yes / Although many different analyses in some ways acknowledge the relevance of labour markets to the political economy of violent conflict and of war to peace transitions, there has been little sustained or systematic exploration of this dimension of war economies and post-conflict reconstruction. This paper highlights the empirical and analytical gaps and suggests that a framework departing from the assumptions of the liberal interpretation of war allows for a richer analysis of labour market issues and policies. This is illustrated by the history of rural Mozambique through the war economy and into the first post-war decade.

In the 21st Century, violent non-state actors continue to pose an asymmetric threat to state actors. Given the increasing proliferation of lethal technologies, growing global social connectivity, and continued occurrences of failed or failing states, the quantity of violent non-state actors posing threats in global hotspots is likely to increase. The United States, already facing strategic overreach due to conflicts in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, will face enormous difficulties in engaging militarily against a multitude of violent non-state actors. Smart power, a selective employment of hard and soft power applications, presents an opportunity to limit and deter violent non-state actors in a resource-constrained environment. Smart power, previously viewed through a largely state-on-state lens must be looked at through the paradigm of containing and engaging violent non-state actors. / Master of Arts

This study examined the effectiveness of helicopter patrols in reducing violent crime rates in three Swedish cities: Malmö, Lund, and Helsingborg. Utilizing Swedish official crime records from 2016 to 2019 and helicopter data from an intervention conducted between August 9th and October 9th, 2019, the study employed quantitative methods, including multiple linear regressions and two-way fixed effects models, to analyse the impact of helicopter presence and dosage on various types of violent crimes. Findings indicated that neither helicopter presence nor dosage demonstrated a significant effect on violent crime variables across the three cities. Moreover, when included as control variables in the fixed effects models, Malmöfestivalen and weather variables did not alter the relationship between the helicopter intervention and any of the violent crime variables. The study concludes that helicopter patrols lack a deterrent effect on violent crimes, suggesting the need for reallocating resources to more effective policing strategies. Suggestions for future research include exploring other crime types, conducting cost-benefit analyses, and investigating the long-term implications of helicopter patrols.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2001 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Violent crime in South Africa in general and on the Cape Flats in particular, is a very complex phenomenon. This phenomenon has various historical, sociopolitical and economic roots. Furthermore, violent crime has a direct as well as indirect impact on the functioning of faith communities within societies. Congregations and churches do not function in isolation from the rest of society. Theology, and more specifically pastoral care, must be seriously concerned with the problems experienced by the community at large. A pastoral strategy should therefore move away from a spirituality that only focus on the impact of violence on individuals and families. Because violent crime is a systemic phenomenon, a socio-systemic approach should be followed, in which the impact of violent crime on faith communities should be analyzed in order to create a holistic model. In Chapter 1 we look at the reasons for violence. We focus on the appearance of crime, the relationship between aggression and crime. Different types of aggression as well as some underlying causes of aggression are discussed. In Chapter 2 we focus on crime as a national phenomenon. Certain historical roots of the current "culture of violence" are discussed. We also look at the impact of the political transition since 1990 on the socio-economic and moral situation in the country. In Chapter 3 we take a closer look at the situation on the Cape Flats. Particular attention is given to the issue of gangsterism, which in a certain sense has become synonymous with the Cape Peninsula. In Chapter 4 the trauma of violent crime on communities is the focus of discussion. Results of a victim survey in Cape Town are utilized. Violence against women and children enjoy special attention. The effect of violent crime on faith communities is highlighted. In the last chapter we try to put forward some guidelines for a theory of practice for the pastoral care of people living on the Cape Flats, using traditional-historic and current resources. We propose a holistic model with a systemic approach. We choose a theory of practice based upon an eco-hermeneutic model, which implies the following: The interpretation of the salvation of God to people (hermeneutic) within the reality (existence) of their daily lives (systemic). We indicate a few areas for long term, preventative building up and healing intervention and conclude with the results of this research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geweldsmisdaad in Suid-Afrika in die algemeen en op die Kaapse Vlakte in besonder, is 'n uiters komplekse fenomeen, waarvan die wortels gesoek moet word in verskeie historiese, sosio-politieke en ekonomiese oorsake. Hierdie geweldsmisdaad het In direkte en indirekte impak op die funksionering van geloofsgemeenskappe binne die samelewing. Gemeentes en kerke funksioneer nie in isolasie van die res van die samelewing nie en daarom behoort teologie en die pastoraat in besonder, erns te maak met die probleme waarmee die breer gemeenskap worstel. In Pastorale strategie behoort dus weg te beweeg van In spiritualiteit wat fokus bloot op die impak van geweld op individue en gesinne. Omdat geweldsmisaad In sistemiese verskynsel is, behoort In sosio-sistemiese benadering gevolg te word waarbinne die impak van geweldsmisdaad op geloofsgemeenskappe kontekstueel ontleed word ten einde In holistiese model te ontwerp. In Hoofstuk 1 word daar gekyk na oorsake van geweld. Ons kyk na die voorkoms van misdaad, die verband tussen aggressie en geweld. Verskillende tipes aggressie sowel as onderliggende oorsake vir aggressie word bespreek. In Hoofstuk 2 word daar gefokus op geweld as nasionale fenomeen. 8epaalde historiese wortels van die huidige "kultuur van geweld" word bespreek. Daar word veral gekyk na die impak van die politieke transisie sedert 1990 op die sosioekonomiese en morele toestand in die land. In Hoofstuk 3 word die situasie op die Kaapse Vlakte van nader beskou. Die verskynsel van bendegeweld wat in 'n sekere sin al so sinoniem met die Kaapse Skiereiland geword het, kry besondere aandag. In Hoofstuk 4 word die trauma van geweldsmisdaad op gemeenskappe bespreek. Resultate van 'n opname onder slagoffers van misdaad in Kaapstad word as uitgangspunt gebruik. Geweld teen vroue en kinders geniet spesiale aandag. Die effek hiervan op die funksionering van geloofsgemeenskappe word uitgelig. In die laaste hoofstuk word gepoog om vanuit die tradisioneel-historiese sowel as hedendaagse bronne tot ons beskikking riglyne vir 'n moontlike praktykteorie vir die pastorale begeleiding van lidmate binne hierdie gemeenskappe op die Kaapse Vlakte daar te stel. 'n Holistiese model wat sistemies te werk gaan, word voorgestel. Die keuse vir In praktykteorie gebou op In eko-hermeneutiese model word gemaak, wat neerkom op: Die vertolking van God se heil aan mense (hermeneuties) binne die totale werklikheid van hule daaglikse bestaan (ekosistemies). In Paar areas vir langtermyn, preventatiewe opbou en ehelende intervensie word voorgestel en die navorsingsbevindinge van hierdie studie word aangedui.

