Les mécanismes neurologiques responsables du déclenchement et de l’homéostasie du sommeil, et du sommeil paradoxal (SP) en particulier, sont l’objet d’un nombre toujours plus important d’études du fait notamment de l’attention croissante portée aux pathologies associées. Les travaux rapportés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent parfaitement dans cette dynamique puisqu’ils ont pour objectif de mieux caractériser les populations neuronales mises en jeu dans la régulation du SP ainsi que leurs interactions. Dans cette optique, nous avons combiné différentes approches techniques complémentaires à savoir : neuroanatomie fonctionnelle, polysomnographie et pharmacologie sur animal libre de se mouvoir. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer pour la première fois la nature glutamatergique des neurones du SLD, région pontique jouant un rôle central dans la mise en place du SP. De plus, s’il est généralement admis que ces neurones du SLD sont sous le contrôle de neurones GABAergiques situés au niveau de la partie ventrolatérale de la substance grise périaqueducale (VLPAG), le contrôle de ces derniers est encore soumis à controverse. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent fortement que l’aire latérale de l’hypothalamus (LH) serait responsable de ce contrôle et donc de celui du SP. En effet, la LH est l’afférence majeure à la VLPAG activée lors d’une hypersomnie de SP. En outre, son inactivation par application locale de muscimol entraine la disparition totale du SP et l’activation des neurones GABAergiques de la VLPAG projetant sur le SLD. En parallèle, nous avons étudié le rôle du noyau réticulé paragigantocellulaire dorsal (DPGi) dans la genèse du SP. Bien que le DPGi fût déjà connu pour être responsable de l’inhibition du locus coeruleus (LC) durant les phases de SP, nous apportons ici un certain nombre d’arguments suggérant que le DPGi pourrait être responsable de l’inhibition, non seulement du LC, mais également de l’ensemble des neurones adrénergiques et noradrénergiques. Cela suggère donc que ce noyau joue également un rôle majeur dans la régulation du SP. Les données rapportées dans cette thèse permettent donc de mieux appréhender les mécanismes neuronaux contrôlant la survenue et la régulation du SP. En particulier, ils apportent de nouvelles données en faveur d’un rôle central de l’hypothalamus dans la régulation du SP puisqu’il constituerait le générateur principal de cet état. / A growing number of studies investigate the neurological mechanisms responsible for paradoxical sleep (PS) genesis and homeostasis. The work presented in this thesis aims to better characterize the neuronal populations implicated in PS regulation and their interrelations. To this purpose, we combined complementary techniques such as functional neuroanatomy, polysomnography and pharmacological approaches on freely moving animals. We thus demonstrated for the first time the glutamatergic nature of SLD neurons which are known to be responsible for muscle atonia and cortical activation characterizing PS. Moreover it is well established that SLD neurons are inhibited by GABAergic cells located inside the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (VLPAG). Consequently, the control of theses neurons, a crucial step for PS genesis is still a matter of debate. The results we obtained strongly suggest that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) would be responsible for this control and thus for PS. Indeed, LH is the main activated afferent to VLPAG during PS-hypersomnia and its inhibition by muscimol application totally suppresses PS and activates VLPAG GABAergic cells projecting to SLD. We also analyzed the implication of the dorsal part of the paragigantocellular reticular nucleus in PS regulation. Even if it was known that DPGi is responsible for locus coeruleus (LC) inactivation during PS, we brought new evidences showing that DPGi would actually inhibits all noradrenergic and adrenergic cells and not only LC suggesting that DPGi could be of importance for PS genesis. All our data allow us to better understand the PS neuronal network and suggest that, contrary to the classical view that PS is generated by the pons, LH would be the primary PS generator.

