Les virus Nipah (NiV) et Hendra (HeV) appartiennent au genre Henipavirus au sein de la famille des Paramyxoviridae. Cette famille comporte de nombreux pathogènes tel que le virus de la rougeole (MeV). Les paramyxovirus possèdent un génome de type ARN simple brin encapsidé par la nucléoprotéine (N) au sein d'une nucléocapside hélicoïdale. N interagit avec la phosphoprotéine (P) et cette dernière recrute la polymérase (L) qui assure la transcription et la réplication du génome viral. L'objectif de mon projet de thèse était de caractériser les protéines N et P ainsi que les interactions qui existent entre elles chez les trois virus, NiV, HeV et MeV. A la différence du MeV, qui a été intensivement étudié au cours des dernières années, les données moléculaires et structurales sur les Henipavirus étaient très limitées. A l'aide d'analyses computationnelles, nous avons pu déchiffrer l'organisation modulaire de N et de P, et nous avons montré que les régions, C-terminale de N (NTAIL) et N-terminale de P (PNT), sont prédites comme intrinsèquement désordonnées (RIDs). Les RIDs sont des régions fonctionnelles dépourvues de structures secondaires et tertiaires stables dans des conditions physiologiques. En utilisant des approches biochimiques et biophysiques, nous avons confirmé que NTAIL et PNT sont désordonnées. Elles conservent toutefois des structures secondaires transitoires qui pourraient correspondre à des éléments de reconnaissance moléculaire (ou MoREs) impliqués dans de transitions structurales en présence d'un partenaire. / The Paramyxoviridae family includes many important human and animal pathogens, such as measles virus (MeV), a morbillivirus, and the emerging Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses, members of the Henipavirus genus. Paramyxoviruses possess a negative-strand RNA genome that is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) into a helical nucleocapsid. N interacts with the phosphoprotein (P), and this latter recruits the polymerase that ensures genome replication and transcription. My PhD project has mainly focused on the characterization of the N and P proteins and on the interactions between these two proteins from the three cognate viruses, namely NiV, HeV and MeV. While MeV has been extensively studied through the past years, structural and molecular information on Henipavirus N and P proteins were rather scarce. Using computational analyses, we deciphered the modular organization of Henipavirus N and P. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were predicted within these proteins, notably at the C-terminus of N (referred to as NTAIL), and at the N-terminus of P (referred to as PNT). IDRs are functional despite they lack of a well-defined 3-D structure under physiological conditions. Biochemical and biophysical approaches pointed out a mostly disordered state for both NTAIL and PNT, although they were shown to contain short-order prone segments (i.e. molecular recognition elements, MoREs). These latter are involved in partner recognition and in disorder-to-order transitions. The C-terminal domains of the P proteins (referred to as PXD) were found to bind to NTAIL and to induce an α-helical transition thereof.

Foram submetidos à análise molecular, 15 isolados do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) obtidos durante o período de 1988 a 2000, de surtos à campo da Bronquite Infecciosa (BI), em aves de corte ou de postura das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos da análise filogenética das sequências parciais dos genes da glicoproteína de espícula (S1) e da nucleoproteína (N) evidenciaram que a maior parte dos isolados estão distribuídos em dois grandes grupos; o primeiro deles mais estreitamente relacionado às estirpes do genótipo Massachusetts e o segundo constituído apenas por isolados brasileiros autóctones com uma grande diversidade em relação às estirpes ou isolados do grupo Massachusetts e de outros países ou continentes. Os sítios polimórficos mais importantes formaram-se em locais específicos e de maneira agrupada nas sequências dos genes S1 ou N e predominam em regiões codificadoras das cadeias polipeptídicas S1 e N que configuram sítios estruturais e antigênicos importantes envolvidos, na expressão de propriedades biológicas relevantes. / Fifteen Brazilian field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); were recovered, between 1988 and 2000, from commercial broiler or layer flocks located in South and Southeast Brazilian regions. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 5\'-proximal of S1 gene and 3\'-terminus of N gene from these IBV isolates, identified two main groups; the Massachusetts group and a Brazilian indigenous group, which presenting a high diversity regarding the first group or other IBV strains from different countries and continents. The major polymorphic sites are arranged in clusters and predominate in the regions of S1 and N genes which code for relevant structural and antigenic sites responsible for the expression of important biological properties.

