The study focuses on the interface between the democratic governance and traditional leadership in rural development at EmaQadini Tribal Authority. The study tries to explore whether this institutions can or are suitable enough to function collaborate in developing rural communities. A combination of sociological classical theories has been used since they are interrelated. The data from the two communities forming this tribal authority (ward 3 and ward 59) was collected by means of questionnaires and an interview schedule was administered to the two councilors of the wards. The results and findings that, is there any development in these communities at the hands of these institutions are also presented. The main conclusion of the study relates to whether is there any role of traditional leadership in rural development in the new democratic dispensation. The recommendations of the study focus on the connection between the government and traditional leaders in rural development. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University Of Zululand, South Africa, 2013. / This contribution considers the role of a father’s senior sister (makhadzi) in traditional leadership among the Venda speaking people in the present South Africa. It also considers their place in the new democratic South Africa against the backdrop that the legislations enacted to give effect to traditional leadership did not recognise them explicitly. While reviewing gender based propositions the study demonstrates that even though in most African societies, women are insubordinate to men there exists a special class of women who play critical role in the public sphere and whom the society highly regards. In the case of Venda people these are the makhadzi. It used a qualitative approach to study the role of makhadzi and how people act towards them despite that they are explicitly recognised in the legislations because as an anthropological study, it examines human behaviour with a view to understanding society. Based on primary data collected using participant observation and interviews, the role of makhadzi in society was unearthed. The study found that among the Venda the makhadzi has different roles which are important in traditional leadership and that such women can be traced in other societies in Africa. It establishes that among others, the makhadzi play critical roles in succession, resolution of disputes, regency, initiation of girls and spiritual roles. While some of the cultural practises are repugnant to the notion of justice and morality and would be of dubious legality given the constitution essentialisation of human rights and dignity, the study has shown that the makhadzi has a place and role in the new democratic society.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis, I examine the narratives of authenticity, the limits thereof, the potential interests served by these narratives, and the power relations involved in the promotion of an authentic San identity. I focus on four key areas to achieve this goal: the methodological issues involved in studying authenticity, the framing of the land claim lodged by the San against the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park in South Africa in 1995, the post-land claim settlement activities on the restituted farms, and the various issues around authenticity and traditional leadership. I will also highlight a variety of issues, ranging from livelihoods to governance, community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), identity and ethnicity, and common property debates. The study begins with a brief introduction to the richly textured and highly contested debates and analytical issues concerning the San. Among other things, this first part of the thesis deals with naming, the alleged disappearance of the San, and the eventual reemergence of this group in the post-apartheid landscape of southern Africa. This is followed by a brief description of some aspects of the natural environment of the southern Kalahari and how the San see themselves situated within this cultural–ecological complex. This exploration of the cultural–ecological landscape is not meant to mirror previous San studies of cultural ecology but rather to offer an account of a possible San ontology. The thesis gives an inventory firstly of the research methods applied by myself, and then probes the research encounter reflexively. The main descriptive chapters of the thesis begin with an examination of how the ≠Khomani San emerged onto the political landscape of post-1994 South Africa and how an ethnic entity was constituted through the land restitution process. The post-restitution activities of at least three subgroups of the ≠Khomani San Common Property Association (CPA) are then examined and shown to be a series of contestations and challenges of authenticity. In the final chapter, I take an experimental look at a particular institution that emerged as central to the debates about authenticity and the management of resources in the ≠Khomani San CPA

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-119).

No description available.