Le champ des neurosciences connaît depuis quelques décades un développement très important dans la compréhension des corrélats neuronaux de la perception. Le cerveau adulte répond aux variations de l'environnement et à l'expérience par des modifications fonctionnelles et structurales, regroupées sous le terme générique de plasticité, plasticité qui sous-tend l'apprentissage. Cette plasticité affecte la perception sensorielle, olfactive puisque c'est cette modalité qui va nous intéresser, mais également la perception de stimuli dans d'autres modalités sensorielles. Contrairement à des convictions longtemps érigées en dogme mais maintenant dépassées sur la nature fixe du cerveau, il est établi désormais que le cerveau adulte est capable de générer tout au long de la vie de nouveaux neurones qui s'intègrent dans la circuiterie cérébrale complexe, en particulier dans le bulbe olfactif et pourraient jouer un rôle dans l'apprentissage. Des travaux antérieurs de l'équipe ont démontré que l'acquisition de l'apprentissage perceptif dépend de la présence des neurones formés chez l'adulte. Par ailleurs, les systèmes neuromodulateurs comme les systèmes noradrénergique et cholinergique innervent massivement le bulbe olfactif et en particulier les neurInhibiting noradrenergic fibers duroing post learning discrimination testing lblmocked ones cibles de la neurogenèse adulte, les interneurones granulaires. Ils sont depuis longtemps connus pour leur implication dans les processus d'apprentissage en général et olfactif en particulier. Un objectif de la thèse était de déterminer le pattern temporal et spatial de l'innervation des neurones formés chez l'adulte dans le bulbe olfactif et sa modification potentielle par l'apprentissage, par des approches comportementales combinées à des approches neuro-anatomiques. Un autre objectif était d'évaluer le rôle fonctionnel des contacts noradrénergiques mis en place par l'apprentissage en utilisant l'outil optogénétique. Les résultats indiquent que l'innervation des neurones formés chez l'adulte s'installent dès le huitième jour après la naissance des neurones pour le système cholinergique, comme pour le système noradrénergique. L'apprentissage induit une augmentation massive des contacts noradrénergiques sur les neurones formés chez l'adulte qui n'est pas retrouvée pour les fibres cholinergiques, pointant le système noradrénergique comme un acteur majeur de la plasticité induite par l'apprentissage perceptif / The field of neuroscience has experienced explosive growth over the past decade toward understanding the neural correlates of perception. More specifically, the adult brain responds to environmental experience by significant functional and structural modifications, called "neural plasticity" which underlies learning. A main issue in neuroscience is to understand the cellular basis of perceptive plasticity and subsequent behavioral adaptations. Contrary to previously held beliefs about its static nature, the adult brain is in fact capable of generating new neurons that can integrate into its complex circuitry. The birth of new neurons constitutively occurs in two specific regions of the adult mammalian brain (OB and hippocampal dentate gyrus). Adult neurogenesis is a sophisticated biological process whose function has remained a mystery to neuroscience researchers but a role in learning and memory has been proposed. Previous work in our group have shown that perceptive olfactory learning depends on adult neurogenesis. In addition, neuromodulatory systems, including noradrenergic and cholinergic systems massively innervate the olfactory bulb and more specifically the inhibitory interneurons targeted by adult neurogenesis and are long-known for their role in learning and memory. One objective of the present work was to determine the spatial and temporal pattern of the innervation by noradrenergic and cholinergic inputs of developing adult-born neurons and to investigate its modulation by learning. For that purpose, we used behavioral and neuro-anatomical approaches. Another objective was to assess the functional role of centrifugal contacts using an optogenetic approach. Results indicate that the noradrenergic innervation is selectively increased on adult born neurons following perceptual olfactory learning, a phenomenon that was not observed for cholinergic innervation, pointing the noradrenergic system as a key mechanisms involved in perceptual learning. Interestingly, noradrenergic contacts on neurons born during ontogenesis were not affected by learning, suggesting a very specific part played by adult-born neuron in learning associated plasticity. In the same brains, we have analyzed the structural plasticity induced by learning in adult-born and pre-existing neurons. The major finding is that mirroring the increased number of noradrenergic contacts, learning induced an increase in dendritic spines on adult-born, but not on pre-existing neurons

