Magister Artium - MA / The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or 'marginalised' members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / Land allocation and administration is a crucial role for traditional leaders, because it has remained one of the few de facto powers and sources of influence still available to them in their areas of jurisdictions.1 This role has been played by traditional leaders from time immemorial. Furthermore, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa recognises the existence of traditional leaders.2 Moreover, the Constitution seeks to integrate the institution of traditional leadership by expecting national legislation to be put in place so that the roles of traditional leaders are known in society.3 However, roles with regard to the allocation and administration of land by traditional leaders have not been promulgated in legislation. Therefore, this research will look at the issues of land allocation and administration by traditional leadership in the democratic dispensation.

This dissertation presents an analysis of small-scale farmers’ experiences of and responses to the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe. It is argued that this topic has been understudied, especially in the geographical areas of Mushandike and Mvurwi. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Data collection techniques include questionnaires, participant observation, life histories, interviews and focus group discussions. Theories and debates on land reform and poverty alleviation that inform this study are discussed. It was evident from the field research that small-scale farmers experienced an improvement in their quality of life as was witnessed in improved levels of income, diets, types of housing and acquired assets. Land distribution according to gender is a particular concern. Very few women own land despite the fact that they till the land. The study concludes that land reform is essential for the improvement of the lives of the landless and the rural poor. Support systems are however necessary to achieve improved livelihoods. / Dissertation (MSoSci (Development Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Anthropology and Archaeology / MSc / Unrestricted

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This study focuses on the role of school managers in addressing challenges associated with the implementation of continuous assessment (CASS) in the Further Education and Training (FET) band in Mopani District. It furthermore investigates to what degree school managers in the district engage in performing the “traditional” leadership and management roles which create a conducive atmosphere for the implementation of CASS. A thorough literature review provides an understanding of the emerging trends and challenges in the implementation of CASS internationally. Most of these challenges are analogous with those constraining the implementation of CASS in Mopani District. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires from purposively sampled district educators and school management teams (SMTs) who came from randomly selected schools. The findings enumerated the insufficient training for school managers and infrequency of performing “traditional” leadership and management roles as some of the factors hampering the implementation of CASS in the district schools. / Educational Studies / M. Ed (Education Management)

Aim of the study: The main aim of the study is to examine and pursue research regarding the history and role of law in the disintegration of the institutions of traditional leadership in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho in order to make recommendations regarding the challenges and opportunities facing traditional authorities in these countries. The traditional systems, roles and functions of these institutions are traced from the pre-colonial era up to the period of democratic regimes in these countries. This study is based on the premises that the jurisprudence of the institution of traditional leadership is as old as mankind and that this institution is rooted in the rural soil of African communities. Research Methodology: This study is based on legal comparative research with reference to South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. A literature survey of the most important sources dealing with history, legislation and policy documents was undertaken. Conclusion and Recommendations: The institution of traditional leadership is one of the oldest traditional institutions of governance in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. During the pre-colonial era traditional authorities constituted an important component in the traditional system of the administration of the traditional community. Traditions placed a great amount of responsibility on traditional leaders to look after the best interests of their communities. When the colonial government took over the reigns of these three countries, they changed the pre-colonial form and nature of traditional authorities. These colonial governments exercised control over traditional leaders and allowed minimum independence in their traditional rule. The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho retained the institution of traditional leadership. The Constitutions of these countries provide the legal framework for the recognition and functioning of the office of traditional leaders. However, it has been noted in this study that the relationship between the traditional leaders and the governments of these countries has been a mixture of conflict and cordiality. One of the reasons for this uneasy relationship between the traditional leaders and the central governments of these countries is that the status, authority, power and functions of traditional leaders have been reduced considerably when new institutions such as Local Governments, Land Boards, District Councils and Village District Councils were given powers and functions previously exercised by traditional leaders. The post-colonial transformation of traditional leadership in these three countries has led to a steep decline in the authority of traditional leaders. In order to encourage active participation of the traditional leaders in the new democratic structures and bodies, the institution of traditional leadership must be adapted to the changing