PH.D., Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Through a case study of the relationship between the rural Makuleke community and the regional tourism operator Wilderness Safaris, this thesis examines the impact of tourism partnerships on community development in post-­‐ apartheid South Africa. The study considers the tourism component of the ‘Makuleke model’, a concept used frequently in academic and popular literature to refer to the community’s landmark land restitution case involving the Kruger National Park (KNP). Thirty years after experiencing a forced removal by the apartheid regime, the Makuleke community in 1998 was able to regain their lost land (the Pafuri area of Kruger National Park) and benefit from it through conservation and tourism. The Makuleke have partnered with three tourism operators, their main concessionaire being Wilderness Safaris. Their contractual agreement obliges the tourism company to pay lease fees to the Makuleke Communal Property Association (CPA) and to employ Makuleke residents. To further community development, Wilderness Safaris established a joint venture with the Makuleke CPA, and also runs an environmental education programme for children. Evidence for this thesis was collected over a two and a half year period (from May 2007 to December 2009) using three methodological approaches: archival research, participant observation and semi-­‐structured, open-­‐ended interviews. In analysing the Makuleke CPA-­‐Wilderness Safaris partnership, findings reveal that ten years after the land claim, the commended ‘Makuleke model’ is neither as conceptually coherent nor as practically successful as is commonly supposed. I argue that although the model denotes success, a closer scrutiny of its foundations, assumptions and context expose inherent forces and practices that hinder its long-­‐ term effective implementation. Influenced by post-­‐development theory, I question perceptions of equality in benefit distribution, critique the juxtaposition of traditional with modern values, and examine contestations over power within the Makuleke community. I demonstrate how these features undermine the potential for the genuine transformation and broad-­‐based social upliftment that tourism-­‐led development purposes to achieve at Makuleke. My research findings confirm post-­‐development theoretical propositions that criticise the contradictions in orthodox development procedures and call for a rethinking of the premises upon which approaches to community upliftment through tourism are generally founded.

Au Tchad, depuis l’époque précoloniale, la transhumance permet aux éleveurs d’exploiter les ressources pastorales dispersées et de tisser des liens avec les sédentaires. Dans les zones où l’eau et le pâturage sont disponibles en toute saison, l’accès aux ressources était régulé par un système traditionnel fondé sur le compromis et les alliances entre les communautés. Depuis les sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 1980, le tarissement rapide des ressources dans les zones pastorales du Nord oblige les éleveurs à descendre plus tôt que prévu dans les zones agricoles. Cette dérégulation du calendrier de la transhumance suscite des débats contradictoires entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs, au sein de la classe politique, intellectuelle et dans les médias. De nos jours, il y a une tendance à la montée des conflits pour l’accès aux ressources et à la remise en cause des alliances qui constituent au-delà des problèmes, le socle sur lequel se fondent les relations entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs. Dans les débats parfois houleux sur la question de la transhumance, certains affirment que la transhumance est un mode de vie archaïque qu’il faut dépasser, d’autres soutiennent qu’elle demeure le seul système adapté à la variabilité des ressources pastorales dans un Sahel incertain. À partir d’une étude historique et ethnographique auprès des Arabes du Batha, cette thèse est une contribution au débat sur la question de la transhumance au Tchad. Elle tente de répondre à la question principale : comment évoluent les rapports entre les transhumants et les agriculteurs dans un contexte sociopolitique et environnemental en pleine transformation ? / In Chad as in other Sahelian countries, transhumance enables pastoralists to exploit the fluctuating and scattered pastoral resources. For generations, pastoralists have established linkages among themselves and with sedentary farmers along transhumance routes. In areas where water and pasture are available in every season, access to resources was regulated by a traditional system based on arrangements and alliances between communities. Since the successive droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid depletion of resources in northern pastoral areas forces farmers to make their way earlier than expected into agricultural areas. This deregulation of transhumance patterns raises debates between pastoralists and farmers as well as in the political, intellectual and media spheres. There is nowadays a trend of rising conflicts over access to resources and the disruption of the alliances on which relationships between herders and farmers were based. In the sometimes deleterious discussions on the issue of transhumance, some argue that transhumance is an archaic way of life that must be changed, and others argue that it is the only system adapted to the variability of pastoral resources in the Sahel context. This thesis is a modest contribution to the exciting and passionate debate on transhumance in Chad. It attempts to answer the main question: how is the relationship between transhumant and farmers evolving in a changing environmental sociopolitical context?

<p>The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo / marginalised&rsquo / members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.</p>

<p>The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo / marginalised&rsquo / members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.</p>