BACKGROUND: The neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) mediates arousal, attention and mood and exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Its projections reach hypothalamic nuclei which regulate the neuroendocrine stress response. Changes in noradrenergic signalling were reported in multiple sclerosis (MS) and psychiatric illness and may account for the high prevalence of comorbid depression and fatigue in MS patients. Associated studies of our study group—investigating stress response in obese and non-obese subjects—have shown increased activity of the stress axes including an association between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness and central noradrenaline transporter. OBJECTIVES: (i) To evaluate central NA transporter (NAT) availability in vivo in immunotherapy-naïve relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients compared to healthy controls (HC), (ii) to measure hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness and the arginine-vasopressin surrogate (AVP) copeptin in patients with RRMS and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) compared to HC, (iii) to test whether HPA axis responsiveness is differentially associated to NAT availability in RRMS patients and HC. METHODS: 22 patients (11 RRMS, 11 CIS) were enrolled and compared to 22 sex- and age-matched HC. (i) Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed in 11 RRMS and 12 HC applying the NAT-selective radiotracer S,S-[11C]O-methylreboxetine ([11C]MRB) for intergroup comparison. (ii) All patients underwent the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test. Plasma ACTH and cortisol curve parameters, and copeptin after dexamethasone intake were derived. (iii) MRB-PET imaging data were correlated to curve indicators and copeptin obtained from the dex/CRH test in RRMS patients. RESULTS: (i) RRMS patients show increased NAT availability in almost all subcortical regions, reaching statistical significance in the thalamus, amygdala, putamen and pons/midbrain. No association with clinical or psychometric variables was found. (ii) Immunotherapy-naïve RRMS patients show no significant changes in cortisol, ACTH or copeptin indices. (iii) There is no correlation between HPA axis indicators and NAT availability in RRMS patients. In HC, NAT availability correlated positively with cortisol curve indicators. CONCLUSION: This study supports the evidence for increased NAT availability in immunotherapy-naïve RRMS patients compared to HC. The increased NAT availability was shown in the subcortical brain regions (relevant to attention and emotional regulation) of the RRMS patients. In this cohort, no correlation with physical or psychometric scores was found. It will be further of interest, if these NAT changes longitudinally predispose to the psychiatric comorbidities which are frequently seen in MS patients or if they do in larger, more heterogenous sample sizes. Our cohort of early RRMS and CIS did not display a statistically significant alteration in the HPA axis responsiveness compared to HC. No association between NAT availability and HPA axis responsiveness could be detected in RRMS patients.:TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………….………………………………………......4 LIST OF FIGURES…..….………………………….….……..…………………………..…5 I BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION…………………………..……………………………6 II INTRODUCTION…..…..………………………………………………………….............7 2.1 Multiple sclerosis — Background and scope……………....…………………..........7 2.1.1 Diagnostic criteria, subtypes and clinical features……….............….…………....7 2.1.2 Multiple sclerosis and its impact on daily life: fatigue.…...…...….............………9 2.2. Noradrenaline — neurotransmitter and immunomodulator…...…………….........10 2.2.1 Noradrenaline in the context of multiple sclerosis…………………….................11 2.2.2 Noradrenaline in the context of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.............12 2.3 Noradrenaline transporter as regulator of noradrenergic transmission….…........13 2.3.1 Noradrenaline transporter imaging……………………………............................14 2.4 Neuroendocrine stress response……...…..……………………..……..……….......14 2.4.1 Noradrenaline in the context of stress response regulation…...........................15 2.4.2 Stress axis regulation in multiple sclerosis……….............……….....................16 III METHODS……………......……………………………………………………..……....19 3.1 Objectives and hypotheses.....……..…………………………………………….......19 3.2 Study design………………..….....………………………………….…..…………….20 3.3 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis assessment using the combined dexamethasone/CRH test…….……...........……….....................................................21 3.4 Questionnaires……...…………………….....…………………………………………22 3.4.1 Beck-Depression-Inventory……………….............……….………………………22 3.4.2 Würzburger Erschöpfungsinventar bei MS….