Orientadores: Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel, Ana Cristina Prado Veiga-Menoncello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T04:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favero_EduardoRondelli_M.pdf: 1364067 bytes, checksum: 03d34437fbe08a46a8cdd3631aaedcc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O gênero Pseudopaludicola, pertencente à família Leiuperidae, compreende atualmente 12 espécies de rãs de pequeno tamanho, distribuídas pela América do Sul, sendo a ocorrência de oito delas foi relatada para o Brasil. Devido à grande semelhança morfológica entre espécies, algumas ocorrendo em simpatria, confusões taxonômicas são freqüentes. Alguns estudos morfológicos acerca deste gênero foram realizados, mas as relações de parentesco inter- e intragenéricas de Pseudopaludicola permanecem pouco esclarecidas. As poucas informações citogenéticas para o gênero Pseudopaludicola restringiam-se apenas à determinação do número de cromossomos e análise do cariótipo por métodos de coloração convencional. Para Pseudopaludicola falcipes, em especial, foi descrita uma variação intra-específica do número de cromossomos, de 2n=16 à 2n=20. O presente estudo visa contribuir com dados citogenéticos para a caracterização de espécies de Pseudopaludicola e para o entendimento dos processos envolvidos na evolução cariotípica do gênero. Foram analisados os cariótipos de exemplares de Pseudopaludicola falcipes, P. ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887) e P. mystacalis de suas respectivas localidades-tipo (região de Porto Alegre, RS e Chapada dos Guimarães, MT), de P. mystacalis e de P. ternetzi, de Uberlândia (MG), de Pseudopaludicola aff. falcipes I, II, III e IV, da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo (municípios de Santa Fé do Sul, Vitória Brasil, Palestina e Icém), de Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis I, II, III e IV, dos municípios de Icém (SP), Barreirinhas (MA) e Urbano Santos (MA) e Pseudopaludicola sp. 1, 2 e 3, sendo as duas primeiras provenientes de Poconé (MT) e a terceira de Santa Terezinha (MT). As metáfases foram obtidas de suspensões de células de epitélio intestinal e testículo, e coradas com Giemsa ou submetidas às técnicas impregnação por prata (Ag-NOR) para detecção de NOR e de bandamento C, para a localização de heterocromatina. Os dados obtidos revelaram uma variação interespecífica quanto ao número de cromossomos. Dentre os espécimes provenientes de Poconé, MT, havia dois cariótipos distintos, com 2n=22 e com 2n=16 cromossomos (Pseudopaludicola sp. 1 e 2) e os de Icém, SP, com indivíduos 2n=20 e 2n=16 cromossomos (Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis, respectivamente I e II). Pseudopaludicola falcipes e Pseudopaludicola sp.1, de Poconé, apresentaram 2n=22 e a NOR localizada na região pericentromérica do braço longo do par 8. Estas espécies diferiram, na morfologia da NOR, sendo heteromórfica em P. falcipes e homomórfica em Pseudopaludicola sp. 1, e na localização de algumas bandas heterocromáticas. Pseudopaludicola ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887), P. ternetzi e Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis I de Icém apresentaram 2n=20 cromossomos e a NOR localizada na região telomérica do braço longo do par 9. O cariótipo de P. ternetzi diferiu do de P. ameghini tanto pela classificação morfológica distinta do par 7 quanto pelo padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina. Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, bem como todos os espécimes de Pseudopaludicola aff. falcipes I, II, III e IV, Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis II, III e IV e Pseudopaludicola sp. 2 e 3 apresentaram 2n=16 cromossomos metacêntricos e submetacêntricos, com a NOR localizada na região pericentromérica do braço curto do par 4. Vários espécimes apresentaram um heteromorfismo de tamanho em relação aos homólogos do par 4 (morfo 4 e morfo 4'), alterando a classificação desse cromossomo para metacêntrico em algumas populações. Em P. mystacalis, P. aff. falcipes I, II, III e IV, P. aff. mystacalis II, III e IV e Pseudopaludicola sp 2 e 3 foram detectados blocos de heterocromatina fortemente marcados nas regiões pericentroméricas no braço curto do par 1 e longo do par 2. Os resultados obtidos mostram que P. ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887) com 2n=20 e P. mystacalis com 2n=16, são unidades taxonômicas distintas e que os espécimes tidos como Pseudopaludicola aff. falcipes) e como Pseudopaludicola sp. mostraram-se citogeneticamente relacionados à P. mystacalis e não à P. falcipes que possui 2n=22 cromossomos. Desta forma, os nossos dados sugerem a retirada de P. ameghini da sinonímia de P. mystacalis e reforçam a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica no gênero. / Abstract: The genus Pseudopaludicola (family Leiuperidae) comprises 12 species of small sized frogs, which are widely distributed in South America. In Brazil, eight species are described within this genus, and several of them are sympatric. The relevant morphological similarities among the Pseudopaludicola species have contributed to the still poor understanding of many aspects of their taxonomy, including inter- and intrageneric relationships. Cytogenetic data on Pseudopaludicola have been restricted to karyotype analyses using conventional Giemsa staining. Variation in intraspecific chromosomal number was described in P. falcipes, ranging from 2n=16 to 2n=20. In the present work, Brazilian Pseudopaludicola species were submitted to cytogenetic analysis aiming at their further characterization and attempting to better understanding the karyotypical evolution of this genus. The analyzed species were Pseudopaludicola falcipes (Porto Alegre, RS), P. ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887) and P. mystacalis (Chapada dos Guimarães, MT), P. mystacalis and P. ternetzi (Uberlândia, MG), P. aff. falcipes I, II, III and IV (respectively from Santa Fé do Sul, Vitória Brasil, Palestina and Icém, SP), P. aff. mystacalis I, II, III and IV (Icém, SP, Barreirinhas, MA, and Urbano Santos, MA), and Pseudopaludicola sp. 1 and sp. 2 (Poconé, MT) and sp. 3 (Santa Terezinha, MT). Metaphases were obtained from suspensions of intestinal epithelium and testicular cells, and stained with Giemsa or submitted to silver staining technique in order to detect the nucleolus organizing regions (Ag-NOR), and C-banding, for heterochromatin localization. The results revealed interspecific chromosomal number variation. In the Pseudopaludicola sp. 1 and 2 specimens (Poconé MT), two distinct karyotypes were identified, respectively with 2n=22 and 2n=16 chromosomes. Within the Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis from Icém, SP, the analyzed specimens had 2n=20 and 2n=16 chromosomes, being nominated I and II, respectively. These data clearly indicated two criptic species of Pseudopaludicola within each of those two localities. The P. falcipes and Pseudopaludicola sp.1 (Poconé, MT) had 2n=22 and the NOR was located at the pericentromeric region in the long arm of the pair 8. The species differed in the NOR morphology, which was heteromorphic in P. falcipes and homomorphic in Pseudopaludicola sp.1, as well as in the localization of some C-bands. Pseudopaludicola ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887), P. ternetzi and Pseudopaludicola aff. mystacalis I (Icém, SP) had 2n=20 chromosomes and the NOR was located on the telomeric region in the long arm of the pair 9. The karyotypes of P. ternetzi and P. ameghini differed in the pair 7 morphology and in the heterochromatin distribution pattern. All analyzed specimens of P. mystacalis, P. aff. falcipes I, II, III and IV, P. aff. mystacalis II, III and IV, and Pseudopaludicola sp. 2 and 3, showed 2n=16 chromosomes, which were all metacentric and submetacentric, with the NOR located in the pericentromeric region of the short arm of the pair 4. In several of those specimens, the size heteromorphism of the pair 4 altered, from submetacentric to metacentric, the classification of one of the homologous of that pair. Strong pericentromeric C-bands were detected on the short arm of the pair 1 and on the long arm of the pair 2 in P. mystacalis, P. aff. falcipes I, II, III and IV, P. aff. mystacalis II, III and IV, and Pseudopaludicola sp. 2 and 3. As based on the cytogenetic data, P. ameghini (sensu Cope, 1887), with 2n = 20, and P. mystacalis, with 2n = 16, are distinct taxonomic units, and the specimens formerly identified as P. aff. falcipes and as Pseudopaludicola sp. were indeed cytogenetically closely related to P. mystacalis and not to P. falcipes, which has 2n = 22 chromosomes. Hence, our data suggest that P. ameghini is not a P. mystacalis synonymy and emphasize the importance of a taxonomic review of the genus Pseudopaludicola. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

The simplest combinational logic circuits are made by inverting the output of a fundamental logic gate. Despite this simplicity, these gates are vital. In fact, we can realize any truth table using a circuit made only from AND gates with inverted outputs.

