagnosis, treatment and efficacy evaluation in TCM" --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Basic principle of TCM in diagnosis and treatment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Principles of combination use of TCM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Principles of TCM prescription --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- TCM is beneficial to human health --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- "TCM is beneficial, but needs further modernized confirmation" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- TCM is effective when used following the principles of TCM --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The proper use and efficacy of TCM need further investigations --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3 --- Unwanted effects of TCM --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Unwanted effects of TCM are commonly seen --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adverse effects of TCM classified based on medical systems --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Reasons related to adverse effects of TCM --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4 --- Studies on the use of TCM in Hong Kong --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Hypothesis and purpose of this study --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- METHODOLOGY --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Rationale of questionnaire survey --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Choice of study method --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Types of diseases in the survey --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Issues related to implementation of questionnaire survey --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Interviewers and respondents --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Materials of the survey --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Collection period of questionnaire form --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Procedure of the questionnaire survey --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Questionnaire format and the content --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Statistics methods --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Pilot study for validation of the survey --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- RESULTS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results from the main patient survey --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General characteristics of main patient group…… --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The attitude of the main patient group towards TCM --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in the main patient group --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results from medical patients --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General characteristics of medical patients in the survey --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The attitude of medical patients towards TCM --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in medical patients --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Use of herbal medicine in the patients with the metabolic syndrome --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- About the patients with hypertension and/or dyslipidaemia --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- About the patients with diabetes mellitus --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results from surgical patients --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General characteristics of surgical patients --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The attitude of surgical patients towards TCM --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Use of herbal medicines in surgical patients --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for tonics or food supplements --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used for treating illnesses --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- TCM used in gynaecological and surgical patients --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DISCUSSION --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1 --- The use of TCM in Hong Kong patients --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2 --- The attitude of patients towards TCM --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations in the survey --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Further investigations --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- TCM is commonly used in Hong Kong patients for either health promotion or illnesses prevention and treatment --- p.90 / Chapter 5 2 --- The use of TCM in Hong Kong patients lacks formal regulation and management --- p.90 / TABLES --- p.91 / APPENDIX --- p.133 / Chapter 1. --- Informed consent form --- p.133 / Chapter 2. --- Questionnaire form (English version) --- p.136 / Chapter 3. --- Questionnaire form (Chinese version) --- p.138 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.141 / Chapter 1. --- Full Publications --- p.141 / Chapter 2. --- Conference abstracts --- p.141 / REFERENCES --- p.144

Lam Kit. / Thesis submitted in: July 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-153). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.I / Table of Content --- p.II / List of Tables --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.IX / Abbreviations --- p.XIV / Abstract --- p.XVI / 論文摘要 --- p.XIX / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatitis B --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Brief Introduction of HBV --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- History of Hepatitis B Virus --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection around the World --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Hepatitis B Virus Infection in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Update of HBV Infection in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Problems in China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hepatitis B Virology --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Hepadnaviridae Family --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- HBV Particles Types --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The HBV Genome --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- The Life Cycle of HBV --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- HBV Transmission --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- HBV Therapy --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Phyllanthus Species --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Alexander Cells --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COMPARISONS OF AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC EXTRACTS OF THREE PHYLLANTHUS SPECIES OF THEIR IN VITRO ANTI-HBV EFFECTS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phyllanthus species --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- "Chemicals, Antibodies and Instrument" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Aqueous Extraction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Organic Extraction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cell line --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Toxicity of Extracts --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- IMx Assay --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- RNA Extraction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- RT-PCR --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Western Blotting --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Preparation of Protein Samples --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Protein Transfer --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.7.4 --- Immumnoblotting --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7.5 --- Protein Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Toxicity of the Extracts --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effects on HBsAg Secretion and Viral Gene Expression --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Analysis of