Abstract For a long time in our society there has been a minority group, e.g. individual recycle material collectors, curio collectors, and recycle businessmen, living on collection and trading of recycle material. Particularly in recent years with the promotion champagne of environmental protection policy, there is an increasing trend in the number of people involved in this business. The society reacts both positively and negatively about such recycling business. The positive view comes from the environmental protection institution¡¦s affirmation about the reuse of recycled material, whereas the negative view is concerned about the messy environment created by the recycling method and process. It is an undisputable fact that their existence in residential and commercial area is violating the regulations of urban development plan. This paper discovers there are differences in opinion between the EPA authority and the Urban Development authority in the applicable regulations about owners of recycle business moving into industrial estate while investigating it¡¦s legality from the position of public sector. The methods of managing existing recycle business among the different local governments are also quite different. For instance, while the central EPA authority frequently prepares budgets in an effort to improve the image of the recycle business, the local urban development bureaus prescribe them for the reason of violating the regulations of urban development plan, such as piling up of wastes, etc. On the other hand, looking at the value of its existence from the economic benefit angle shows that the recycled waste cleared by the recycling business is 2.5 times more efficient than that of the public sector. Such economic benefit is clearly visible. Though this study covers only the Kaohsiung metropolitan area, the problem of these under sized waste recyclers is no doubt a nationwide issue. It is hoped that the investigation and analysis of this paper in the problems arise from the recycling business could benefit the business owners in economy of scale and profit analysis as well as the public sectors as a reference in the design of related laws and regulations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

This study aims to evaluate the waste management in Norrbottens municipalities in key areas such as possibilities to reach the two national waste goals, information to the public, the effect of legislation, future of waste management and differences in geographic- and demographic areas. The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) issued by the EU and incorporated into Swedish law plays a major part in waste management by defining a hierarchy in five steps how waste should be treated. Interviews conducted with each of the fourteen municipalities aimed to find out what step in the hierarchy they are at and what effect the implementation of EU-legislature into Swedish law has had. Based on the interviews a diverse range of answers was found in relation to the questions asked, generally the more populated municipalities saw a more positive future of waste management, mainly because more developed infrastructure to handle waste is already in place. However the smaller the municipality is the harder it is to allocate resources for waste management and problems arise in the form of expensive transports of waste. A few municipalities think that the WFD has had a positive effect in the form of clearer responsibility for all parties involved in waste management but in general the answers point to a greater effect on a national level rather than a local. Regarding the national waste goals 7 of 14 municipalities believe they will reach the food waste goal but only 1 of 14 believe they will reach the construction waste goal.