The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of FLASH has been just like DRAMs in the past year. This product has become a typical product in the semiconductor industry. There have already been a lot of theses to study DRAM. Based on FLASH development in recent years, this thesis will determine what the successful key factors are and how Taiwan¡¦s companies have entered into this industry. Collecting data from second hand information, this thesis will discuss Moore¡¦s law to study the impact and innovation of semiconductor in the past 40 years. According to Porter¡¦s Five Forces Model (1980), in practice this research will probe the technological evolution, industry structure, market demand, and competition relative to three success key factors- Intellectual Property, Technology Node and Economies of Scale. Following Porter's Diamond(1990), we reveal that Taiwan¡¦s FLASH industry should cooperate with a DRAM partner and develop critical intelligent property in order to exchange licenses with a leading company.

We present new spatially resolved astrometry and photometry from the Gemini Planet Imager of the inner binary of the young multiple star system V343 Normae, which is a member of the beta Pictoris (beta Pic) moving group. V343 Normae comprises a K0 and mid-M star in a similar to 4.5 year orbit (AaAb) and a wide 10 '' M5 companion (B). By combining these data with archival astrometry and radial velocities we fit the orbit and measure individual masses for both components of M-Aa = 1.10 +/- 0.10M(circle dot) and M-Ab= 0.290 +/- 0.018 M-circle dot. Comparing to theoretical isochrones, we find good agreement for the measured masses and JHK band magnitudes of the two components consistent with the age of the beta Pic moving group. We derive a model-dependent age for the beta Pic moving group of 26 +/- 3 Myr by combining our results for V343 Normae with literature measurements for GJ. 3305, which is another group member with resolved binary components and dynamical masses.

It was the purpose of the present study to compare the effect of intraperitoneal injections of the following drugs on a conditioned approach-avoidance response in mice. These drugs were epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T12:17:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Adonias Alves de Franca.pdf: 508331 bytes, checksum: 66575664ead63f245fd269c90a1457a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:17:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Adonias Alves de Franca.pdf: 508331 bytes, checksum: 66575664ead63f245fd269c90a1457a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / In the course of 1,4-naphthoquinone nucleus studies, was performed the palladium catalyzed allylic oxidation procedure to obtain a heterociclic ring containing nitrogen. Some new compounds were found during the course of these studies, including an improvement in the nor-lapachol condensation reaction between lausone and isobutyraldehyde. A new methodology was also developed to obtain naphthoquinone dimers, with the synthesis of four new entities. The compounds were tested as inhibitors on human topoisomese I I enzyme and in Artemia salina toxicity tests. / No decorrer dos estudos com núcleos 1,4-naftoquinonas, explorou-se uma metodologia para síntese de anel nitrogenado baseado em reações de oxidação alílica catalisada por paládio. Foi possível a obtenção de alguns compostos inéditos na literatura durante estes estudos, e a reação de obtenção do nor-lapachol através da condensação da lausona com isobutiraldeído foi significativamente melhorada. Desenvoveu-se uma nova metodologia para a formação de moléculas diméricas da naftoquinona, sendo 4 inéditas. Os compostos foram testados frente à enzima topoisomerase humana II e em testes de toxicidade utilizando Artemia salina.

