Introduction: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS) is subdivided according to the cell-of-origin (COO) classification into germinal centre B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell (ABC) subtypes, each with different molecular profiles and clinical behaviour. This study aims to describe the pattern of the COO subtypes, the proportion of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) co-infection, and their influence on survival outcomes in a setting of high HIV prevalence. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with de novo DLBCL NOS at our tertiary academic centre in Cape Town, South Africa over a 14-year period. Immunohistochemical stains were performed for COO classification, according to the Hans algorithm. Tumour EBV co-infection was established by EBV-encoded ribonucleic acid in situ hybridisation (EBER-ISH) staining. The effect of the COO subtypes and EBV co-infection on overall survival were described by means of univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 181 patients with DLBCL NOS were included, which comprised 131 HIV-uninfected and 50 HIV-infected patients. There was an equal distribution of GCB and ABC subtypes in the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected groups. EBV co-infection was detected in 16% of the HIV-infected cases and in 7% of the HIV-uninfected cases (p=0.09). There was no significant difference in the incidence of EBV co-infection between the GCB and ABC subtypes (p=0.67). HIV-infected patients with CD4≥150 cells/mm3 had similar survival to HIV-uninfected patients (p=0.005). Multivariate regression analysis showed that in the HIVinfected group with marked immunosuppression (CD4 <150 cells/mm3), there was significantly poorer overall survival compared to the HIV-uninfected group (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3–4.1). There were no statistically significant differences in overall survival by DLBCL COO subtype. Conclusions: There was no difference in the proportion of DLBCL COO subtypes, regardless of HIV status. EBV co-infection was more common in the HIV-infected group, but less than described in the literature. Unexpectedly, there were no significant differences in survival outcomes between the GCB and ABC subtypes. Higher CD4 counts in the HIV-infected group had good survival outcomes, while lower CD4 counts predicted adverse survival outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the genetic mutational landscape of HIVassociated DLBCL.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo de construção de malhas em grafos conexos orientados definidos pela matriz de incidência. Se o grafo é planar e conexo é obtida a matriz de malhas, com o fim de permitir alternativa de análises, por nós ou malhas, de redes elétricas lineares ativas descritas apenas por seus nós. Foi desenvolvido também um algoritmo que realiza essas 2 análises e que aceita elementos ideais como fontes de tensão e corrente, controladas ou não, amplificadores operacionais ideais, indutâncias mútuas. A dimensão do programa foi reduzida pelo fato da representação de um elementos em um método ser igual a de seu dual em outro método. É feita também uma comparação entre os métodos de anos métodos de análise existente. / [en] An algorithm is presented that defines all the internal meshes of na oriented connected graph described by its incidence matrix. In the case of a planar, connected graph, a mesh matrix is obtained, which allows either nodal or mesh analysis of an active linear network described by its nodes. A further algorithm is developed ehich applies both these types of analysis to networks with ideal elements, such as controlled or uncontrolled current and voltage sources, operational amplifiers and mutual inductances. Owing to the fact that the representation of an element in one of these methods is identical to that of the dual element in the other, a program which performs nodal analysis may easily be adapted to perform mesh analysis. The methods are compared with existing methods of circuit analysis and some conclusions are drawn.