…………..….............……………22 3.5 PET imaging, imaging data processing and analysis………………….....………..23 3.6 Statistical analysis………………….………………………………………….....……23 IV RESULTS………….......……………………………………………….........................24 4.1 Changes of central noradrenaline transporter availability in immunotherapy-naïve multiple sclerosis patients – Publication….....……...…………24 4.2 HPA axis responsiveness does not differ between HC and RRMS or CIS patients…...………………………………...……………………………………….25 4.3 In RRMS patients, noradrenaline transporter availability of selected brain regions does not correlate with neuroendocrine indicators of stress responsiveness, but do positively correlate in healthy controls………………..….…..25 V SUMMARY………………….…………………………………………………………….31 5.1 Significantly changed noradrenaline transporter availability in RRMS patients in brain regions relevant to attention, vigilance and mood………….............31 5.2 Noradrenaline transporter availability is not significantly associated with psychometric and physical scores……..…………………...........................................32 5.3 HPA responsiveness does not significantly differ between early-stage RRMS patients, CIS patients and healthy controls………..…………………..............32 5.4 NAT DVR of selected brain regions do not reveal a significant association to HPA response in RRMS patients, but in healthy controls………...……..................33 5.5 Limitations..………………………………………………………………………….....35 5.6 Future directions…………………………………………………………………….....35 VI PUBLICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY…….……………………....…………….................36 VII ANHANG…….………..…...…..………..………………………………………………49 7.1 Publikationen…………..……….....…..……………………………………................49 7.1.1 Publikationen als Ko-Autorin…...…………..………..............…………………….50 7.1.1.1 Central noradrenaline transporter availability is linked with HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin in human obesity and non-obese controls……..50 7.1.1.2 Post-dexamethasone serum copeptin corresponds to HPA axis responsiveness in human obesity...............................................................................51 7.2 Erklärung zum wissenschaftlichen Beitrag der Promovendin zur Publikationspromotion…………...........………………………………………………52 7.3 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit...…....…………...…......53

published_or_final_version / abstract / Zoology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Les mécanismes neurologiques responsables du déclenchement et de l'homéostasie du sommeil, et du sommeil paradoxal (SP) en particulier, sont l'objet d'un nombre toujours plus important d'études du fait notamment de l'attention croissante portée aux pathologies associées. Les travaux rapportés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent parfaitement dans cette dynamique puisqu'ils ont pour objectif de mieux caractériser les populations neuronales mises en jeu dans la régulation du SP ainsi que leurs interactions. Dans cette optique, nous avons combiné différentes approches techniques complémentaires à savoir : neuroanatomie fonctionnelle, polysomnographie et pharmacologie sur animal libre de se mouvoir. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer pour la première fois la nature glutamatergique des neurones du SLD, région pontique jouant un rôle central dans la mise en place du SP. De plus, s'il est généralement admis que ces neurones du SLD sont sous le contrôle de neurones GABAergiques situés au niveau de la partie ventrolatérale de la substance grise périaqueducale (VLPAG), le contrôle de ces derniers est encore soumis à controverse. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent fortement que l'aire latérale de l'hypothalamus (LH) serait responsable de ce contrôle et donc de celui du SP. En effet, la LH est l'afférence majeure à la VLPAG activée lors d'une hypersomnie de SP. En outre, son inactivation par application locale de muscimol entraine la disparition totale du SP et l'activation des neurones GABAergiques de la VLPAG projetant sur le SLD. En parallèle, nous avons étudié le rôle du noyau réticulé paragigantocellulaire dorsal (DPGi) dans la genèse du SP. Bien que le DPGi fût déjà connu pour être responsable de l'inhibition du locus coeruleus (LC) durant les phases de SP, nous apportons ici un certain nombre d'arguments suggérant que le DPGi pourrait être responsable de l'inhibition, non seulement du LC, mais également de l'ensemble des neurones adrénergiques et noradrénergiques. Cela suggère donc que ce noyau joue également un rôle majeur dans la régulation du SP. Les données rapportées dans cette thèse permettent donc de mieux appréhender les mécanismes neuronaux contrôlant la survenue et la régulation du SP. En particulier, ils apportent de nouvelles données en faveur d'un rôle central de l'hypothalamus dans la régulation du SP puisqu'il constituerait le générateur principal de cet état.