兒童的電視暴力行為模仿是存在的，常人由個人經驗和媒體的顯著個案報導對此現象建立表象的印證；而學者透過研究也證實電視暴力具有不良示範作用，和閱聽人─尤其是兒童─日常生活的攻擊行為脫離不了關係。但學界卻忽視了兒童的認知節目能力與電視暴力訊息的互動關係：兒童看過有暴力訊息的節目後，電視暴力訊息在兒童腦海裡會留下什麼印象；並進一步告訴常人如何扼止這些印象可能引起的不當後果。 　　本研究企圖應用故事基模理論於電視暴力訊息的研究，探討電視暴力訊息如何透過故事基模的運作，在兒童腦海中留下何種的印象。研究方法為場地實驗法配合問卷調查及深度訪談等多重方法設計。 　　研究發現，兒童的電視故事基模具有層級效果，愈上層回憶愈抽象。電視暴力訊息的高低和呈現方式，對兒童組織故事的方式沒有顯著的影響；但視覺呈現的高暴力訊息會使兒童對故事產生較多的推論；如果故事一開始就出現大量的高暴力畫面，則能強化兒童對故事開始情節的記憶。年齡和先備知識是有力的解釋變項。年長的、先備知識豐富的兒童電視故事基模較強，回憶數多、理解高、偏差少、推論多，顯見故事基模的形成一方面是自然的成熟因素，同時也受環境經驗因素的作用。 　　然而年幼兒童對於最易產生暴力訊息的反應和企圖事件的回憶數及詳細層次，與年長兒童無顯著差異，但對行為後果（施暴下場）記憶較簡略，可能因此產生施暴並無不可的解禁心理。此外，父母教育程度高、社會成績好、電視知識豐富的兒童故事基模亦較佳，尤其是男生可能因興趣使然，對本研究的故事記憶更好，且詳細記得反應和企圖事件。 　　根據研究發現，本研究建議未來電視暴力研究觀察互動情形、加強實驗設計、進行特定對象研究、進行長期研究；並對電視節目製作者提出加強故事張力減少暴力情節、不得不保留的暴力情節應淡化處理、發展電視識讀材料等實質建議。 / This study applied story schema theory to understand how children decoded the violent messages in television cartoon by a multi-method design. in-depth interviews were conducts with 60 subjects immediated after watching a TV cartoon with different violent level and media presented in a experiment. The same interviews were conducts again after one week. 　　The study demonstrate the 'effect level'in childern's TV story schema and find the top recall level is more abstract. No significant relationship between story schema and violence decoding were found, but visual-presented high violence may increase inferene and enhance memory on the beginning episode. These results correlated closely with age and story-relevant previous knowledge. Finally, the author make some suggestions to TV program producedr.