No description available.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi de examinar os critérios e condições do plano de participação nos lucros e nos resultados (PPLR) adotado nas indústrias visando ao seu conhecimento para posterior investigação da sua inserção no controle gerencial. A realização deste trabalho deu-se por meio do estudo de casos em quatro indústrias. Para alcançar o objetivo geral foi necessário identificar nas empresas: aspectos que caracterizam os planos de recompensa objetivando o conhecimento dos critérios e condições definidos para o funcionamento do plano, com o intuito subliminar de estudar-se a percepção que as partes (superiores e subordinados) têm do plano. Dentre os casos estudados, dois apresentaram o PPLR inserido no controle de gestão, os demais apresentaram uma inserção parcial. Foram identificados também os fatores relevantes à continuidade da empresa, verificando se há relação entre indicadores do plano de recompensa e esses fatores. De forma geral, o estudo dos casos sugeriu que as empresas estudadas confiam na capacidade motivacional de uma gratificação financeira adicional, além do salário e 13º salário, pois a praticam. Entretanto, a formulação de um plano de recompensa financeira baseada no desempenho parece não ter sido uma prática totalmente espontânea nas empresas. Sua implantação decorre parcialmente de pressões sociais e da regulamentação do PPLR, que se constituíram em aspectos catalisadores. Observou-se, ainda, ao analisar como o plano adotado nas empresas estudadas poderia estar inserido no controle de gestão, que as empresas têm consciência de que os indicadores de desempenho do plano devem estar associados a informações relevantes para a empresa. No entanto, percebeu-se que a forma como as empresas fazem tal associação é problemática, refletindo em planos parcialmente inseridos no controle de gestão das empresas. A percepção dos empregados também foi verificada ao analisar-se a inserção do PPLR no controle de gestão das empresas. Em algumas delas foram identificados grupos de pessoas indiferentes ao plano, que percebiam que seus esforços não eram nele avaliados, sequer reconhecidos. Tais observações minimizam o potencial de congruência de objetivos do PPLR e, portanto, enfraquece sua inserção no controle de gestão. A ausência de identificação dos empregados com o plano pode ser resultado da dificuldade no estabelecimento de indicadores para cada uma das áreas. As justificativas da inserção parcial do PPLR no controle de gestão das empresas apontadas encontram-se atreladas aos casos estudados não sendo possível sua generalização. / The main goal of this research was to analyze the Brazilian industries profit and gain sharing plan, called PPLR, criteria and conditions, considering that are many motivations for its adoption. This knowledge acquisition will be used further to investigate the PPLR insertion on managerial control. This research was carried out through case studies in four industries located in Sao Paulo state. For the purpose of the research general objective, it was necessary identify in the companies: aspects that could characterize the reward plan objecting the knowledge of the criteria and condition for the functioning of the plan, with the intention subliminal of studying the perception that the parts (superiors and subordinated) have of the plan and the company critical success factors, verifying if there is relation between indicators of the reward plan and this factors. Two cases presented a managerial control inserted PPLR, and the other two presented a partial managerial control inserted PPLR. The industries critical success factors were also identified to confirm the relationship between the PPLR`s indicators and them. In general, the study of the cases suggested that the studied companies trust in the motivational capacity of a additional financial gratuity, besides the salary and Christmas bonus, because they practice it. But the formulation of a financial reward plan based in the performance seems not be a spontaneous practice related of the companies. Its implementation is probably a consequence of the social and legal pressure, which could be an aspect catalyser in their adoption. Besides this, when analyzing how the plan adopted by the studied companies could be inserted in the management control, it was possible observe that the companies have conscience that the performance indicators of the plan should be associated to the critical success factors for the company, therefore, it was possible notice that the way in which the companies do this association is problematic, reflecting in plans inserted partially in the managerial control systems of the company. The employees PPLR\'s perception was also analyzed to grasp the PPLR managerial control insertion. Analyzing the PPLR perception was detected the existence of group of people, in the studied companies, that are indifferent to the plan because these groups perceive that their efforts were not valued by the plan adopted in the companies. Such perceptions minimize the goal congruence potential of the plan adopted, and minimize its insertion on the managerial control. The lack of employees PPLR appreciation may be a consequence of the difficult in establishing indicators for all of their areas. The reasons for the PPLR partial aid to the control that outcome from this study are associated with the companies studied and can not be generalized.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). As part of this disorder the myelin sheath undergoes degeneration, leading to alterations in the conductivity of axons, and impaired function. The onset of the disease occurs in young adults and clinical pathology is characterised by varying severity. These include i) Relapsing Remitting MS (RR-MS), ii) Secondary Progressive MS (SP-MS) and iii) Primary Progressive MS (PP-MS). MS is more prevalent in women and accounts for more than two thirds of all MS sufferers. MS is considered to be a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental components. The prevalence of MS is dependent on geographical localisation, with lower sunlight exposure linked to higher prevalence. Also, studies show an increased risk in close relatives, or in identical twins, indicating a significant genetic component to the disorder. There are a number of genes that may plausibly be involved in MS pathophysiology. These include myelin-related genes, such as the myelin basic protein (MBP), immune-related genes, such FC receptor and osteopontin, and heat shock proteins such as xb crystallin. These candidate genes have been implicated in a variety of ways but usually through immunological and/or genetic studies. One of the most consistent findings in recent years has been the association of disease with alterations in the specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) localised to chromosome 6p21.3, and includes MHC I, II, III. Genome wide screens have permitted the identification of loci in the genome, which are associated with MS susceptibility. The number of genes involved in MS is unknown