Intracellular Viral Proteins --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE COMPONIENT FROM AN ORGANIC EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA (GUANGDONG) --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Ethanol Extraction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Partitions --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Column Purification --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Crystallization --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Analysis of Four Fractions after Partitions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Screening of the Active Fraction after Column Chromatography of Fraction B --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Screening of the Active Fraction after Column Chromatography of Fraction6 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Crystallization and Identification of the Isolated component --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Study Anti-HBV effects of pheophorbide a --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- STUDY OF PRE S I PROMOTER ACTIVITY OF HBV --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Cell line --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Clonning of Pre SI Promoter from HBV Genome --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Gene Clean --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Restriction Enzyme Digestion --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Synthesis of T-Overhang EcoR V Cut pBluescript® II KS (-) --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Ligation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- DH5α Competent Cells Preparation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.2.8 --- Transformation --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.2.9 --- Plasmid Purification --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2.2.10 --- Transfection --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.2.11 --- Luciferase Assay --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Cloning of the Pre S I Promoter --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequences of the Pre S I Promoter --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Pre S I Promoter Activities in Hep 3B Cell Line --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effects of Herbal Extracts on Pre S I Promoter --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.130 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.134 / REFERENCES --- p.141

Yim Wan Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-109). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 槪論 --- p.iv / Table of contents --- p.v / List of abbreviations --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Oxidation stress --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Free radicals --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Hydrogen peroxide --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Menadione --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Diseases related to oxidative stress --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Liver Injury --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Antioxidants --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Importance of antioxidant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Examples of antioxidant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) formula Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan (WZ) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The WZ medicinal formula --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Pharmacological actions of WZ --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Pharmacological actions of individual herbs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Fructus Lycii --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Semen Cuscuta --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Fructus Rubi --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Semen Plantaginis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Fructus Schisandrae --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- The relationship between the liver and kidney --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Preparation of Aqueous Extraction of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan (WZ) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- WZ extracts from raw materials (WZ-e) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- WZ extracts from commercial available ready-to-use powders (WZ-p) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extraction Yield for WZ-e --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- In vitro Total Antioxidant Capacity of Aqueous Extracts of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan and its Components --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Total Antioxidants: Trolox Equavalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Reagents --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Instruments --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Total Antioxidnats: Trolox Equavalent Antioxidnat Capacity (TEAC) --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Antioxidnat Capacity of Trolox --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Antioxidant capacity of WZ-e formula --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Antioxidant capacity of WZ-p formula --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The total antioxidant capacity of WZ-e and its simplified formulae --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- The total antioxidant capacity of WZ-p and its simplified formulae --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Synergetic effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Orthogonal analysis of WZ-e and its simplified formulae on TEAC assay --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Simplified Formulae of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan in vitro --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- In vitro antioxidant --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidant effect of Catechins --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- MTT assay --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Objectives --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Reagents --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- MTT Cytotoxicity Assay --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The effect of WZ-e formula on HepG2 cells --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The effect of hydrogen peroxide on HepG2 cells --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The effect of menadione on HepG2 cells --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The effect of catechin on HepG2 cells --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- The effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicty on HepG2 cells --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- The effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae against menadione-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- The effect of WZ-p on HepG2 cells --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.8 --- The effect of WZ-p and its simplified formulae against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.9 --- The effect of WZ-p and its simplified formulae against menadione-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effect of Aqueous Extract of Wu-zi-yan-zong-wan on Menadione-induced Oxidative Damage in Mouse Liver --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Materials --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Reagents --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Apparatus --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Animal treatments --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Collection of samples --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Marker enzyme measurement (ALT) --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Dose-dependent effect of WZ-e on menadione hepatotoxicity --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Dose-dependent effect of WZ-e on menadione hepatotoxicity as illustrated by histopathological observations --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Analyzing he effect of WZ-e and its simplified formulae on menadione-induced hepatotoxicity by Orthogonal Analysis89 --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Conclusion --- p.93 / References --- p.95