M.A. / The aim of this study was to compare the effect of violence on the rendering of social work services in severely strife-torn areas with its effect in moderately strife-torn areas. The social workers in the Gauteng Department of Welfare and Population Development were divided into two groups according to the area in which they render services. 2. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL WORK A broad theoretical outline followed which consisted of the definition of violence, the rendering of social work services and crime. Furthermore attention was given to theories of violence and different types of violence. Then a description of violence in South Africa was given, followed by a layout of the many factors contributing to violence in South Africa. This section concluded with a description of violence in the rendering of social work services nationally and internationally. RESEARCH DESIGN The research concentrated on a comparative study which was undertaken between social workers rendering services in severely strife-torn areas and those rendering services in moderately strife-torn areas with regard to the effect violence had upon them in the rendering of services to clients. RESEARCH RESULTS Six types of hypotheses were postulated beforehand and these were then compared with information that was received from respondents from the two identified areas. The results may be summarised briefly as follows: Social workers in both strife-torn areas were prevented from visiting clients; they were prevented from going to work; their vehicles were hijacked; their vehicles were stoned often; they were abducted; they had to run away or hide; their service offices were damaged; they were late for work; their service offices had to close at times; there were times they felt that their families were in danger; they didn't want to visit clients living in certain areas; violence caused them to postpone dealing with other social problems; their relationships with their clients were strained; their clients were prevented from keeping appointments; their clients were mildly injured (no hospitalisation); their clients were seriously injured or killed; the social workers had to take leave as a result of violence; some of them possess licensed firearms (11 out of 81 social workers); they can testify to incidents where people were killed or seriously injured; they felt negative about the effect violence had on their rendering of social work services; and they were positive about the proposed ways to handle violent situations. In addition, when comparing these two areas, clients known to social workers in severely strife-torn areas can testify to more incidents where they witnessed people being killed or seriously injured, than those in moderately strife-torn areas; clients themselves were also injured more in the former than in the latter areas; and the social workers in the former areas felt that their families were in greater danger than those of their counterparts in moderately strife-torn areas. But the other variables was found not to be statistically significant. 5. RECOMENDATIONS The respondents' reaction to the proposed ways to handle violent situations led to the prioritisation of the following fourteen ways in descending order of importance: two-way radios or cellular telephones in vehicles; replacement of "G" by "T" registration of vehicles; verbal telephone codes to request assistance; in-service training in order to handle violent situations; awareness of high-risk procedures, for example the removing of a child; reporting and recording incidents of violence; retreating and getting away if possible; obtaining discreet police assistance; using conventional alarm systems; the proximity of a "stand-by" person; paired home-visits; pre-arranged interview interruptions; carrying a service firearm; and supervised office interviews. The above-mentioned ways of handling violent situations were then included in four main categories to form part of a safety strategy for this specific organisation.

No description available.

This master's tesis reconstructs a process of the violent intimate relationship. It focuses on the autobiography and the active narrative interviews. On the basis of the reconstruction of the violent relationship it describes types of the acts of the aggressor regarding its impact on the relationship status. By generalization, it proposses a new categories of the violent acts and it compares it with the theoretical framework. By identification of each type of the violent acts it determines a phases of the violent relationship. It uses the framework of multiple phases to describe the identity shift of the victims. By this framework it relativizes some particularities of the theoretical knowledge of the domestic violence. It further describes the identity shifts of the victim using Herbert Mead', Erving Goffman' and Anthony Giddens' theories. It uses a parallel between the Goffman's concept of the total institution and the violent intimate relationships. It describes it's similarities based on the similar methods of the changing of the identity. It shows the dual character of the methods of the identity change: The active opression by the aggressor and the passive consequences of the state of being in the violent relationship characterized by the values transformation and the surrender before the...

Although studies examining juvenile recidivism have focused primarily on violent recidivism, the factors that predict recidivism likely differ by offense type. To examine general, property, and violent recidivism, this study combined individual-level data (i.e., offender and case characteristics) from the Mississippi Youth Court Information Data System (MYCIDS) for the years 2009-2011 and contextual-level data (i.e., county characteristics) from the 2010 U.S. Census and the 2010 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Results showed that offender characteristics predicted only general and property recidivism, but case characteristics mattered for all three types (i.e., general, violent, and property recidivism). Contextual characteristics (i.e., the percentage of the population that is male aged 15 to 24) also mattered, but only for property recidivism. These findings have implications for policies and programs related to the treatment of juvenile offenders.

No description available.