and several case-control association studies have been undertaken to reveal the involvement of potential candidate genes. In general terms, current research is aimed at determining allelic variation of candidate genes. Such genes have been implicated in MS because they reside within susceptible regions of the chromosome associated with MS or they have a plausible potential pathophysiological role in MS. Candidate loci investigated in this study, for association with MS susceptibility, include members of the nitric oxide synthase family of metabolic proteins (inducible NOS, iNOS/NOS2A and neuronal NOS, nNOS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and vitamin D receptor (VDR). The MS population used in all studies consisted of over 100 MS cases and gender, age and ethnicity matched controls. In our study of inducible and neuronal NOS genes, PCR based assays were developed to amplify a region of both promoters that contained known microsatellite variation. Supporting phyisological data suggests that the neuroinflammatory aspects of MS are associated with aberrant NO production, which may be due to aberrant regulation of NOS activity. Specific amplified products were identified by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis and allele frequencies were statistically compared using chi-squared analysis. In the nNOS and iNOS study, no association was identified with allele frequency variation and MS susceptibility (nNOS: ?2=5.63, P=0.962; iNOS: ?2=3.4; P=0.082). Similarly, no differences in allele frequencies were observed for gender or clinical course for both markers (Pvalue greater than 0.05). In short, results from this study indicate that the NOS promoter variations studied do not play a significant role in determining susceptibility to MS in the tested population. The COMT and MTHFR genes are localised at 22q12-13 and 1p36.3 respectively, regions of the genome that have been found to be positively associated with MS susceptibility. In our research, we set out to examine the G158A change in the 4th exon of the COMT gene. This functional mutation leads to an amino acid change (valine to methionine) that is directly associated with changes in the activity of COMT. The MTHFR enzyme plays a role in folate metabolism, and can be implicated in the turnover of homocysteine. Previous investigations have shown that high levels of homocysteine are encountered in MS patients, where it is also linked to demyelination in the CNS. In our study the aim was to examine the C677T variation (alanine to valine amino acid change) in the exon 4 coding region of the MTHFR gene and the G158A variation in the COMT gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and gel electrophoresis was used to identify specific alleles for both COMT and MTHFR. However, as with the NOS study, no specific association was identified between MS susceptibility and variation for either of the tested COMT or MTHFR (Pvalue greater than 0.05) variants. In a final genomic investigation of the MS population, three variations in the VDR gene were analysed for association with MS susceptibility and pathology. Using RFLP analysis, three VDR variants were investigated with genotypes detected using the Taq I, Apa I and Fok I restriction enzymes. In contrast to previous genotypic analyses, this study did show a positive association, specifically between the functional variation in exon 9 of the VDR gene and MS (Taq I, 2= 7.22, P= 0.0072). Interestingly, the Apa I variant of VDR was also found to be associated with MS ( 2=4.2, P=0.04). The Taq I and Apa I variants were also found to be in very strong and significant linkage disequilibrium (D'=0.96, Pvalue less than 0.0001) and their associations were more prominent with the progressive forms of MS (SP-MS and PP-MS). In addition to genotypic analysis of a clinical population, additional research was undertaken to identify novel targets for MS susceptibility studies. Global gene expression analysis was undertaken using comparative subtractive fluorescent microarray technology to examine differences in gene activity (expression) in age and sex matched MS plaque tissue and anatomically matched normal white matter (NWM). MS plaques were obtained post mortem from MS sufferers with no drug history in the last two months before death and matched anatomically to healthy white matter from donors with no previous neurological disorders. Target arrays consisted of 5000 cDNAs and analysis was conducted using the Affymetrix 428 scanner. In this way, 139 genes were shown to be differentially regulated in MS plaque tissue compared to NWM. Of these, 69 genes showed a common pattern of expression in the chronic active and acute plaque tissues investigated (Pvalue less than 0.0001, a=0.73); while 70 transcripts were uniquely differentially expressed ( 1.5-fold) in either acute or chronic active lesions. To validate the gene expression profile results, quantitative real time reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR (Q-PCR) analysis was performed. 12 genes were selected because they were shown to be differentially expressed by array analysis in this study, or because of their involvement in MS pathology. These included transferrin (TF), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1), crystallin, alpha-B (CRYAB), phosphomannomutase 1 (PMM1), tubulin beta-5 (TBB5), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (ITPKB), calpain 1 (CAPNS1), osteopontin (SPP1 or OPN), as well as the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). Both absolute (copy number) and comparative differences in the relative levels of expression in MS lesions and NWM were determined for each gene. The results from this study revealed a significant correlation of real time PCR results with the microarray data, while a significant correlation was also found between comparative and absolute determinations of fold. As with the results of array analysis, a significant difference in gene expression patterning was identified between chronic active and acute plaque pathologies. For example, a up to 50-fold increase in SPP1 and ITPKB levels in acute plaques contrasted with the 5-fold or less increase in chronic active plaques (P less than 0.0.1, unpaired t-Test). Of particular note, gamma-amino butyric acid receptor ?2 (GABG2), integrin ?5 (ITGB5), complement component 4B (C4B), parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) were found up-regulated in MS and glial derived neurotropic factor ?2 (GDNFA2), insulin receptor (INSR), thyroid hormone receptor ZAKI4 (ZAKI4) were found down-regulated in MS. Data also revealed a decreased expression of the immune related genes STAT1 and PIAS1 in acute plaques. In conclusion, this research used both genomic analysis and technologies in gene expression to investigate both known and novel markers of MS pathology and susceptibility. The study developed tools that may be used for further investigation of clinical pathology in MS and have provided interesting initial expression data to further investigate the genes that play a role in MS development and progression.

