Contemporary resource use on Indigenous lands is not often well understood by the general public. In particular, there is a perception that traditional and commercial resource use are mutually exclusive, and therefore there is often an assumption that Indigenous communities are abandoning their traditional economy when they participate in the commercial sector of the larger regional economy. This perceived tension between traditional and commercial resource use is caused in part by a limited understanding of the participation of Indigenous peoples in commercial industries historically and the subsequent process of the commercialization of some aspects of Indigenous peoples pre-contact economies. This dissertation examines the seasonal cycle of activities and the patterns of consumption and production of the Indigenous peoples who participated in the fur trade at Ile a la Crosse in northwestern Saskatchewan and the whaling industry at the Otakou shore station in southern New Zealand. A systematic analysis of the daily journals and accounting records kept by company employees in these two regions demonstrate that participation in these industries allowed the Indigenous economies to be transformed from pre-contact times. While this participation did not completely subsume the Indigenous economies, the changes that were made created a need for the Indigenous people to continue accessing the European-style goods that had been incorporated into their livelihoods, a need that was exacerbated as local resources declined as a result of over-use. Thus, there is a need to re-conceptualize what is generally thought of as the traditional economy. The traditional economy in contemporary Indigenous communities is often perceived as an Indigenous approach to resource use that has changed little, except perhaps in the technology used, from pre-contact times. This dissertation, however, clearly demonstrates that participation in commercial industries historically encouraged the adaptation of Indigenous economies in response to changing opportunities and circumstances. It becomes clear then that the so-called traditional economy of today, is an Indigenous economy that has already been shaped and influenced by participation in historical commercial economies. Understanding the adaptability of Indigenous economies has important implications for economic development initiatives in Indigenous communities today. / Comparative Indigenous Economic History

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">In my thesis entitled &lsquo / African Tradition and Modernity in Zakes Mda&rsquo / s <i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The Heart of Redness&rsquo / </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, I analyze the way Western modernity and African traditions interact in Mda&rsquo / s novel. I suggest that both modernity and tradition interact to produce a hybrid culture. This will become apparent in my analysis of the way Mda depicts the cattlekilling episode and the effects of Nongqawuse&rsquo / s prophecy, and also in the novel&rsquo / s contemporary characters. Mda shows the development of an African modernity through the semi-autobiographical figure of Camagu who is not slavishly indebted to Western ideas of progress, but is a hybrid of African values and a modern identity.</font></font></i></p> <p align="left">&nbsp / </p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">This study looks at the effect of a cross-cultural instructional approach on the learners&rsquo / conceptions of lightning and attitude towards science. It explored Basotho conceptions of lightning and thunder under the following themes: nature of lightning, protection against lightning, animalistic/humanistic behaviour of lighting and nature of wounds inflicted by lightning.</p> </font></p>

<p>In conclusion, the results obtained firstly indicated that the BP, EMEA and WHO were in fairly good agreement on the criteria and specifications that can be used to assesses the pharmaceutical quality of a traditional plant medicine such as Phela. Secondly, the Phela plant powders were found to have acceptable pharmaceutical properties that did not complicate or adversely affected the capsule manufacture. Thirdly, the Phela capsules produced were generally of acceptable pharmacopoeial standard. Fourthly, HPLC fingerprinting and pattern recognition analysis proved useful to examine the chemical stability of selected marker compounds of Phela and indicated that the capsules had no practical shelf life under elevated temperature and humid conditions. Overall, the Phela capsules should thus be suitable for use in a short time clinical trial, but for use in a long period trial the long term stability of the Phela capsules under ambient conditions must still be confirmed.</p>

This study focuses on a small ethnic group in the western part of Igboland called Asaba. It describes how the religious and socio-political role of women has changed, due to colonialism, modernisation, Western education and Christianity, which were brought by the groups of Europeans and Americans, who penetrated Africa in the nineteenth century. One of the major points of the thesis is that the freeborn women in the traditional “dual-sex”society of the Igbo lost their previous power to speak for themselves when the Igbo were Christianised. However, the women of slave origin happily adopted the new, more egalitarian faith. The dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part is the traditional aspect, which highlights the role of women in Igbo traditional society. The second is a theoretical and historical part. This part deals with the socio-economic and political changes, which took place between 1830 to 1910 in Asaba society, due to colonialism, modernization, Western education and Christianity, and the impact of these forces of change on Asaba women. The third part deals with the role of women in the Catholic Church in Asaba. It analyses the various women's organisations in the Catholic Church in Asaba and the roles, which they play in the church. The major conclusion arising from the present analysis is that with the coming of forces of change, such as colonialism, modernization, Western education and Christianity, the religious and socio-political roles of women changed in Asaba society.

Purpose/Aim: To investigate why people in the age group of 30-40 subscribe to the traditional morning newspaper even though they can get the same information at a much lower cost from for example TV, the internet or the free daily papers. The aim is to also look at possible future alternatives to the traditional morning newspaper. Material/Method: Focus group interviews were used to gather the empirical material. These consisted of a total number of twelve people, divided into three groups. The results from the focus group interviews were analysed with help from established uses &amp; gratifications theories and two diffusion theories. Main results: This study shows that people read the traditional morning newspaper to get a good mixture of entertainment and local, national and global news. It is relaxing to read the newpaper on paper compared to reading it on the internet, mainly because you get a good overview which makes it a lot easier to find exactly want you want to read. The content of the newspaper is often discussed with family, friends and colleagues and can therefore be said to fill an important social function. Reading the newspaper is thought of to be intellectual and can help people form their identities. All respondents in this study grew up in homes which subscribed to a morning newspaper and thought this fact was a big reason for them finding it so important to have a subscription themselves. Even so, most of them were positively in favour of the so called e-paper, as a future alternative to the traditional newspaper, when discussed in the groups, mainly because of it being a more environmently friendly option, but also because of the ability to pick and choose your personal newspaper content and only pay for what you want to read.