Neste projeto caracterizamos a interação da nucleoproteína viral (N) do Vírus Respiratório Sincicial Humano (HRSV) com as proteínas PRMT5 e WDR77, que constituem o metilosomo celular. Confirmamos que essa interação ocorre através de co-imunoprecipitação em células humanas, e de interação in vitro dessas proteínas purificadas. Demonstramos a co-localização dessas proteínas na célula através de microscopias de imunofluorescência e confocal. Inibindo ou aumentando a expressão de PRMT5 não observamos impacto na replicação viral. Verificamos que ocorre metilação em N tanto em resíduos de argininas como de lisinas, com anticorpos específicos para essas modificações, e por espectrometria de massas, indicando significado funcional. Com essa evidência testamos o efeito de inibidores de metilação e demetilação, em argininas e lisinas. Obtivemos efeito inibitório significativo da replicação do HRSV com um inibidor de metilação de lisina, UNC0646, indicando que a interação N-metilossomo tem potencial como alvo terapêutico contra HRSV. / In this project we had as objective to characterize the interaction observed previously in the laboratory of viral nucleoprotein (N) with PRMT5 and WDR77 proteins that constitute the cell metilosome. We confirmed that this interaction occurs through co-imunoprecipitation in human cells and in vitro interaction of these purified proteins. We also demonstrated the co-localization of these proteins in inclusion bodies, by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Inhibiting or enhancing PRMT5 expression we didnt see effect on viral replication. Our results show that methylation occurs in both arginine and lysine residues, through reactivity with antibodies specific to these modifications, and analysis by mass spectrometry. We tested the effect of arginine and lysine methylation and de-methylation inhibitors in viral replication. We obtained significant inhibitory effect on HRSV replication with a lysine methylation inhibitor, UNC0646, indicating that N-metilossome interaction has the potential to be exploited as a therapeutic target in developing antiviral drugs.

All challenges associated with influenza A viruses including antigenic variation in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the evolving drug resistance and the drawbacks of current vaccines hinder our ability to control this constant threat. Furthermore, gene reassortment as well as the direct transmission of highly pathogenic avian viruses to humans can result in an occasional emergence of novel influenza strains with devastating pandemic potential. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate alternative approaches to better control these viruses and to develop new prophylactic and treatment options. Targeting highly conserved epitopes or antigens among the different subtypes of influenza A virus could offer protection against broad range of influenza viruses, including emerging strains. In my research, I have investigated the potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HA and conducted mechanistic study of a prototype vaccine based on the highly conserved nucleoprotein (NP). We recently found that the 14 amino acids of the amino-terminus of the fusion peptide of influenza HA2 subunit is the only universally conserved sequence in all HA subtypes of influenza A and the two lineages of influenza B viruses. Here, I show that universal antibodies targeting this linear sequence in the viral HA (Uni-1 antibodies) can cross-neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza A virus by inhibiting the pH-dependant fusion of viral and cellular membranes. It is noted that the influenza NP is a highly conserved antigen and has the potential to induce heterosubtypic immunity against divergent subtypes of influenza A virus. However, NP-based vaccination only affords weak protective immunity compared to HA. This is mostly due to the non-sterilizing immunity induced by NP. Using CD40 ligand (CD40L), a key regulator of the immune system, as both a targeting ligand and a molecular adjuvant, I show that single immunization with recombinant adenovirus carrying a fused gene encoding the secreted NP-CD40L fusion protein provided robust and long-lasting protection against influenza in normal mice. It enhanced both B-cell and T-cell responses and augmented the role of both NP-specific antibodies and CTLs in protection. Importantly, it afforded effective protection in CD40L and CD4 deficient mice, confirming that the induced protection is CD40L-mediated and CD4+ T cell-independent. The rapid evolution of the influenza A viruses necessitates the development of new alternatives to contain this medically important pathogen. The results of these studies could significantly contribute to future vaccine development and avert the necessity of yearly vaccine updates.