I denna avhandling visar jag hur elever och lärare genomför NO-verksamhet i grundskolan. Avhandlingen illustrerar hur elevers frågor och uttryckta erfarenheter blir en del av ett etablerat ämnesinnehåll. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur två agendor – varav den ena baseras på elevers deltagande och den andra baseras på ett etablerat ämnesinnehåll – orkestreras så att båda agendorna tillgodoses vid genomförandet av NO-verksamheten. Studien bygger på videoobservationer under NOlektioner i skolår 5-9. Analysen visar hur olika aktiviteter i genomförandet av ett NOprojekt orkestrerar elevers frågor och uttryckta erfarenheter med ett naturvetenskapligt innehåll. Analysen visar också hur naturvetenskapens karaktär, the Nature of Science (NOS), kommuniceras som följemening till instruktioner. Vidare illustrerar avhandlingen olika sätt att använda frågor för att överbrygga vetenskapliga och vardagliga sätt att kommunicera. Resultaten visar också olika roller som elevers erfarenheter antar i en NOverksamhet. Resultaten utgör en konkretisering av skolans naturvetenskap, the Nature of School Science (NOSS). Skolans naturvetenskapliga aktiviteter begripliggörs lämpligen om de betraktas utifrån sina egna syften och förutsättningar. I avhandlingen utvecklas begreppet NOSS för att lyfta fram sådana syften och förutsättningar såsom dessa framträder i aktiviteten. / This thesis investigates and considers how students and teachers realize school science activities. Students’ questions and accounts of their experiences as they become part of an established science content form the focus of this work. Its purpose is to provide an understanding of how two agendas –one, based on students’ participation and the other, based on the already established science content –are orchestrated so that both are accounted for. The empirical work is based on video-recorded observations in science classrooms. The findings show how different activities in the accomplishment of a school science project orchestrate students’ questions and accounts of experiences with the science content. The findings also show how the nature of science (NOS) is communicated as a by-product of instruction. In addition, different uses of questions for bridging science and everyday ways of communicating are shown in the results. The findings also indicate the different roles that students’ experiences acquire in a school science activity. These results should be seen as a step towards a definition of the nature of school science (NOSS). School science activities become intelligible if we consider them from a basis of their own purposes and prerequisites. The concept of NOSS is described to elicit such purposes and prerequisites as they become apparent in the activity.

Die Inzidenz des Diabetes mellitus (DM) nimmt weltweit jährlich zu und erlangt somit große Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der globalen Gesundheit. Die WHO rechnet bis zum Jahr 2030 mit ungefähr 366 Millionen erwachsenen Diabetikern. Es ist bekannt, dass Männer mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 (DMI) und 2 (DMII) häufiger an Subfertilität leiden, wobei dies möglicherweise auf erhöhte Apoptoseraten und vermehrte DNA-Fragmentierungen auf zellulärer Ebene zurückzuführen ist. Die Bedeutung der ROS als Regulatoren von physiologischen und pathologischen Signaltransduktionswegen ist bekannt. Demzufolge könnte die Aktivität der Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthetase (NOS) in diesem Zusammenhang eine Bedeutung haben. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen war es, die Auswirkungen von Apoptose und DNA-Fragmentierungen sowie die Bedeutung der NOS im Zusammenhang mit der Fertilitätsfähigkeit von Spermienzellen von DMI und DMII Patienten zu erfassen und damit erste Erklärungsansätze zur Pathophysiologie der diabetesassoziierten Subfertilität zu liefern. Samenproben von Normalspendern und Diabetikern wurden durch Dichtegradientenzentrifugation in Subpopulationen separiert und mittels fluoreszenzbasierten Assays zur Analyse von apoptoseassoziierten Parametern wie dem Zusammenbruch des mitochondrialen Membranpotentials (MMP), Aktivierung von Caspase-3 (CP3), DNA-Fragmentierungen und reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) im Flowzytometer (FACS) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine signifikante Erhöhung von Apoptosemarkern (gestörtes MMP, aktivierte CP3), ROS und DNA-Fragmentationsraten in Spermien von DMI und DMII Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Normalspendern. Der Effekt ist bei DMII Patienten verstärkt ausgeprägt. Alle gemessenen Parameter korrelieren umgekehrt mit dem Fertilitätspotential der Spermien, gemessen anhand etablierter Spermiogramm-Analysen, womit ein möglicher Erklärungsmechanismus für die Subfertilität bei Diabetikern geliefert werden kann.