political, social and economic environments. Rural local government bodies and the national governments of these countries should not view the institutions of traditional leadership as competitors for political power. The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho should introduce traditional leaders as equal partners in the development and advancement of rural communities. In order to achieve this goal the governments of these countries should empower and capacitate traditional leaders so that they do not become misfits in the new constitutional and democratic settlements. / Thesis (LL.D. (Indigenous Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Aim of the study: The main aim of the study is to examine and pursue research regarding the history and role of law in the disintegration of the institutions of traditional leadership in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho in order to make recommendations regarding the challenges and opportunities facing traditional authorities in these countries. The traditional systems, roles and functions of these institutions are traced from the pre-colonial era up to the period of democratic regimes in these countries. This study is based on the premises that the jurisprudence of the institution of traditional leadership is as old as mankind and that this institution is rooted in the rural soil of African communities. Research Methodology: This study is based on legal comparative research with reference to South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. A literature survey of the most important sources dealing with history, legislation and policy documents was undertaken. Conclusion and Recommendations: The institution of traditional leadership is one of the oldest traditional institutions of governance in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. During the pre-colonial era traditional authorities constituted an important component in the traditional system of the administration of the traditional community. Traditions placed a great amount of responsibility on traditional leaders to look after the best interests of their communities. When the colonial government took over the reigns of these three countries, they changed the pre-colonial form and nature of traditional authorities. These colonial governments exercised control over traditional leaders and allowed minimum independence in their traditional rule. The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho retained the institution of traditional leadership. The Constitutions of these countries provide the legal framework for the recognition and functioning of the office of traditional leaders. However, it has been noted in this study that the relationship between the traditional leaders and the governments of these countries has been a mixture of conflict and cordiality. One of the reasons for this uneasy relationship between the traditional leaders and the central governments of these countries is that the status, authority, power and functions of traditional leaders have been reduced considerably when new institutions such as Local Governments, Land Boards, District Councils and Village District Councils were given powers and functions previously exercised by traditional leaders. The post-colonial transformation of traditional leadership in these three countries has led to a steep decline in the authority of traditional leaders. In order to encourage active participation of the traditional leaders in the new democratic structures and bodies, the institution of traditional leadership must be adapted to the changing political, social and economic environments. Rural local government bodies and the national governments of these countries should not view the institutions of traditional leadership as competitors for political power. The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho should introduce traditional leaders as equal partners in the development and advancement of rural communities. In order to achieve this goal the governments of these countries should empower and capacitate traditional leaders so that they do not become misfits in the new constitutional and democratic settlements. / Thesis (LL.D. (Indigenous Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This study focuses on the role of school managers in addressing challenges associated with the implementation of continuous assessment (CASS) in the Further Education and Training (FET) band in Mopani District. It furthermore investigates to what degree school managers in the district engage in performing the “traditional” leadership and management roles which create a conducive atmosphere for the implementation of CASS. A thorough literature review provides an understanding of the emerging trends and challenges in the implementation of CASS internationally. Most of these challenges are analogous with those constraining the implementation of CASS in Mopani District. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires from purposively sampled district educators and school management teams (SMTs) who came from randomly selected schools. The findings enumerated the insufficient training for school managers and infrequency of performing “traditional” leadership and management roles as some of the factors hampering the implementation of CASS in the district schools. / Educational Studies / M. Ed (Education Management)

Verktyg för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT-verktyg) får en viktigare roll inom organisationer, både då medarbetare befinner sig på samma arbetsplats såväl på distans. Att arbeta på distans innebär nya förutsättningar för chefer och kommunikation, något som upplevs vara komplicerat (DeRosa et al., 2004; Alistoun & Upfold, 2012; Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018). IKT-verktyg är en grundförutsättning för kommunikation på distans (Sivunen, 2008; Kraft, 2019; Darics, 2020) och kännedom om vilka kommunikationskanaler som används av chefer vid vilka kommunikationstillfällen kan vara ett sätt att förbättra kommunikation (Kayworth & Leidner, 2000). Syftet med studien är därför att öka förståelsen för chefers kommunikation med hjälp av IKT-verktyg vid distansledarskap. Som delsyfte vill vi undersöka om det finns likheter och skillnader mellan distansledarskap och ledarskap på plats vad gäller kommunikation och val av kommunikationskanaler. Studiens ansats är kvalitativ, abduktiv och hermeneutisk. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolv chefer från tio organisationer genomfördes. Urvalet utgjordes av en kombination av ett målstyrt, snöbolls- och bekvämlighetsurval. Dataanalysen utgjordes av en tematisk analys.  Sex kommunikationstillfällen identifierades på distans och på plats. Kommunikationstillfällena var desamma både på distans och på plats. Ytterligare fem teman för likheter och skillnader skapades. Det vi kunnat uttyda är att distansledarskap och ledarskap på plats inte skiljer sig åt gällande kommunikationstillfällena utan att skillnaden snarare återfinns i hur kommunikationen sker. Vi har därtill funnit att kommunikation vid distansledarskap innebär fler utmaningar än kommunikation på plats.  Studien visar även att kommunikation kan underlättas om uttryckssymboler används i högre utsträckning vid skriftlig kommunikation samt om videosamtal nyttjas då det behövs på distans, eftersom icke-verbal kommunikation förstärker och förtydligar budskap. Kommunikationen kan på så vis bli mer effektiv då färre missförstånd uppstår då ömsesidig mening av budskapet enklare skapas. Videosamtal kan även leda till att kommunikationen blir mer tidseffektiv då mindre tid behöver läggas på att reda ut missförstånd. Dock används videosamtal i låg utsträckning vilket vi funnit kan bero på ovana att använda verktyget. Nya beteenden behöver därför skapas för att forma nya vanor om hur IKT-verktyg kan nyttjas vid distansledarskap. Därtill fann vi att chefer regelbundet behöver träffa sina distansmedarbetare fysiskt eftersom relationen upplevs bli bättre vid fysiska möten. En god relation har vi funnit är av vikt för att kommunikationen på distans ska vara effektiv. / Information and communication technology (ICT) tools are getting more important in organizations, both when employees are working at the same location as their manager as well as when employees are working remotely at other locations. Working remotely have led to new conditions for managers and communication, something perceived more complicated than when employees are at the same location as managers (DeRosa et al., 2004; Alistoun & Upfold, 2012; Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018). ICT tools are a prerequisite for communication when employees are working remotely (Sivunen, 2008; Kraft, 2019; Darics, 2020) and knowledge of which communication channels are used by managers at what occasions may be a way of improving communication (Kayworth & Leidner, 2000). The purpose of the study is therefore to increase the understanding of managers communication with ICT tools. Further, we want to investigate if there are similarities and differences regarding managers communication and choice of communication channel when employees are working remotely or on-site. The study's approach is qualitative, abductive and hermeneutic. Semi-structured interviews with twelve managers from ten organizations were conducted. The sampling consisted of a combination of purposive, snowball and convenience sampling. The data analysis was thematic analysis.  Six occasions for communication were identified. The occasions for communication were the same both remotely and on site. Another five themes for similarities and differences were detected. We found that the occasions for communication does not differ depending on distance, but rather that the difference lies in how the communication is carried out. In addition, we have found that communication at distance leadership poses more challenges than on-site communication.  The study also show that communication may be easier if emoticons are used more frequently and if video calls are used when needed, that is, when non-verbal communication reinforces and clarifies the message. In this way, communication can become more effective as fewer misunderstandings arise since it is easier to establish mutual meaning. Video calls may also make communication more time efficient as less time is needed for clearing up misunderstandings. However, video calls are not commonly used due to lack of habit using the tool. Therefore, new behaviors and habits should be created in order for managers to make efficient use of ICT tools. In addition, we have found that a good relationship is important for communication remotely to be effective. Therefore, managers regularly need to physically meet their employees working remotely as the relationship is perceived to get better with physical meetings.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Tswana with keywords in English and Tswana / Displacement in the South African context is a complex and diverse phenomenon which is under-researched, particularly from the point of view of post-resettlement stress. The Meetse-a-tala community from Groenwater, Northern Cape, was resettled in 1964 and returned in 1999 to their ancestral land after a 25 year struggle to do so. The community anticipated that the land would present all the natural resources they had in 1964, but unfortunately, when they returned, the outlook seemed a lot different. / Verskuiwing in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is ‘n diverse en komplekse verskynsel wat nog nie voldoende nagevors is, veral vanuit die oogpunt van post-hervestigingsstres nie. Die Meetse-a-tala-gemeenskap van Groenwater in Noord-Kaap is in 1964 hervestig en het in 1999 teruggekeer na die land van hul voorouers na ‘n 25 jaarlange stryd om dit te bewerkstellig. Die gemeenskap het verwag dat die gebied weer al die natuurlike hulpbronne sou aanbied wat hulle in 1964 gehad het, maar ongelukkig, met hul terugkeer, het die vooruitsigte heel anders gelyk. / Tiragalo ya go fudusiwa ka dikgoka mo bokaong jwa Aforikaborwa e tlhagisa marara a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya dipatlisiso tse di lekanyeditsweng malebana le kgatelelo ya maikutlo e e amanang le morago ga go fudusiwa. Baagi ba Meetse-a-tala go tswa kwa Groenwater, kwa Kapabokone, ba itemogetse tiragalo ya go fudusiwa ka 1964 mme morago ga go kgaratlha dingwaga tse 25 go boela kwa lefatsheng la badimo ba bona, ba boetse ka 1999. Baagi ba ne ba solofetse gore lefatshe le tlaa ba neela ditlamelo tsotlhe tsa tlholego tse ba neng ba na natso fa ba tsamaya ka 1964, mme ka bomadimabe, e rile fa ba bowa, ba fitlhela le lebega le farologane thata. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)