L’interaction avec les cellules hôtes est une étape primordiale du cycle infectieux des Salmonella. Elle implique entre autres des fimbriae permettant l’attachement des Salmonella aux cellules et des invasines permettant leur internalisation. Généralement, l’expression de ces facteurs est réprimée et ils ne sont exprimés qu’in vivo en des sites bien spécifiques. Notre objectif a été d’étudier les mécanismes de répression de l’expression des fimbriae Pef et de l’invasine Rck. Nos résultats montrent que les nucléoprotéines H-NS, Hha et YdgT régulent négativement l’expression de ces deux facteurs de virulence. Le mécanisme de répression de la transcription de l’opéron pef a été caractérisé et montre un rôle prépondérant d’H-NS. De plus, la régulation de cet opéron par Hha et YdgT semble être dépendante ou indépendante de H-NS en fonction des conditions de culture de la bactérie. La répression de l’opéron pefI-srgC, portant l’ORF rck, semble, quant à elle, plus complexe. A l’heure actuelle, seule la région cible de la répression par Hha et YdgT a pu être identifiée. Ces résultats renforcent l’hypothèse de l’existence de régulations par Hha-YdgT indépendantes de H-NS. / The interaction with host cells is an essential step of Salmonella infection cycle. Among other virulence factors, fimbriae allow attachment of Salmonella to eukaryotic cells and invasins enable cell internalisation. Generally, the expression of these factors is suppressed and they are only expressed in vivo at very specific locations. Our objective was to study the mechanisms of Pef fimbriae and Rck invasin repression. Our results show that the nucleoproteins H-NS, Hha and YdgT negatively regulate the expression of these two virulence factors. The mechanism of pef operon transcription repression was characterized and shows a predominant role of H-NS. Moreover, the regulation of this operon by Hha and YdgT appears to bedependent or independent of H-NS depending on bacterial culture conditions. Repression of the pefI-srgC operon, carrying rck ORF, shows a higher degree of complexity. Currently, only the Hha and YdgT targeted region for the repression has been identified. These results reinforce the hypothesis that Hha-YdgT can act independently of H-NS.

Foram submetidos à análise molecular, 15 isolados do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) obtidos durante o período de 1988 a 2000, de surtos à campo da Bronquite Infecciosa (BI), em aves de corte ou de postura das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos da análise filogenética das sequências parciais dos genes da glicoproteína de espícula (S1) e da nucleoproteína (N) evidenciaram que a maior parte dos isolados estão distribuídos em dois grandes grupos; o primeiro deles mais estreitamente relacionado às estirpes do genótipo Massachusetts e o segundo constituído apenas por isolados brasileiros autóctones com uma grande diversidade em relação às estirpes ou isolados do grupo Massachusetts e de outros países ou continentes. Os sítios polimórficos mais importantes formaram-se em locais específicos e de maneira agrupada nas sequências dos genes S1 ou N e predominam em regiões codificadoras das cadeias polipeptídicas S1 e N que configuram sítios estruturais e antigênicos importantes envolvidos, na expressão de propriedades biológicas relevantes. / Fifteen Brazilian field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); were recovered, between 1988 and 2000, from commercial broiler or layer flocks located in South and Southeast Brazilian regions. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 5\'-proximal of S1 gene and 3\'-terminus of N gene from these IBV isolates, identified two main groups; the Massachusetts group and a Brazilian indigenous group, which presenting a high diversity regarding the first group or other IBV strains from different countries and continents. The major polymorphic sites are arranged in clusters and predominate in the regions of S1 and N genes which code for relevant structural and antigenic sites responsible for the expression of important biological properties.

Orientador: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Aramis Augusto Pinto / Banca: Camillo Del Cistia Andrade / Resumo: A nucleoproteina do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) é um dos componentes antigênicos ideais para fazer o imunodiagnóstico da DN, por ser mais conservada e possuir uma elevada imunogenicidade. A sequência completa do gene da nucleoproteína (NP) (1470 pb) da estirpe La Sota do VDN foi amplificada, nesse estudo, por RT-PCR e submetida a clonagem no vetor de expressão em Escherichia coli pETSUMO (Invitrogen). A proteína NP foi expressa sob a forma de uma proteína recombinante de fusão contendo o peptídeo SUMO e a sequência de poli-histidina, em seguida foi purificada em resina de níquel-agarose e caracterizada por SDSPAGE e Western-blotting, apresentando um peso molecular de cerca de 66kDa e reatividade com anticorpos policlonais de galinhas hiperimunizadas com esse mesmo vírus. Foi então desenvolvido um método indireto de ELISA com essa proteína (NPVDN- ELISA) para ser aplicado na detecção de anticorpos anti-virais específicos. O NP-VDN-ELISA revelou ser capaz de diferenciar amostras de soros positivos para o VDN das amostras de soros negativos e, na comparação dos resultados