Submitted by Viviana Aguilera Cruz (viviaguilerac@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-25T13:21:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho aplicado_25set.pdf: 1366302 bytes, checksum: 2ca8da2792db4b1c2174da2f6051e935 (MD5) / Rejected by Tamara Oliveira (tamara.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Viviana, boa tarde. Para a aprovação do seu trabalho, você deverá fazer alguns ajustes. Encaminhamos por e-mail as alterações necessárias. Após alterações você deverá submeter o trabalho novamente na biblioteca online. Atenciosamente, Tamara Oliveira on 2018-09-26T16:48:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Viviana Aguilera Cruz (viviaguilerac@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-27T21:03:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho aplicado_26set.pdf: 1366637 bytes, checksum: 37fd891cffafe61a6c68241643fe7793 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tamara Oliveira (tamara.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-09-28T20:45:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho aplicado_26set.pdf: 1366637 bytes, checksum: 37fd891cffafe61a6c68241643fe7793 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-10-01T13:16:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho aplicado_26set.pdf: 1366637 bytes, checksum: 37fd891cffafe61a6c68241643fe7793 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T13:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho aplicado_26set.pdf: 1366637 bytes, checksum: 37fd891cffafe61a6c68241643fe7793 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Neste estudo, investiga-se a relação entre controle interno e a presença de mulheres a cargo dos controles através de um estudo de caso. Para isto, foram construídas métricas do controle interno para as companhias auditadas numa firma entre os anos 2015 e 2017. Através do painel de três anos, foram examinados os efeitos entre a presença de mulheres nos resultados das variáveis definidas nas auditorias internas, como número de findings, número de planos de ação, prioridade e impacto. Além disto, foram incluídos fatores dentro do modelo, como os diferentes níveis de equidade de genero entre os países, o tamanho da companhia. Como resultado, foi encontrada a significante relação entre ser mulher e o número de findings e planos de ação, sendo que companhias com maior presença de mulheres obtiveram menor número de findings. Por outro lado, variáveis como o impacto e a prioridade não tiveram um impacto significativo do fato do responsável ser uma mulher, mostrando que a complexidade dos findings não é afetada pelo gênero. Este estudo fornece informações adicionais para o estudo da relação entre diversidade e desempenho corporativo. / This study investigates empirically the relationship between internal control and presence of women in the management through a study case. We construct measures of internal control for companies audited in a multinational firm between 2015 and 2017. Using this three-year panel, we examine the effect of women presence on results of internal audit variables, such as a number of findings, priority and impact. After including in the model factors as different levels of gender equality across contries, size of the company, and number of women, we find significant relationship between being women and both number of findings and number of action plans, while this relationship is indifferent on the level of impact or priority. This study provides further insights to the study of the relationship of diversity and corporate performance.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi de examinar os critérios e condições do plano de participação nos lucros e nos resultados (PPLR) adotado nas indústrias visando ao seu conhecimento para posterior investigação da sua inserção no controle gerencial. A realização deste trabalho deu-se por meio do estudo de casos em quatro indústrias. Para alcançar o objetivo geral foi necessário identificar nas empresas: aspectos que caracterizam os planos de recompensa objetivando o conhecimento dos critérios e condições definidos para o funcionamento do plano, com o intuito subliminar de estudar-se a percepção que as partes (superiores e subordinados) têm do plano. Dentre os casos estudados, dois apresentaram o PPLR inserido no controle de gestão, os demais apresentaram uma inserção parcial. Foram identificados também os fatores relevantes à continuidade da empresa, verificando se há relação entre indicadores do plano de recompensa e esses fatores. De forma geral, o estudo dos casos sugeriu que as empresas estudadas confiam na capacidade motivacional de uma gratificação financeira adicional, além do salário e 13º salário, pois a praticam. Entretanto, a formulação de um plano de recompensa financeira baseada no desempenho parece não ter sido uma prática totalmente espontânea nas empresas. Sua implantação decorre parcialmente de pressões sociais e da regulamentação do PPLR, que se constituíram em aspectos catalisadores. Observou-se, ainda, ao analisar como o plano adotado nas empresas estudadas poderia estar inserido no controle de gestão, que as empresas têm consciência