Removal of the pineal gland from partially parathyroidectomized rats produces stereotyped violent seizures. Inasmuch as the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) has been implicated in this experimental paradigm, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of specific alterations in catecholamine function on convulsions produced by pinealectomy (PinX). Additionally, the role of various pineal substances, sex differences and the caging paradigm in the convulsive response was studied. Male and female rats (grouped five per cage) were found to respond similarly to the convulsive stimulus of parathyroidectomy followed by PinX. Neither implants of melatonin nor ventricular injections of arginine vasotocin in isolated and grouped rats, respectively, produced consistent changes in convulsions from PinX. The method of caging the rats after PinX, however, dramatically influenced seizures. Isolated rats (one per cage) convulsed significantly later after PinX and did so less often than grouped (five per cage) controls. NE neurotransmission appears to play a strong role in influencing PinX-induced seizures. Augmenting NE function with desipramine suppressed seizures. Convulsions were enhanced by the (beta)-receptor antagonist timolol, while neonatal injections of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-OHDA potentiated seizures so markedly that many rats died from just one convulsion. NE levels were significantly reduced in the telencephalons and increased in the brain stems of sham-pinealectomized rats which had also received neonatal 6-OHDA; telencephalic levels of DA were elevated by 6-OHDA. Both the proconvulsant effects of 6-OHDA and the alterations it produced in central catecholamine levels were prevented, for the most part, by pretreatment with DMI. Altering both NE and DA function with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, (alpha)-methyl-p-tyrosine, FLA-63 or reserpine did not significantly affect PinX-induced seizures in isolated rats. NE appears to play a strong role in modulating PinX-induced seizures; however, a deficit in NE function per se does not seem to be the fundamental cause of the seizures since sham-pinealectomized rats having lowered NE and/or DA function did not convulse.

Serotonin has been implicated as a modulator of feeding behavior. This experiment was designed to alter brain serotonin levels through dietary means in hypothalamic ventromedial-lesioned and unlesioned rats. Daily food, water, and animal weights were measured. The purpose was to determine if VMH lesions altered the feeding pattern found in unlesioned rats. Although food intake for tryptophanenriched diets and tryptophan-deficient diets did not differ from their respective control groups, in some cases gross animal weights did differ significantly between experimental and control groups and between lesioned and unlesioned groups. A proposed model explains how a "low" energy signal and a "high" protein signal cycles amino acids through gluconeogenesis to comPensate for an energy deficit.