obtidos na análise de 125 soros de campo pelo NP-VDN-ELISA com os do teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (HI), foi encontrado um coeficiente de correlação significante entre estes métodos (r = 0,8345), bem como elevadas sensibilidade (89,3%), acurácia (90,4%) e especificidade (95,5%). Concluindo, a proteína NP recombinante expressa pelo sistema pET SUMO - E. coli compartilha os principais epítopos para interagir com anticorpos de galinhas produzidos contra a proteína NP do VDN, tendo, portanto, um bom potencial de ser aplicada de forma bem sucedida e com vantagens no teste de ELISA para realizar de forma mais rápida e prática, o imunodiagnóstico da DN de um maior número de amostras séricas de galinhas / Abstract: The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), is a preferred choice to develop a serologic assay on account of highly conserved sequences, and high immunogenicity. The whole open-reading-frame (orf) of NP gene from LaSota strain of NDV was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned in pETSUMO vector (Invitrogen) and Escherichia coli as cellular host. The NP protein was expressed as a fusion recombinant protein containing SUMO peptide and poly-histidine tags. This protein was easily purified in nickel-agarose resin, and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting, showing a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa and reactivity with polyclonal antibodies from NDV hiperimmunized chickens. The recombinant NP protein was used as antigen to develop an indirect ELISA (NP-NDVELISA) for the detection chicken anti-NDV antibodies. The capability of the recombinant NP protein to differentiate positive from normal chicken sera was evident in NP-NDV-ELISA, and by comparing this ELISA with haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) a high and significant correlation with the haemagglutination-inhibition test (r = 0,8345), as well as high sensitivity (89,3%), specificity (95,5%) and accuracy (90,4%) were obtained. In conclusion the results indicated that the recombinant NP protein shared the main epitopes with the homologous viral protein and has a great potential to be advantageously used in the ELISA for the analysis of large number of samples in the DN immunodiagnosis / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_lorena_leonardo_souza.pdf: 798251 bytes, checksum: b0213429356f32517eb7b25ac76b2eeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / The rabies virus has two major antigens: the nucleoprotein, a conserved internal protein antigenically and genetically and glycoprotein, a protein responsible for the external adsorption of virus two the host cell and induction of neutralizing antibodies. The development of recombinant DNA technology has opened a new perspective on the control of rabies, since recombinant vaccines have residual pathogenicity and are produced with the antigenic proteins of the virus, without their presence. Furthermore, recombinant proteins can be expressed in order to be used in diagnosis. The objective of this study was to review the literature about rabies, cloning and express the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein of rabies virus using the system Pichia pastoris and evaluate the antigenicity and the immunogenicity of these proteins by Dot blotting, SDS page, Western blotting and ELISA. Glycoprotein synthetic antigen proved to be recognized by anti-rabies from animals experimentally infected with rabies virus strain CVS. And recombinant nucleoprotein expression was confirmed by the techniques of Dot blotting and Western blotting to be recognized by monoclonal anti-histidine. Thus, we conclude that the cloning and expression of synthetic glycoprotein and cloinig and expression nucleoprotein rabies virus by the yeast P. pastoris has been effective, which makes these products an alternative for the production of immunobiological. / O vírus da raiva apresenta dois antígenos principais: a nucleoproteína, uma proteína interna conservada antigênica e geneticamente e a glicoproteína, uma proteína externa responsável pela adsorção do vírus à célula hospedeira e pela indução da produção de anticorpos neutralizantes. O desenvolvimento da tecnologia do DNA recombinante iniciou uma nova perspectiva no controle da Raiva, já que vacinas recombinantes não têm patogenicidade residual e são produzidas com as proteínas antigênicas do vírus, sem sua presença. Além disso, as proteínas recombinantes podem ser expressas com a finalidade de serem usadas em diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi clonar e expressar a glicoproteína e a nucleoproteína do vírus da raiva utilizando o sistema Pichia pastoris e avaliar a antigenicidade e imunogenicidade destas proteínas através do Dot blotting, SDS page, Western blotting, inibição da imunofluorescência e ELISA. A glicoproteína demonstrou ser antigênica ao ser reconhecida por anticorpos anti-rábicos provenientes de animais experimentalmente infectados com o vírus rábico cepa CVS. A nucleoproteína recombinante teve sua expressão confirmada pelas técnicas de Dot blotting e Western blotting ao ser reconhecida por anticorpos monoclonais anti-histidina. Podemos concluir que a levedura P. pastoris é um sistema eficiente para clonagem e expressão da nucleoproteína e glicoproteína do vírus rábico.

