Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Refer to the document / University of Limpopo C. S. D.

Book Summary: Folk Music in Overdrive is a reader of music scholar Ivan Tribe’s more significant published articles, revised and updated from their original publication in magazines such as Bluegrass Unlimited, Precious Memories: Journal of Gospel Music, Old Time Music, and Goldenseal: West Virginia Traditional Life, as well as two never-before published essays. Tribe delivers essays on well-known solo artists such as Charlie Monroe and Mac Odell; country music duos like husband and wife team Joe and Stacy Isaacs or the brotherly duos of The Bailes, Callahan, and Goins brothers; famous and lesser-known sidemen such as fiddlers Tater Tate and Natchee the Indian, or dobro player Speedy Krise; and musical groups such as the enigmatic Coon Creek Girls. This collection represents an important contribution to music studies and spans bluegrass as a genre from its beginnings to the present. Originally built around interviews with these figures and their close associates, these thirty-nine revised articles yield new information from a variety of sources, much from Bear Family boxed sets as well as counsel, advice, and knowledge shared by other music scholars. Tribe's profiles cover musicians and bands that were bluegrass pickers and singers themselves, as well as some musicians who are often characterized as traditional country musicians. Some led bands for all or part of their careers, while others ranked as noted sidemen or band members. Others composed songs that have become popular, indeed often standard, fare in the bluegrass field. As part of the Charles K. Wolfe Music Series, formed in honor of the late music scholar, Folk Music in Overdrive succinctly advances traditional music scholarship and Wolfe’s own love of early country and bluegrass.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Microbiology)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten diseases that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although TB is curable, the main problem currently with TB is development resistance to the current chemotherapy. Medicinal plants, as a source of drugs, have been found to cause less or no resistance. Medicinal plants are studied and considered for their efficacy and safety because they possess bioactive compounds with various biological activities. The aim of the study was to isolate and characterise bioactive compounds from selected seven plant species [A. dimidiata (LNBG 1969/46), A. afra (LNBG 2010/27), Z. capense (LNBG 1969/100), C. herorense (LNBG 1977/71), L. javanica (LNBG 1969/460), E. camaldulensis and C. lemon (UNIN 12330)] with activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Multi- drug resistant tuberculosis starain and H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain. It was also imperative to determine whether crude extracts, sub- fractions of the extracts and the isolated bioactive compounds are cytotoxic or not. Leaves of the seven selected plants were collected from South African National Botanical Institute (SANBI) at Nelspruit, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The leaves were dried and milled to fine powder. The leaves of each plant were extracted using solvents of varying polarity (i.e. hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol). Phytochemical screening was done using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) developed in three mobile phases varying in polarity and then sprayed with vanillin sulphuric acid in methanol heated at 110oC for optimal colour development. Qualitative antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,2- diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay on TLC plates. Antimycobacterial activity for all the plant extracts was done using bioautography assay in qualitative analysis of the active compounds and for quantitative analysis, the microplate dilution assay was used. The plants which showed better activity (C. lemon, C. hereroense and A. dimidiata) with the microplate dilution assay and bioautography were further subjected to solvent- solvent fractionation as the first step towards isolation of bioactive compounds. Synergistic, additive, indifferent and antagonistic effects of the crude extracts combinations of the three selected plants was determined. The combinations where A. dimdiata was also part of the combinations frequently showed synergistic effect. On the other hand, with the combinations of C. hereroense and A. dimdidata (CH-AD) there was no antagonistic effect observed. The combinations of crude extracts of C. lemon and A. dimidiata all showed synergistic effect, except for only three combinations. Based on the synergistic effect observed and the bioactivity on the bioautography and microplate dilution assay of the sub- fractions, A. dimidiata was chosen for further analysis for antimycobacterial activity using the MDR- TB strain and M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. The sub- fractions of A. dimidiata with the most activity were hexane and butanol. Hexane and butanol fractions both showed good MIC activity against the TB isolated M. tuberculosis field strain and H37Rv strain of 0.47 and 031 mg/ml, respectively. Butanol fraction was further taken for isolation using open colum chromatography doing bioassay guided isolation. The isolated compounds, together with the crude were tested for their biological activity using MTT assay to determine their cytotoxicity and antimycobacterial activity assay to confirm their activity against M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis. Cytotoxicity assay showed that the crude extracts of A. dimidiate were toxic against the Vero kidney cells and the subfractions (i.e. butanol and hexane) became moderate to non-toxic and one compound (oleanolic acid) from the butanol sub-fraction was non- cytotoxic. This indicates that the isolation of the crude extracts tends to become non- toxic to the cells. The study suggests the use of pure compounds to fight against TB as compared to crude extracts since they are both bioactive and non- cytotoxic. Crude extracts combinations were effective in killing Mycobacterium as compared to single crude extracts. The present study recommends the use of A. dimidiata plant leaves crude extracts combinations as they mostly exhibit synergistic effect. Furthermore, Mycobacterium and also contain non- cytotoxic antimycobacterial compound (oleanolic acid). The study serves as a scientific proof for the use of this plant in traditional medicine for TB treatment.