Comme le nucléole joue un rôle fondamental dans l’expression des protéines, via la synthèse des ARN ribosomiques, il n’est donc pas surprenant que des études aient révélé un lien étroit, entre des dysfonctionnements nucléolaires et l’origine de certaines maladies humaines. La découverte, il y a plusieurs années, d’un taux anormalement élevé de protéines nucléolaires dites argyrophiles ou AgNORs, dans les cellules tumorales, a permis d’envisager leur utilisation comme outil diagnostique ou pronostique du cancer. Détectées, de manière in vitro grâce à leur affinité pour l’argent, l’identification de quelques protéines AgNORs n’a pourtant pas permis d’établir une caractéristique commune à toutes les protéines argyrophiles détectées dans les extraits nucléolaires. Ainsi, bien que le test colorimétrique AgNOR soit utilisé dans de nombreux laboratoires académiques, l’absence d’identification de protéines AgNORs spécifiques du processus de cancérisation, a limité son utilisation en laboratoire clinique. Comme certaines limites technologiques et expérimentales ont limité leur caractérisation chez l’humain, nous avons donc décidé de reprendre les recherches sur ce sujet et de le réactualiser grâce aux avancées technologiques et scientifiques. Les protéines AgNORs étant étroitement liées à la biogenèse des ribosomes, nous avons donc décidé d’amorcer nos recherches chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dans laquelle, la voie de biosynthèse des ribosomes a été particulièrement bien décrite. Devant l’intérêt biologique et médical de ces protéines, l’objectif de ce projet a donc été triple : 1-identifier des protéines AgNORs chez la levure 2-caractériser les propriétés physico-fonctionnelles et physico-chimiques de ces protéines AgNORs. 3-utiliser ces caractéristiques physico-chimiques pour rechercher de nouvelles AgNORs humaines, spécifiques de processus de cancérisation et potentiellement utilisables comme marqueurs tumoraux./The nucleolus is a subnuclear compartment that organized around ribosomal gene (rDNA) repeats NORs, which encode for ribosomal RNA. A peculiar group of acidic proteins which are highly argyrophilic are also localized at the same sites as NORs, thus allowing NORs to be very clearly and rapidly visualized by silver nitrate staining procedures. However, if three human argyrophilic proteins, UBF, C23 (nucleolin) and B23 (nucleophosmin), have been associated for staining of NOR, the exact number of AgNOR proteins and their intrinsic biochemical feature are unclear. Here, we have performed an heterologous screen in a genetically tractable eukaryotic organism (budding yeast) for the identification of novel AgNOR proteins and in vitro characterized an intrinsic feature that underlies silver binding and offers a strong predictive value for the identification of novel human AgNOR proteins.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nor-β-lapachone (NβL), a derivative compound obtained from nor-lapachol, is an important anti-cancer prototype. This semisynthetic naphthoquinone has been described as cytotoxic agent against several cancer cell lines. Regrettably, the use of this molecule has been limited due to the poor lipid solubility of compounds from the quinone class. In order to overcome this difficulty, we propose the synthesis of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles for NβL delivery. In this work, we characterize NβL-loaded microcapsules fabricated using the emulsification/solvent extraction technique. Features such as surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, optical absorption, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis data, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity were obtained. The microcapsules thus obtained showed appropriate morphological features (regular spherical shape, smooth surface and absence of pores). The presence of the compound inside the microcapsule was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, and their release showed a biphasic profile. The first phase of the biphasic profile was due to dispersion of drug into the microcapsule surfaces. Quantum DFT calculations were also performed to estimate typical interaction energies between a single NβL molecule and the surface of the microparticles, with predicted binding energies varying from 6 kcal/mol to 52 kcal/mol. Spherical microcapsules with size of 1.03  0.46 μm were produced with encapsulation efficiency of approximately 19%. The NβL-loaded PLGA microcapsules exhibited a pronounced initial burst release. After in vitro treatment with PLGA microcapsules loaded with NβL, it can be seen the