Motivating employees is essential for any organization aspiring to succeed. However, the process of motivating is not straightforward due to the diversity of individual’s needs. The task has been made even more difficult by the fact that personalized needs have altered in recent years. For instance, in many circumstances financial compensation is not considered as the main motivational factor of employees. Therefore, various other motivational practices have been developed, which take into consideration such issues as the work environment and the job itself. This thesis is a comparative study between Sweden and Finland. The study has an objective of exploring how corporate culture affects the use of motivational practices in the Information Technology industry. According to the findings gathered from two organizations, Sasken Finland Oy and SYSteam, culture does influence the choice of motivational practices. The issue of how culture affects, depends on whether corporate culture is task or person-oriented.

Problem: The complexity of high-involvement products, especially when bought online needs further studying so that a merchant-consumer dialogue and information exchange is initiated. The opportunity for both merchants and consumers lies in the profits from these dia-logues and exchanges. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what specific features buy-ers in the traditional market believe are unsatisfactory or missing in the online market. Our findings will help us give suggestions on what actions online merchants might take in order to redistribute high-involvement purchases from the traditional market to the online mar-ket. Method: The data collection involves both a survey and interviews in order to assemble appropriate, justifiable and relevant data. In total, 150 peo-ple responded to the survey, and six of them were later objects to the in-depth interviews. To ensure that the collection of data was re-trieved consistently and reliably, and to avoid miss-interpretations, is-sues such as significance and reliability have been considered. Result: Almost twice as many respondents bought their laptop in the tradi-tional market. It is preferred due to; a rooted habit of making pur-chases traditionally, the tangibility of the product, more apparent communication with salespeople, stronger purchase sensations and instant transactions. Conclusion: The major features missing in the online market are; 1) the experien-tial sources and 2) the enjoyable sensations of a purchase found in a traditional purchase. The major unsatisfactory features include cus-tomer service, delivery and the complexity still adhered to online pur-chasing. The features have led consumers to hesitate and mistrust the online market in high-involvement purchases. In order to attain a re-distribution; buyers‟ hesitation has to be overcome and subsequently trust must be built in the capabilities of the online market.

With the world becomes closer, the issue of understanding management and culturedifference is getting more and more important. The purpose of this research is to findhow culture factors impact management style in China and Sweden. The study usedHofstede’s five cultural dimensions, traditional management practice and Denison’smodel of organizational culture and effectiveness as framework to identify whatdifferent management styles exist between two countries, as well as explain why thedifference occurs in term of national culture dimensions and traditional managementpractice.The interviews were made by five Chinese employees whom have work experiencesin China and now are working in Swedish organization in Sweden. From theirperspectives, the paper found the dimension of involvement and consistency issignificant different between two countries, which reflects on the aspects of teamorientation, empowerment, capability development, agreement, coordination andintegration. Moreover, Swedish companies are easier to adopt advanced technologyand innovation than Chinese companies. In general sense, it seems to Swedishorganizations obtain higher learning capacity than Chinese organizations. Finally, thispaper pointed out that both countries have a long-term strategy, but it’s more realisticin Sweden.Subsequently, those differences were analyzed by national culture, namely, Hofstede’sfive culture dimensions, and the traditional management practices in China andSweden. After discussion and analysis, the study found: the small power distance,feminine value and lower uncertainty avoidance as well as lower hierarchy are thereasons of Swedish management style such as high level of agreement, goodcommunication, and high capability development in Sweden. Meanwhile, the largepower distance, masculine value, high uncertainty avoidance, guanxi and paternalismstyle of leadership are the mainly reasons of Chinese management style such likelower level of team orientation, ineffective and lower learning capacity in China. Inaddition, the long-term orientation cause Chinese organization like to have a longtime planning, but the paternalism style of leadership induce the strategy of companydeparts from the reality. It has to note that the limitation of this study is the smallnumber and the limited scope of interviewees. Finally, it is suggested that Chineseorganization should learn several advanced management methods from Swedishorganization.

Syftet med det här arbetet var att närmare undersöka hur några nutida folkmusiker övar och tänker kring sitt övande, samt om det hos dessa fanns speciella sätt att öva in och lära ut svensk folkmusik.För att undersöka detta intervjuades fem folkmusiker med olika bakgrund, ålder och kön med hjälp av öppna frågor. Slutsatserna är att utbildning ger spelmannen impulser till ett mer strukturerat sätt att öva. Förebilderna har en stor betydelse i musik som traditionellt lärs ut via gehör. Folkmusikern ”måste” inte vara tekniskt skickligt för att vara ”bra” utan mycket kan uppvägas av karaktär och uttryck.  Ett vanligt sätt att lära ut svensk folkmusik, är att först spela hela låten, spela en repris och sedan dela in den i fraser. I studien fanns ett samband mellan informantens utbildning och komplexiteten i egna övningar samt rekommenderade övningar till elever. / The aim of this study is to examine how certain traditional musicians of today practice, and their thoughts on studying the violin. Also, if there was a specific kind of practice and teaching in the genre of Swedish traditional music.Five musicians with different backgrounds, age and sex were interviewed with open questions.The conclusions are that education can provide the traditional musician with a structured practice method.  Models are of great importance in music played by ear. The musician that plays traditional music “must “ not always be technically skilled to be a musician of importance. Character and expression can counterbalance a bad technique. A common way to teach Swedish music is to first play the whole tune and then divide it into smaller units. There was a connection in the study between the education of the informant and the complexity of their own exercises and the exercises they recommended to pupils.