O sucesso da adaptação imediata para a vida extrauterina depende da apropriada função pulmonar. Em neonatologia humana, é estabelecido que a cesariana eletiva aumenta o risco de angústia respiratória, como resultado da reduzida remoção do fluido pulmonar. Neste contexto, este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da condição obstétrica no desempenho respiratório dos recém-nascidos caninos no período de transição, em especial os fatores que determinam a remoção do fluido pulmonar. Para tal, foram selecionadas 20 fêmeas caninas e 37 neonatos, os quais constituíram dois grupos, de acordo com a condição obstétrica: Eutocia Vaginal (n=10 parturientes; n= 17 neonatos) e Cesariana Eletiva (n= 10 parturientes; n= 20 neonatos). A avaliação materna consistiu na dosagem sérica de cortisol e catecolaminas (adrenalina e noradrenalina) em momentos pontuais no pré, intra e pós-parto. Os neonatos foram avaliados por meio do escore de vitalidade neonatal, bem como avaliação das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, aferição da temperatura corpórea e peso corporal, avaliação hemogasométrica venosa, dosagem sérica de cortisol e catecolaminas, lactatemia, glicemia, oximetria de pulso e avaliação radiográfica pulmonar em momentos pontuais no decorrer das primeiras 24 horas de vida. Adicionalmente, foi avaliado a composição eletrolítica e a concentração de cortisol no líquido amniótico de cada filhote. O parto vaginal determinou menor estresse materno, porém, maior concentração de cortisol no líquido amniótico e soro sanguíneo dos filhotes, contribuindo para melhor adaptação cardiorrespiratória e metabólica. Por outro lado, a cesariana eletiva resultou em maior estresse materno, contrariamente ao perfil hormonal dos filhotes e retardou a remoção do fluido pulmonar, resultando em hipoxemia mais severa, além de dificultar a resposta compensatória ao desequilíbrio ácido-básico sanguíneo e termorregulação. Em conclusão, a condição obstétrica impõe diferenças na adaptação pulmonar, interferindo no desempenho respiratório de cães no período de transição feto-neonatal. / The success of immediate adaptation to extrauterine life depends on appropriate lung function. In human neonatology, it is established that elective cesarean section increases the risk of respiratory distress as a result of reduced pulmonary fluid reabsortion. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the obstetric condition on the respiratory performance of canine neonates in the transition period, specially the factors that determine the removal of the pulmonary fluid. For this purpose, 20 canine females and 37 neonates were selected, according to the obstetric condition: Vaginal Eutocia (n = 10 bitches, n = 17 neonates) and Elective Cesarian Section (n = 10 bitches, n = 20 neonates). Maternal evaluations were performed to evaluate serum cortisol and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) levels at punctual moments in pre, intra and postpartum. Neonates were evaluated for the neonatal vitality score, as well as evaluation of heart and respiratory rates, body temperature and body weight, venous hemogasometric evaluation, serum cortisol and catecholamines, blood lactate, blood glucose, pulse oximetry and radiographic evaluation during the first 24 hours of life. Additionally, the electrolyte composition and cortisol concentration in the amniotic fluid of each puppy was evaluated. The vaginal delivery determined lower maternal stress, however, a higher cortisol concentration in the amniotic fluid and neonatal blood serum, contributing to a better cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptation. On the other hand, elective cesarean section resulted in higher maternal stress contrary to the neonatal hormonal profile and delayed the removal of the pulmonary fluid, resulting in more severe hypoxemia, besides a less efficient compensatory response to acid-base imbalance and thermoregulation. In conclusion, the obstetric condition imposes differences in pulmonary adaptation, interfering in the respiratory performance of dogs in the transition from fetal to neonatal life.

O núcleo retrotrapezóide (RTN) é uma região bulbar envolvida na respiração. Estudos prévios mostraram a presença de varicosidades catecolaminérgicas na região do RTN. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a fonte de catecolaminas e os efeitos promovidos pela ativação dos receptores adrenérgicos no RTN. Uma densa projeção neuronal do grupamento A7 para o RTN foi revelada usando o traçador retrógrado Fluorogold. Foi registrada a atividade eletromiográfica do diafragma (DiaEMG) e do abdominal (AbdEMG) de ratos Wistar anestesiados. A injeção de noradrenalina promoveu uma inibição da DiaEMG, sem alterar a AbdEMG; este efeito foi atenuado pela injeção prévia de ioimbina e não foi afetado pela injeção de prazosina e propranolol no RTN. A injeção de fenilefrina no RTN aumentou a DiaEMG e gerou AbdEMG; estes efeitos foram bloqueados por injeções prévias de prazosina no RTN. Os resultados deste estudo suportam a ideia de que o RTN recebe projeções adrenérgicas da ponte que modula a atividade dos neurônios do RTN por meio da ativação dos receptores adrenérgicos α -1 e α- 2. / The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is a medulla region involved in breathing. Previous studies showed the presence of catecholaminergic varicosities in the RTN region. The aim of this study was to investigate the source of cathecolamines and the effects produced by the activation of adrenergic receptors in the RTN. A dense neuronal projection from A7 to RTN was revealed using retrograde tracer FluorGold. In anaesthetized male Wistar rats, diaphragm (DiaEMG) and abdominal (AbdEMG) muscle activities were recorded. Injection of noradrenaline produced an inhibition of DiaEMG, but did not change AbdEMG; These effects was attenuated by pre-injection of yohimbine and were not affect by injection of prazosin and propranolol into the RTN. Injection of phenilephrine into the RTN increased DiaEMG and was also able to generate AbdEMG; these responses were eliminated by pre-injections of into the RTN. These results support the idea that RTN has pontine adrenergic inputs that modulate RTN neurons activity through activation of &#945 - 1 and - &#945 -2 adrenergic receptors.