La médecine et la pharmacopée traditionnelles ouest-africaine constituent encore aujourd'hui, l'unique moyen de prise en charge des maladies pour des milliers de personnes vivant en zone rurale et même en zone urbaine. Cette réalité est souvent présentée comme découlant uniquement de la faiblesse du système allopathique de santé, cependant, elle peut être le fruit d'un choix socioculturel. En effet, les conceptions traditionnelles des maladies, c’est-à-dire la distinction entre maladies naturelles et maladies provoquées influencent encore le choix thérapeutique dans les communautés africaines surtout en zone rurale. Pendant longtemps, ce retour à la médecine et à la pharmacopée traditionnelle s'est fait sans la mise en place des mesures d'encadrement et d'accompagnement nécessaires. Ce qui engendre d’énormes risques sanitaires. De plus, la multiplication des bio-prospections sans contrôle des États a conduit à une forte croissance des appropriations illicites des savoirs tradimédicaux. Cet état des faits a fait émerger au sein des institutions internationales compétentes de nouvelles questions : celles des droits des communautés locales et autochtones sur leurs ressources et leurs savoirs tradimédicaux associés, et la nécessité de la construction d'un système équitable d'exploitation des ressources et des savoirs médicaux traditionnels à des fins de recherches et de développement. Les États burkinabè et ghanéen ont, pour pallier ces difficultés, adopté des législations encadrant les pratiques traditionnelles de soins ainsi que la production et la mise sur leurs marchés nationaux de médicaments traditionnels et néo traditionnels / Traditional medicine and pharmacopeia are still nowadays for thousands of people in West Africa, the unique healthcare solution. If this fact is often considered as arising solely from the weakness of the allopathic health system, it could also be a result of socio-cultural choices. Indeed, people especially in rural areas are strongly influenced by traditional vision and beliefs about diseases’ origins, which could have natural or induced causes in this traditional conception. For a long time, this resort to traditional medicine was done without the supervision and support of the appropriate measures and regulations. This has generated high public healthcare risks. Moreover, the multiplication of bioprospection’s without states control has led to a sharp increase in illicit appropriation of traditional medicine knowledge for the purposes of pharmaceutical innovation. This has created new issues in the South, especially about local populations’ intellectual property on their traditional knowledge. Highlighting these facts has raised new concerns within the competent international and regional institutions: the need of protection for local and indigenous communities’ rights over their genetic resources and associated tradimedical knowledge, and the need of building a fair system of exploitation of resources and medical indigenous knowledge for purposes of research and development. The Burkinabe and Ghanaian states have, in order to overcome these issues, adopted legislations to regulate traditional care practices as well as the production and placement on their national markets of traditional and neo-traditional medicines

Orientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes / Resumo: As políticas indigenistas sofreram inúmeras transformações em meio aos interesses dos grupos hegemônicos. Neste contexto, os povos indígenas foram escravizados, aculturados e até mesmo exterminados. Destaca-se a criação da aldeia indígena Vanuíre, como resultante de um processo que visava favorecer os interesses desses grupos. Considerando as mudanças que ocorreram neste âmbito, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as transformações das políticas públicas indigenistas na aldeia indígena Vanuíre (Arco Íris/SP). Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa cujos objetivos foram exploratório-descritivos. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram o estudo de caso e o levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Constatou-se que os povos indígenas sempre estiveram à margem do processo de formulação de políticas públicas e que a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, passaram a ocupar um espaço diferenciado no âmbito legal, entretanto, ainda perpassam por dificuldades de ordem prática quanto ao cumprimento do que é previsto na mesma. Quanto a aldeia indígena, evidenciou-se que sua criação ocorreu em um momento em que os povos indígenas exerciam uma cidadania de baixa intensidade, entretanto, hoje trata-se de um espaço cuja convivência é embasada no contexto de comunidade, cujas necessidades nos âmbitos fundiários, de saúde e educação são atendidas pelos órgãos governamentais federais, estaduais e municipais. Notou-se que o suporte desses órgãos especialmente do munícipio jun... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Indigenist policies have undergone numerous transformations amid the interests of hegemonic groups. In this context, indigenous peoples were enslaved, acculturated and even exterminated. The creation of the Vanuíre indigenous village is the result of a process aimed at favoring the interests of these groups. Considering the changes that occurred in this scope, this research had the aim of analyzing the transformations of indigenous public policies in the indigenous village Vanuíre (Arco Íris / SP). For that, a qualitative research was carried out whose objectives were exploratory-descriptive. The methodological procedures involved the case study and the bibliographic survey. It was pointed out that indigenous peoples have always been on the margins of the process of formulating public policies and that since the 1988 Federal Constitution, they have come to occupy a different space in the legislative sphere, however, they still face practical difficulties regarding compliance than provided for therein. As for the indigenous village, it was evidenced that its creation occurred at a time when indigenous peoples exercised a citizenship of low intensity, however, today it is a space whose coexistence is based in the context of community, whose needs in the scope areas, health and education are attended by federal, state and municipal government agencies. It was noted that the support of these organs, especially of the municipality near the village is effective, that the population studied has been a participant in the public policy processes, but there are still many challenges, especially those focused on promoting and enhancing indigenous culture / Mestre