incorporation of the microcapsules in the first hour. The cytotoxic activity of NβL against a set of cancer cell lines was investigated. In particular, the use of NβL against prostate PC3M cells was more effective when delivered in PLGA microcapsules compared to the free drug. In vivo assay, Sarcoma 180, reduces tumor weight approximately 37% in treated group with microcapsules loaded with NβL compared to negative control, without significant commitments in biochemical and hematological biomarkers. There was no free NβL absorption by the intraperitoneal route for the group treated with the free drug. These results suggest that PLGA microcapsules loaded with NβL can be used as an alternative delivery system to NβL administration at the prostate cancer therapy. / Nor-β-lapachona (NβL), uma naftoquinona semissintÃtica derivada do nor-lapachol, à um importante protÃtipo anticÃncer descrito como agente citotÃxico contra diferentes tipos de cÃlulas neoplÃsicas. Entretanto, o seu uso tem sido limitado devido à sua baixa lipossolubilidade caracterÃstica de compostos da classe das quinona. A fim de impulsionar sua utilizaÃÃo como agente terapÃutico, foi proposta a preparaÃÃo de micropartÃculas de PLGA (poli-Ãcido lÃctico-co-Ãcido glicÃlido) como sistema de entrega de NβL. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos as microcÃpsulas produzidas pela tÃcnica de emulsificaÃÃo e extraÃÃo por solvente, carregadas com NβL. CaracterÃsticas como morfologia de superfÃcie, distribuiÃÃo de tamanho de partÃcula, potencial zeta, absorÃÃo Ãptica, espectroscopia Raman e infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), dados de anÃlise tÃrmica, eficiÃncia de encapsulaÃÃo, cinÃtica de liberaÃÃo do fÃrmaco e citotoxicidade foram obtidas. As microcÃpsulas assim obtidas apresentaram caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas adequadas (forma esfÃrica regular, superfÃcie lisa e ausÃncia de poros em sua superfÃcie). A presenÃa de NβL nas microcÃpsulas foi confirmada por espectroscopia Raman e a sua liberaÃÃo apresentou um perfil bifÃsico, sendo que a primeira fase deste perfil corresponde à dispersÃo do fÃrmaco nas superfÃcies de microcÃpsulas. CÃlculos DFT tambÃm foram realizados para estimar as energias de interacÃÃo normal entre um Ãnico NβL molÃcula e a superfÃcie das micropartÃculas, com energias de ligaÃÃo previstos variando de 6 kcal / mol a 52 kcal / mol. MicrocÃpsulas esfÃricas com um tamanho de 1,03  0,46 μm foram produzidas com uma eficiÃncia de encapsulamento de aproximadamente 19% e uma rÃpida liberaÃÃo do conteÃdo encapsulado nas primeiras horas. ApÃs tratamento in vitro com microcÃpsulas de PLGA carregadas com NβL, pode-se observar a incorporaÃÃo das microcÃpsulas na primeira hora. A atividade citotÃxica de microcÃpsulas de NβL contra um painel de linhagens de cÃlulas neoplÃsicas foi investigada. Em particular, a utilizaÃÃo de microcÃpsula contendo NβL contra cÃlulas tumorais de prÃstata da linhagem PC3M mostrou-se mais citotÃxica sendo entregue em microcÃpsulas de PLGA quando comparada com a molÃcula livre. Estudo in vivo em modelo murino, Sarcoma 180, apresenta uma reduÃÃo de aproximadamente 37% do peso do tumor no grupo tratado com microcÃpsulas de NβL comparado ao controle negativo, sem relevantes comprometimentos nos marcadores bioquÃmicos e hematolÃgicos. NÃo houve absorÃÃo de NβL livre por via intraperitoneal pelo grupo tratado com a droga livre. Tais resultados nos sugerem que as microcÃpsulas de PLGA carregadas com NβL podem ser utilizadas como sistema de entrega alternativo na administraÃÃo NβL no tratamento do cÃncer da prÃstata.

Orientador: Raquel Marques Braga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_ValeriaBittencourtde_D.pdf: 9598037 bytes, checksum: 83f061fb32519074a309e1975981ace5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo o isolamento e a elucidação estrutural dos metabólitos secundários de Himatanthus obovatus (família Apocynaceae, sub-família Rauvolfioideae). Apenas cinco espécies de Himatanthus já foram estudadas do ponto de vista químico. O material de H. obovatus utilizado nesse trabalho foi coletado na Chapada dos Guimarães (MT) e em Casa Branca (SP). Utilizando diferentes metodologias de extração e tratamento dos extratos etanólicos brutos foram isoladas 5 lignanas: pinoresinol, isolariciresinol, hidroxipinoresinol, lariciresinol e olivil; 3 nor-isoprenóides: blumenol C, blumenol A e um nor-isoprenóide inédito; o iridóide plumieride, misturas dos terpenos: acetato de lupeol + acetato de a-amirina + acetato de b-amirina + germanicol e stigmasterol + b-sitosterol + campesteroI a, após a acetilação do