Municipal waste management aims to collect waste from people and businesses in a sustainable manner. Today's waste management relies on an old container system which is simple and flexible. There are some problems with this type of management for both waste generators and collectors. The working environment is not the best for municipal waste collectors, there is heavy lifting and risk elements in the handling of containers and bags. There are also risks involved with heavy vehicles moving in sensitive areas such as residential areas and around schools. Forecasts show that most urbanized areas are expected to grow further for some time. This creates problems of increasing waste volumes, thereby increasing traffic. This makes it interesting to evaluate new and existing solutions of the collection and transportation of municipal solid waste. The study aims to identify the current municipal solid waste management theories and evaluate the opportunities that exist to develop the theory forward with focus on the collection in urban areas. The study intends to review whether it is economically feasible to implement automated vacuum systems in existing infrastructure. The theory shows that it is often possible to implement this in new construction projects, but the research is vague and inadequate regarding implementation in existing infrastructure. The case study examines whether implementation of an automated vacuum collection system is possible in central Gothenburg. The analysis assesses the financial feasibility of the implementation. Specifically, the unused surface of the refuse rooms can be utilized differently, thus reducing the costs that arise initially. The study shows that it will be profitable to implement an automated vacuum system in the study area since the initial investment can be offset through the alternative use of the floor space in the waste rooms. The study results suggest that other areas in existing infrastructure can implement similar solutions without economic losses.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Tiriamasis darbas „Atliekų kiekio susidarymo skirtumai Lietuvos regionuose ir tai nulėmusios priežastys“ iškėlė uždavinius dėl komunalinių, gamybinių bei pavojingų atliekų susidarymo skirtinguose regionuose, taip pat nagrinėja priežastis lėmusias skirtingą atliekų susidarymą ir tvarkymą Lietuvos teritorijoje. Siekiant įgyvendinti minėtus uždavinius, buvo ieškoma socialinių, ekonominių ar kitokių priežasčių lėmusių atliekų susidarymo bei tvarkymo skirtumus regionuose. Nustatyta, kad komunalinių atliekų susidaryme bei antrinių žaliavų surinkime, didžiausią įtaką turi viešosios komunalinės paslaugos rodikliai. Esant dideliam minėtos paslaugos procentui, žymiai keičiasi ir surenkamų atliekų kiekiai. Remiantis Komunalinių atliekų susidarymo prognozavimo ir atliekų tvarkymo sistemų tvarumo vertinimo vadovu, komunalinių atliekų susidarymas turi būti prognozuojamas atsižvelgiant į bendrojo vidaus produkto dydžius regione, socialinius rodiklius: kūdikių mirtingą, vidutinę gyvenimo trukmę, gyventojų užimtumo dalį žemės ūkyje, žmonių amžių, namų ūkio dydį. Gamybinių bei pavojingų atliekų susidaryme lemiantys faktoriai yra bazinių įmonių išsidėstymas Regionuose. Didžiausius atliekų kiekinius rodiklius turi regionai, kuriuose dominuoja įmonės su panašia veklos sritimi ar ženkliai turinčios didesnes apimtis Lietuvos mastu. Kaip parodė tyrimas, verslumo rodikliai dažnai gali būti „indikatorius”, prognozuojant susidarančius atliekų kiekius. / Investigative work „ The differences of waste quantity formation in Lithuanian Regions and the reasons for those differences “ analyze problems with formation of municipal, industrial and hazardous waste in different regions and also searches for reasons, which determined different waste formation and management in Lithuania. To implement above mentioned tasks, we searched for social, economic and other reasons, which determined different waste formation and management in different regions. Was founded, that municipal waste formation and recycled materials collection mostly influenced by rates of public municipal service. With a high percentage of mentioned service, collected waste quantity is changing significantly. Following the guide of municipal waste formation prognosis and waste management systems stability rate, formation of municipal waste must be forecasted according to gross domestic product value in region and social rates: infant mortality, average lifetime, amount of people working in agriculture, people age, household size. Main factors, of industrial and hazardous waste formation, is lay out of basic companies in regions. Highest waste quantity rates is in regions, where dominating companies with similar preserve or companies, which has significantly bigger spread out in Lithuania. The research showed, that enterprise rates often can be „indicator“, which helps to forecast waste formation amounts. Analysis of literature sources showed, that there is not much... [to full text]

<p>It was hypothesized that South African FA and brine could sequester CO2 through mineral carbonation. A statistical approach was undertaken to optimize the % CaCO3 formed from FA/brine/CO2 interaction with input parameters of temperature, pressure, particle size and solid/liquid ratio (S/L) being varied. The ranges adopted for the input parameters were: temperature of 30 &ordm / C or 90 &ordm / C / pressure of 1 Mpa or 4 Mpa / four particle sizes namely bulk ash, &gt / 150 &mu / m, &lt / 20 &mu / m and 20 &mu / m- 150 &mu / m particle size range / S/L ratios of 0.1, 0.5 or 1. The FA/ brine dispersions were carbonated in a high pressure reactor varying the above mentioned input parameters. The fresh Secunda FA of various size fractions was characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, chemically using X-ray fluorescence and mineralogically using qualitative X-ray diffraction. The carbonated solid residues on the other hand were characterized using quantitative X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetic analysis and Chittick tests. The raw brine from Tutuka together with the carbonation leachates were characterized using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. Total acid digestion was carried out to evaluate the differences in the total elemental content in both the fresh ash and the carbonated solid residues. The results suggested that South African FA from Secunda belongs to class F based on the CaO content as well as the total alumina, silica and ferric oxide content, while the RO brine from Tutuka were classified as NaSO4 waters...</p>

No description available.