de que os indicadores de desempenho do plano devem estar associados a informações relevantes para a empresa. No entanto, percebeu-se que a forma como as empresas fazem tal associação é problemática, refletindo em planos parcialmente inseridos no controle de gestão das empresas. A percepção dos empregados também foi verificada ao analisar-se a inserção do PPLR no controle de gestão das empresas. Em algumas delas foram identificados grupos de pessoas indiferentes ao plano, que percebiam que seus esforços não eram nele avaliados, sequer reconhecidos. Tais observações minimizam o potencial de congruência de objetivos do PPLR e, portanto, enfraquece sua inserção no controle de gestão. A ausência de identificação dos empregados com o plano pode ser resultado da dificuldade no estabelecimento de indicadores para cada uma das áreas. As justificativas da inserção parcial do PPLR no controle de gestão das empresas apontadas encontram-se atreladas aos casos estudados não sendo possível sua generalização. / The main goal of this research was to analyze the Brazilian industries profit and gain sharing plan, called PPLR, criteria and conditions, considering that are many motivations for its adoption. This knowledge acquisition will be used further to investigate the PPLR insertion on managerial control. This research was carried out through case studies in four industries located in Sao Paulo state. For the purpose of the research general objective, it was necessary identify in the companies: aspects that could characterize the reward plan objecting the knowledge of the criteria and condition for the functioning of the plan, with the intention subliminal of studying the perception that the parts (superiors and subordinated) have of the plan and the company critical success factors, verifying if there is relation between indicators of the reward plan and this factors. Two cases presented a managerial control inserted PPLR, and the other two presented a partial managerial control inserted PPLR. The industries critical success factors were also identified to confirm the relationship between the PPLR`s indicators and them. In general, the study of the cases suggested that the studied companies trust in the motivational capacity of a additional financial gratuity, besides the salary and Christmas bonus, because they practice it. But the formulation of a financial reward plan based in the performance seems not be a spontaneous practice related of the companies. Its implementation is probably a consequence of the social and legal pressure, which could be an aspect catalyser in their adoption. Besides this, when analyzing how the plan adopted by the studied companies could be inserted in the management control, it was possible observe that the companies have conscience that the performance indicators of the plan should be associated to the critical success factors for the company, therefore, it was possible notice that the way in which the companies do this association is problematic, reflecting in plans inserted partially in the managerial control systems of the company. The employees PPLR\'s perception was also analyzed to grasp the PPLR managerial control insertion. Analyzing the PPLR perception was detected the existence of group of people, in the studied companies, that are indifferent to the plan because these groups perceive that their efforts were not valued by the plan adopted in the companies. Such perceptions minimize the goal congruence potential of the plan adopted, and minimize its insertion on the managerial control. The lack of employees PPLR appreciation may be a consequence of the difficult in establishing indicators for all of their areas. The reasons for the PPLR partial aid to the control that outcome from this study are associated with the companies studied and can not be generalized.

Title: Neurological deficit after focal cerebral ischemia in rats - pharmacological intervention Objectives: The goal of the thesis was to determine the effect of 7-nitroindazole, a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, after focal ischemic stroke in rats. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were used in this experiment. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: ischemic stroke was given to half of them, the rest were sham operated. 10 animals were given 7-nitroindazole (25mg/kg) to protect neuronal ischemic brain damage. After a few weeks the rats were tested with a set of behavioral tests: Ladder rung walking test, Bar holding test, Rotarod test and Open field test. To evaluate the volume of brain damage the stereotactic method was used. The brain sections were cut and compared with atlas. This study was supported by Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences ČR in Prague. Results: The present results show that the 7-nitroindazole has no side effects on healthy rats. The long-term effect on rats after ischemic stroke was not proved. There were a few positive trends observed such as an increase of locomotor speed, increased explorative behaviour and better coordination outcome on RotaRod. On the other hand the brain tissue damage was bigger and the time of hanging in...