extrato etanólico bruto, o glicitol inositol. Os extratos Diclorometânico (CDCb) e Etanólico (CECb) da casca de H. obovatus (Casa Branca (SP) foram submetidos aos testes com Artemia salina Leach. e de atividade antiproliferativa frente à 4 linhagens celulares derivadas de tumores humanos: leucemia (K562), pulmão (NCI460), melanoma (UACC62) e mama (MCF7). Os resultados dos dois testes foram bastante coerentes, já que ambos mostraram resultados promissores para o extrato CDCb. Os testes de bioautografia foram realizados com os extratos da casca de H. obovatus (Casa Branca): CHCb (heptano), CDCb (diclorometano) e CECb (etanol) e com as substâncias isoladas: pinoresinol, isolariciresinol, blumenol C, blumenol A, nor-isoprenóide inédito, hidroxipinoresinol, lariciresinol, plumieride e inositol, frente aos fungos: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillium oxalicum, P. funicullosum e Rhizopus orizae. e frente às bactérias: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurim, Staphilococcus aureus e Streptococcus mutans. Foram observadas atividades bactericida para as lignanas: isolariciresinol frente à bactéria S. mutans e lariciresinol frente à bactéria S. aureus. Os compostos isolados de H. obovatus permitiram comparar filogeneticamente este gênero aos gêneros Tabernaemontana e Rauvolfia (pertencentes às mesmas família e sub-família), estudados anteriormente em nosso grupo de pesquisas e ricos em alcalóides indólicos. / Abstract: Our objective is the isolation and identification of the compounds from Himatanthus obovatus (family Apocynaceae and sub-family Rauvolfioideae). Five species from genus Himatanthus have been chemically studied. H. obovatus was collected in Chapada dos Guimarães (MT state, Brazil) and in Casa Branca (SP State, Brazil). We used different methodologies for extraction and purification of the extracts, yielding 5 lignans: pinoresinol, isolariciresinol, hydroxypinoresinol, lariciresinol and olivil; 3 nor-isoprenoids: blumenol C, blumenol A and one unknown nor-isoprenoid; the iridoid plumieride, a mixture of terpenes: lupeol acetate + a-amirin acetate + b-amirin acetate + germanicol and stigmasterol + b-sitosterol + campesterol and, after acetylation of the crude ethanolic extract, the glycitol inositol. The diclorometanic (CDCb) and ethanolic (CECb) extracts trom the bark of H. obovatus (Casa Branca - SP) have been tested with Artemia salina Leach. and for antiproliferative activity against 4 carcinoma cell lines derived from human cancer: leukemia (K562), lung (NCI1460), melanoma (UACC62) and breast (MCF7). The good results with the CDCb extract in both tests suggest that this extract is a development candidate. The Bioautography tests were made with the heptanic (CHCb), diclorometanic (CDCb) and ethanolic (CECb) extracts from the bark of H. obovatus (Casa Branca - SP) and with the isolated substances: pinoresinol, isolariciresinel, blumenol C, blumenol A, the unknown nor-isoprenoid, hydroxypinoresinol, lariciresinol, plumieride and inositol against the fungi: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillium oxalicum P. funicullosum and Rhizopus orizae and against the bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurim, Staphilococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. We observed bactericide activity at the lignans: isolariciresinol against the bacteria S. mutans and lariciresinol against the bacteria S. aureus. The coumpounds isolated from H. obovatus allowed us to phylogenetically compare this genus to the genera Tabernaemontana and Rauvolfia (belonging to the same family and sub-family), previously studied in our group and rich in indolic alkaloids. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

<p>DnB NOR, Norges ledande bank är en ny aktör som år 2007 påbörjade sin etablering på den svenska bankmarknaden vilken på senare tid präglats av förändringar. Studiens syfte är att utifrån ett marknadsföringsperspektiv undersöka och analysera DnB NOR:s val av etableringsstrategi på den svenska bankmarknaden för privatpersoner samt varför företaget valt denna strategi.</p><p>Utifrån studiens teoretiska modell kan ett företag etablera sig antingen via uppköp av befintliga företag eller genom internorganisk tillväxt. För uppsatsen har en kvalitativ metodform använts vilken bygger på semistrukturerade personliga intervjuer med representanter ifrån DnB NOR och Svenska Bankföreningen.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att DnB NOR använt sig av en unik etableringsstrategi som bygger på uppköp av företag verksamma på indirekt relaterade marknader till den svenska bankmarknaden.</p>