To ensure test security and fairness, alternative forms of the same test are administered in practice. However, alternative forms of the same test generally do not have the same test difficulty level, even though alternative test forms are designed to be as parallel as possible. Equating adjusts for differences in difficulties among forms of the test. Six traditional equating methods are considered in this study: equipercentile equating without smoothing, equipercentile equating with pre-smoothing and post-smoothing, IRT true-score and observed-score equatings, and kernel equating. A common feature of all of the traditional procedures is that the end result of equating is a single transformation (or conversion table) that is used for all examinees who take the same test. Van der Linden has proposed conditional equipercentile (or local) equating (CEE) to reduce the error of equating contained in the traditional equating procedures by introducing individual level equating. Van der Linden's CEE is conceptually closest to IRT-T in that CEE is with respect to a type of true score (θ, or proficiency), but it shares similarities with to IRT-O in that CEE uses an estimated observed score distribution for each individual θ to equate scores using equipercentile equating. No real-data study has yet compared van der Linden's CEE with each of the traditional equating procedures. Indeed, even for the traditional procedures, no study has compared all six of them simultaneously. In addition to van der Linden's CEE, two additional variations of CEE are considered: CEE using maximum likelihood (CEE-MLE) and CEE using the true characteristic curve (CEE-TCC). The focus of this study is on comparing results from CEE vis-à-vis the traditional procedures, as opposed to answering a “best-procedure”question, which would require a common conception of “true”equating. Although the results of the traditional equating methods are quite similar, the kernel equating method and equipercentile equating with log-linear presmoothing generally show better fit to the respective original form statistical moments under various data conditions. Although IRT-T and IRT-O usually are found to be least favorable under all circumstance in terms of statistical moments, the equated raw score difference distribution illustrates more stable performance than traditional equating methods. It was found here that the number of examinees having a particular score point does not influence results for CEE as much as it does for traditional equatings. CEE-EAP and CEE-MLE are very similar to one another and the equated score difference distributions are similar to those of IRT-O. CEE-TCC involves a part of the IRT-T procedure. Hence, CEE-TCC behaves somewhat similar to IRT-T. Although CEE results are less desirable in terms of maintaining statistical moments, the equated score differences are more consistent and stable than for the traditional equating methods.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between demographic variables known to predict bullying and victimization, traditional bullying victimization, cyberbullying victimization, and school climate. Participants were 214 fourth and fifth grade students from three elementary schools in Warren County, Kentucky. Students answered demographic questions and completed a series of surveys including the Positive Experience Checklist and the School Climate Survey Suite. Demographic variables and traditional bullying victimization were regressed on the students’ perception of school climate (Model 1). Additionally, cyberbullying victimization was included in a second block to estimate its explanatory value (Model 2). The present study supports previous research that found that traditional bullying is related with a lower perception of school climate and extended this research by examining the relation between cyberbullying and school climate; of interest, are the impacts of cyberbullying on meaningful outcomes (e.g., school climate) of a sufficient magnitude to warrant changes in preventative and intervention strategies? Interestingly, cyberbullying had a negligible but significant effect on school climate, only explaining an additional 3% of the variance in student perception of school climate. These data indicate that cyberbullying victimization is much less predictive of perceptions of school climate than traditional victimization.

Non-traditional casting has been a controversial practice in film, television and theatre that was implemented to offer people of color and women opportunities which had previously been available to white or male performers. The following is a case study documenting the process by which I have discovered that non-traditional casting as a practice contributes to the oppression of people of color as well as supports the status quo of the white patriarchy. This case study is analyzed from the historical, sociological, psychological and philosophical theories and ideologies relevant to the unsuccessful attempt of a female actor of African-American descent at portraying a white, Evangelical, male minister. It concludes with an invitation and an approach to making better people.