Poon Wing-sem. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-171). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT I-IV --- p.I-IV / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI-VIII / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.IX-XI / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XII / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rutaceae --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- taxonomy of Rutaceae --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Controversial taxonomic issues --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Subfamilies Rutoideae and Toddalioideae --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- "Euodia, Melicope and Tetradium" --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.1 --- History --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.2 --- Arguments based on morphology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Molecular Approach --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction to molecular systematics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- DNA sequence markers --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Applications --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Fructus Evodiae --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Functional chemicals and pharmacological effects of Fructus Evodiae --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Problem in authentication --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Plant and Herb Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Modified cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Kit extraction --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DNeasy® Plant MiniKit of Qiagen --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- GenElute´ёØ Plant Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit of Sigma® --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- DNA gel electrophoresis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- PCR product purification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Rapid Gel Extraction System of Marligen Biosciences INC --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Gel-M´ёØ Gel Extraction System --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ligation and transformation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Ligation and transformation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Cell culture --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Plasmid extraction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7 --- Determination of DNA concentration --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8 --- Cycle Sequencing --- p.54 / Chapter 2.9 --- Sequence Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- MOLECULAR AUTHENTICATION OF FRUCTUSEVODIAE --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results and data analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Authentication based on ITS-1 region --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Phylogram study --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- ITS-1 region nucleotide differences significant in authentication of Fructus Evodiae --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Comparison of sequences --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Authentication based on ITS-2 region --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Phylogram study --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- ITS-2 region nucleotide differences significant inauthentication of Fructus Evodiae --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Comparison of sequences --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Molecular markers --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON RUTACEAE --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results and data analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chloroplast trnL intron region --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Chloroplast trnL-F intergenic spacer region --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.126 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Nuclear ITS-1 region --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Euodia, Melicope and Tetradium" --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Tetradium --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Tetradium and Phellodendron --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Zanthoxylum and Toddalia --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Rutoideae and Toddalioideae --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Tree constructing methods --- p.158 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- CONCLUSION --- p.161 / REFERENCES --- p.163

Zhang Yongwen. / "February 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-188). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Both SM and ST reduced ALT elevation in rats in the prevention study. In the treatment study, ALT of all rats was resolved. Only ST reduced the fibrosis in both prevention and treatment studies. Maximum reduction of fibrosis compared to control was 44.12% in the prevention group and 56.83% in the treatment group. Activated HSC was decreased and apoptosis increased in rats with improved fibrosis. / Conclusion. ST prevented formation of liver fibrosis and promoted resolution of established fibrosis in the rat model. These effects were mediated through induction of HSC apoptosis in the liver. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Hepatic fibrosis results from the wound healing response to prolonged liver insult such as chronic hepatitis. It represents an imbalance of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis, causing formation of scars. Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key to fibrogenesis while apoptosis of HSC is associated with resolution of fibrosis. / Intense efforts are currently underway to evaluate potential anti-fibrotic agents in herbal medicine. The study hypothesized that herbs may resolve hepatic fibrosis through induction of apoptosis of HSC. In this study, the anti-fibrotic potentials of fourteen commonly used herbs were examined. The anti-fibrotic effect and the underlying mechanism of two herbs were further investigated in an animal model. / Method. Fourteen herbs including Angelica sinensis(AS), Astragalus membranaceus(AM), Cordyceps sinensis(CS), Curcuma wenyujin(CW), Carthamus tinctorius(CT), Curcuma kwangsinensis(CK), Bupleurum chinensis(BC), Ligusticum chuanxiong(LC), Paeconia lactiflora(PL), Prunus persiea(PP), Poria cocos(PC), Salvia miltorrhiza(SM), Schisandra chinensis(SC) and Stephania tetrandra(ST) were selected for screening based on documented safety and effectiveness, and availability in commercial extracts. These two herbs were also authenticated by chemical profiling using HPLC. / Result. For in vitro bioassay, five herbs, namely Angelica sinensis (AS), Carthamus tinctorius (CT), Ligusticum chuanxiong(LC), Salvia miltiorrhiza(SM) and Stephania tetrandra(ST) demonstrated both anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in T6. SM and ST showed highest potencies with 51.63% and 44.52% of T6 cells showing apoptotsis respectively. Fas and Bax expression was up-regulated and BclxL expression decreased in HSC after incubation with SM and ST. Fas ligand and Bcl2 expression remained unchanged. / Treatment of chronic liver disease with herbal medicine has been documented in ancient China. Nowadays, practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also use herbs to treat chronic liver disease and it is conceivable that such herbs redress the imbalance between fibrogenesis and fibrolysis. / Chor Sin Yee. / "July 2005." / Adviser: Joseph J. Y. Sung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0172. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-217). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.