Darbo tikslas išanalizuoti atliekų rūšiavimo bei tvarkymo situaciją Lietuvoje, atlikti gyventojų nuomonės vertinimą, nustatyti jos kitimo tendencijas 2010 m. – 2012 m. laikotarpiu. Tyrimas atliktas remiantis moksline literatūra, sukauptais statistikos duomenimis ir vykdytos gyventojų nuomonės apklausos duomenimis. Pastaruoju metu augant vartojimui, pakuočių kiekiui, pirkimo-pardavimo kultūrai krypstant prie smulkių daiktų vienkartinio įpakavimo, po ekonominės krizės vėl atsigaunant statyboms, gamybai neišvengiamai susiduriama su dideliu susidarančių atliekų kiekiu šalyje. Visuose sektoriuose Lietuvoje kasmet susidaro apie 4,5 mln. t. atliekų: iš jų gyventojų komunalinių atliekų šiek tiek daugiau nei 1 mln. t., gamybos, pramonės, žemės ūkio, transporto ir kitų ūkinių veiklų apie 3 milijonai tonų. Nustatytų aplinkos apsaugos pažeidimų atliekų sektoriuje skaičius didėja 2002 m. jų buvo šiek tiek virš tūkstančio, o 2009 m. viršijo du tūkstančius, Vienam gyventojui tenkančių mišrių komunalinių atliekų kiekiai taip pat pasižymi didėjimo tendencija, apie 300 kg 2004 metais ir 330 kg 2012 metais (per aštuonis metus išaugo trisdešimčia kilogramų). Atsižvelgiant į emigraciją ir dar statistiškai neįtrauktą realų gyventojų kiekio sumažėjimą, mišrių komunalinių atliekų kiekis susidarantis vienam gyventojui per metus gali būti žymiai didesnis. Atlikus išsamią literatūros ir surinktų anketinių duomenų analizę nustatytos pagrindinės priežastys kodėl Lietuvos visuomenėje komunalinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work purpose is to analyse the situation of waste sorting and management in Lithuania and accomplish the assessment of residents’ opinion, identify trends in 2010 – 2012 years period. The research has been conducted on the ground of scientific literature, collected statistical data and the data of accomplished residents’ interrogation. Nowadays when consumption and the number of packing is increasing, purchase and sale culture is turning to the usage of disposable packing of small items, when after the economic crisis construction and manufacture are reviving again, we inevitably face a huge amount of waste appearing in the country. Every year in all sectors of Lithuania about 4, 5 million tons of waste are accumulated: where domestic household waste work out slightly more than 1 million tons, whereas manufacturing, industrial, agricultural, transport and other waste work out about 3 million tons. The number of breaches of environment protection in waste management sector is increasing. In 2002 there were slightly more than a thousand of such breaches, whereas in 2009 the number exceeded two thousands. The number of domestic household domestic household domestic household domestic household waste which falls on one resident has increasing tendency and figures up to 300 kg per person in 2004 and 330 kg per person in 2012. Within eight years the amount increased by thirty kilos. Considering the emigration and real statistically undocumented decrease of the number of residents... [to full text]

To ensure stability of a construction the physical properties of its components have tobe well known. In a landfill, waste presents the largest structural element and controlsboth the stability and integrity of the lining system. In spite of this critical role there is adearth of knowledge on behaviour of waste as an engineering material. Wastevariability and changes in waste stream aggravate the assessment of wastemechanical properties.In a literature review the main influences on shear behaviour of municipal solid waste(MSW) were identified. Design values and recommendation for shear parameter weresummarised. To assess mechanical behaviour in a systematic way the use of aclassification system was deemed crucial for a comparison of different findings fromliterature and a categorisation of waste in regard to its composition. A framework for aclassification system was introduced. Main elements of a comprehensive classificationsystem were identified in a literature review and discussed, and data from literaturewas applied to the classification framework. For the validation of a classificationsystem, municipal solid waste was examined in an in-situ waste sorting analysis andalso applied to the framework.The findings from the waste sorting and the classification system were also used todevelop a family of synthetic waste to gradually examine the influencing factors onwaste mechanical behaviour. For this, the materials, size ranges and shapes of wastecomponents identified in the waste sorting analysis were reduced to a minimum butstill representative amount. A range of synthetic waste compositions was engineeredand tested in a large-scale shear device. Compression tests were also conducted in alarge compression cell. The results from the laboratory testing were compared tovalues from the literature and MSW mechanical behaviour was subsequentlydiscussed in view to potential changes from changing waste streams.The results from shear and compression tests (constrained and shear modulus) onsynthetic waste were linked to the classification system and trends of the mechanicalbehaviour in relation to the tested synthetic waste compositions were identified.A framework for classifying MSW and comparing waste mechanical behaviour waspresented and demonstrated. A family of synthetic wastes was engineered and testedin shear and compression tests. The results were comparable to values from theliterature. Further research is recommended to refine the synthetic waste and theclassification.