All challenges associated with influenza A viruses including antigenic variation in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the evolving drug resistance and the drawbacks of current vaccines hinder our ability to control this constant threat. Furthermore, gene reassortment as well as the direct transmission of highly pathogenic avian viruses to humans can result in an occasional emergence of novel influenza strains with devastating pandemic potential. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate alternative approaches to better control these viruses and to develop new prophylactic and treatment options. Targeting highly conserved epitopes or antigens among the different subtypes of influenza A virus could offer protection against broad range of influenza viruses, including emerging strains. In my research, I have investigated the potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HA and conducted mechanistic study of a prototype vaccine based on the highly conserved nucleoprotein (NP). We recently found that the 14 amino acids of the amino-terminus of the fusion peptide of influenza HA2 subunit is the only universally conserved sequence in all HA subtypes of influenza A and the two lineages of influenza B viruses. Here, I show that universal antibodies targeting this linear sequence in the viral HA (Uni-1 antibodies) can cross-neutralize multiple subtypes of influenza A virus by inhibiting the pH-dependant fusion of viral and cellular membranes. It is noted that the influenza NP is a highly conserved antigen and has the potential to induce heterosubtypic immunity against divergent subtypes of influenza A virus. However, NP-based vaccination only affords weak protective immunity compared to HA. This is mostly due to the non-sterilizing immunity induced by NP. Using CD40 ligand (CD40L), a key regulator of the immune system, as both a targeting ligand and a molecular adjuvant, I show that single immunization with recombinant adenovirus carrying a fused gene encoding the secreted NP-CD40L fusion protein provided robust and long-lasting protection against influenza in normal mice. It enhanced both B-cell and T-cell responses and augmented the role of both NP-specific antibodies and CTLs in protection. Importantly, it afforded effective protection in CD40L and CD4 deficient mice, confirming that the induced protection is CD40L-mediated and CD4+ T cell-independent. The rapid evolution of the influenza A viruses necessitates the development of new alternatives to contain this medically important pathogen. The results of these studies could significantly contribute to future vaccine development and avert the necessity of yearly vaccine updates.

Le virus de la grippe est un virus à ARN négatif appartenant à la famille des Orthomyxoviridae qui se compose de 7 membres dont les virus influenza A, B, C et D. Le génome viral comprend 7 à 8 particules ribonucléoprotéiques (RNP) au sein desquelles l’ARN viral (ARNv) est recouvert de multiples copies de nucléoprotéines (NP) et est associé à l’ARN polymérase virale via ses extrémités 3’ et 5’. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes tout d’abord focalisés sur l’étude biochimique de NP A et NP B et avons pu mettre en évidence des comportements différents en ce qui concerne leurs propriétés d’oligomérisation en présence ou en absence d’ARN et en fonction de la concentration en sel. Pour la première fois nous avons pu observer une structure similaire aux RNP mais reconstituée uniquement à partir de NP A et d’un ARN de 12 nucléotides. Nous avons pu formuler l’hypothèse que 12 nucléotides de l’ARN serait fixés à la NP avec une forte affinité tandis que le reste de l’ARN fixerait la NP avec une affinité beaucoup plus faible. En parallèle nous avons résolu la structure cristallographique de la nucléoprotéine de la grippe de type D et réaliser la caractérisation de son interaction avec l’importine-α7 humaine. Enfin nous avons étudié la fixation de l’ARN sur NP D et mis en évidence l’importance de l’extrémité C-terminale dans le processus de fixation à l’ARN. Ces informations ont permis de formuler de nouvelles hypothèses quant au fonctionnement du virus de la grippe et permettre d’inscrire ce projet de thèse dans une dynamique globale de lutte contre ce virus. / Influenza virus is a negative RNA virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which consists of 7 members including influenza viruses A, B, C and D. The viral genome comprises 7 to 8 ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP) in which the viral RNA (vRNA) is coated with multiple copies of nucleoproteins (NP) and is associated with the viral RNA polymerase by its 3 'and 5' ends. In this thesis, we first focused on the biochemical study of NP A and NP B and we demonstrate that there are different behaviors with regard to their oligomerization properties in the presence or absence of RNA and as a function of the salt concentration. For the first time we were able to observe a structure very similar to RNP which was reconstituted only from NP A and a 12 nucleotide RNA. Thus, we formulate the hypothesis that 12 nucleotides of the RNA would bind NP with a very strong affinity while the rest of the RNA would bind NP with a lower affinity. In parallel, we solved the crystallographic structure of the nucleoprotein of influenza D virus and we characterized its interaction with human importin-α7. Finally, we studied the binding of RNA on NP D and we demonstrated the importance of the C-terminal end in the RNA binding process. This thesis project made it possible to formulate new hypotheses concerning the functioning of the influenza virus and to include this thesis project in a global dynamic of combating the influenza virus.