Le paludisme demeure un problème de santé publique mondial qui risque de s'aggraver avec la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux thérapies combinées à base d'artémisinine (ACT), médicaments antipaludiques les plus récents et les plus efficaces. Mon travail avait pour but de proposer différents axes d'élimination du paludisme en Indonésie. Une première partie a consisté à rechercher de nouveaux médicaments antipaludiques à partir de données ethnobotaniques indonésiennes. Parmi les 25 extraits bruts réalisés à partir de plantes médicinales indonésiennes utilisées traditionnellement dans le traitement du paludisme, sept ont montré une activité antipaludique intéressante (CI50 <5 µg/mL) et certains d'entre eux se sont révélés également actifs sur 2 autres pathogènes Babesia divergens et Leishmania infantum. La deuxième partie de ce travail était axée sur les composés organométalliques synthétiques. Les études de relations structure-activité de ces complexes organométalliques d'or (I) -NHC ont permis de sélectionner un composé actif sur P. falciparum avec une CI50 de 320nM. La troisième partie du travail a été consacrée à l'étude de la résistance de P. falciparum à l'artémisinine et à ses dérivés. La corrélation entre le polymorphisme de PfK13 et la résistance à l'artémisinine a été clairement établie grâce à des études de génétique inverse avec des souches de laboratoire résistantes et sensibles et des isolats cliniques Cambodgiens. Cette résistance a été mise en évidence in vitro par un test de survie parasitaire appelé RSA(0-3h). Par les mêmes méthodes génétique et phénotypique, la cartographie de la distribution du polymorphisme de PfK13 en Indonésie a été réalisée dans la zone de Kupang sur des patients infectés par P. falciparum. Cependant au moment de la collecte des échantillons de sang, la prévalence de P. falciparum a montré une diminution spectaculaire empêchant la poursuite de l'étude clinique. Face au faible nombre de patients admissibles avec un paludisme à P. falciparum, aucun résultat concluant n'a pu être obtenu. En conclusion, les plantes médicinales indonésiennes et les composés synthétiques sont potentiellement intéressants comme point de départ chimique pour de nouveaux médicaments antipaludiques. En ce qui concerne la résistance à l'artémisinine, aucun échec thérapeutique ou parasitologique après traitement par ACT n'a été signalé, pour le moment, en Indonésie. Cependant, les zones de résistance de P. falciparum aux ACT dans le Sud-Est asiatique sont relativement proches et nécessitent, en Indonésie, un suivi des variations de la chimiosensibilité du paludisme à P. falciparum et du polymorphisme de PfK13, responsable de la résistance à l'artémisinine. / Malaria remains a global public health problem and worsening with the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs), the latest and most effective antimalarial drugs. My project aimed to provide insight into malaria elimination in Indonesia. The first part was to look for new antimalarial drugs based on Indonesian ethnobotanical data. Among 25 crude extracts realized on Indonesian traditional medicinal plants, seven showed a good antimalarial activity (IC50 < 5µg/mL) and some of them were also active against Babesia divergens and Leishmania infantum. The second part of the study focused on chemosynthetic organometallic compounds. The structure- activity relationships study on organometallic gold(I)-NHC complexes led to a very active compound on P. falciparum with an IC50 of 320nM. The third part of this work was dedicated to the study of P. falciparum resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives. The correlation between PfK13 polymorphism and artemisinin resistance has been clearly established thanks to reverse genetic with resistant and sensitive laboratory strains and clinical isolates from Cambodia. This resistance was evidenced in vitro throughout a parasite survival assay called RSA(0-3h). By the same genotypic and phenotypic methods, mapping of PfK13 polymorphism distribution in Indonesia was performed in Kupang on P. falciparum malaria patients. However, at the time of P. falciparum blood samples collection, prevalence showed a dramatic decrease hindering the continuation of the clinical study. Facing to the very small number of eligible patients with a P. falciparum malaria, no conclusive results has been obtained. In conclusion, medicinal plants and synthetic compounds are potentially interesting as chemical starting point for new antimalarial drugs. Concerning artemisinin resistance, any treatment failure or delayed cure with ACTs has yet to be reported in Indonesia. However, because Indonesia is relatively close to the Southeast Asian areas of resistance, the possible occurrence of such cases in Indonesia must be anticipated by determining the variations of P. falciparum malaria chemo-sensitivity and by following PfK13 polymorphism, responsible for artemisinin resistance.