Le comportement normal d’un individu est le résultat de l’interaction entre les neurones, appelée la corrélation du bruit, qui se déroule en intra et inter les régions cérébrales. Cette corrélation joue un rôle important dans l’attention, la mémoire, la perception et la prise de décision. Plusieurs études ont montré qu’il y a une diminution de la corrélation du bruit pendant les processus d’apprentissage et que son augmentation est corrélée avec les échecs comportementaux. De ce fait, comprendre comment cette corrélation est ajustée en fonction des changements du comportement est très important pour déterminer les processus neuronaux sous-jacents. En effet, ces processus neuronaux sont contrôlés par les neuromodulateurs. Plusieurs maladies neuropsychiatriques sont liées à une anomalie de régulation des ces neuromodulateurs. Par exemple, les personnes qui soufrent d’un trouve de déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) ont un déficit attentionnel qui très handicapant de la vie quotidienne. En effet, déficit attentionnel est atténué par une augmentation sélective de la neuromodulation noradrégergique. Cependant les mécanismes d’action des molécules utilisées, comme la Ritaline qui est un agoniste noradrénergique, sont inconnus. L’objectif de ma thèse est d’étudier et comprendre les processus neuronaux liés à cette maladie ainsi que les mécanismes d’action des agonistes noradrénergiques. Plus précisément, j’ai étudié comment cette corrélation du bruit est ajustée en fonction des changements de l’engagement attentionnel chez des sujets sains et des sujets avec un déficit attentionnel. Afin de réaliser mes travaux de recherche j’ai utilisé la technique d’enregistrement élecrtophysiologiques chez le primate non-humain combiné avec des injections pharmacologiques. Mes travaux de recherche ont montrés que cette corrélation du bruit diminue quand l’engagement attentionnel augmente. De plus, cette corrélation du bruit change d’une manière rythmique dans le temps afin de s’adapter aux changements comportementaux. Spécifiquement, on montre que la modulation noradrénergique a des effets locaux en diminuant la corrélation du bruit au sein des réseaux neuronaux / Optimal behavior is the result of interactions between neurons, called noise correlation, both within and across brain areas. Noise correlations play an important role in attention, memory, perception and decision-making. Many studies have shown that noise correlations decrease in the process of learning and to correlate with overt behavioral performance, higher noise correlations predicting behavioral failures. Identifying how these neuronal interactions adjust to the ongoing behavioral demand is key to understand the neuronal processes and computations underlying optimal behavior. These neuronal processes depend on tightly controlled activity in brainstem neurons that release neuromodulators at their target sites. Understanding the link between neuromodulation and the variation of noise correlation within brain region would help to describe mechanisms by which neuromodulator exerts its effect. My thesis aims to investigate how noise correlations is adjusted to cognitive and task engagement both in healthy brain state and in brain suffer from attention deficit. To do so, I combined pharmacology, behavioral and electrophysiology in non-human primate. Overall, we show that noise correlations decrease across tasks as cognitive engagement and task demands increase. Specifically, noradrenergic modulation induce a local effect by decreasing noise correlations within networks