O objetivo deste estudo desenvolvimental, de delineamento transversal, foi investigar a relação entre o desenvolvimento motor de bebês, que freqüentam creches, entre seis a dezoito meses, e as características ambientais das famílias e das creches de Erechim/RS. Verificou, também, o desenvolvimento motor dos bebês, o contexto familiar, as oportunidades de estimulação do comportamento motor no lar e as características do contexto e cuidados oferecidos nas creches. Os participantes foram 52 bebês, de 9 creches (4 públicas e 5 particulares). Os instrumentos avaliativos foram: a $OEHUWD ,QIDQW 0RWRU VFDOH $,06 para o desenvolvimento motor, o $IIRUGDQFHV LQ WKH +RPH (QYLURQPHQW IRU 0RWRU 'HYHORSPHQW $+(0' para o contexto familiar - geral e oportunidades de estimulação, e ficha de observação da rotina da creche para contexto e os cuidados oferecidos. A análise dos dados quantitativos utilizou a estatística descritiva e o teste de Kolmogorov-Srminov para a distribuição das variáveis, teste de correlação intraclasse para teste-reteste, correlação de Pearson para objetividade e associações. Na comparação entre grupos independentes o teste t- Student (normalidade da distribuição) e Mann Whitney (não paramétricos). Na comparação de três grupos Kruskal-Walls (grupos pequenos). Para análises bivariadas, o teste Qui quadrado de Pearson.Os dados sobre o contexto e cuidados nas creches foram agrupados e analisados descritivamente. A análise do desenvolvimento motor revelou que 50% (n=26) dos bebês participantes apresentaram desempenho motor suspeito de atraso ou atrasado. A investigação de fatores correlacionados mostrou que a renda familiar e o gênero não influenciaram o desempenho dos bebês. A escolaridade paterna indicou correlação com o desempenho motor dos bebês. As oportunidades de estimulação do comportamento motor no lar, foram suficientes em 80,8% (n=42) das casas. A relação entre contexto familiar e desempenho motor indicou que bebês cujas famílias possuíam oportunidades de estimulação suficientes apresentavam melhor desempenho motor. Quanto às creches detectou-se que bebês das particulares tenderam a apresentar melhor desempenho motor que os das creches públicas. E que a proporção de bebês com desempenho suspeito ou atraso detectado é superior nas creches públicas. O tempo que o bebê freqüenta a creche não influenciou o desempenho motor. O contexto e os cuidados incluem profissionais com formação em educação.A proporção cuidador/bebê não é adequada e gera sobrecarga de trabalho e pouca atenção individualizada. A oferta, disponibilidade de brinquedos, oportunidades de brincar e as instalações podem ser melhoradas. A ênfase dos cuidados inclui aspectos pedagógicos parcialmente. As necessidades essenciais são atendidas, mas sugere-se que sejam oportunizadas experiências, interações e práticas para o desenvolvimento dos bebês. / The aim of this developing study, of transversal sketch, was investigate the relation between development of babies that attend to nurseries, between six and eighteen months, and the environmental characteristic of the families and the nurseries in the city of Erechim/RS. It was also verified, the babies’ motor development, the familiar structure, the opportunities of stimulation of motor behavior at home and the characteristics of the structure and the cares offered at the nurseries. The participants were 52 babies, from 9 nurseries (4 public and 5 private). The testing instruments were: the $OEHUWD ,QIDQW PRWRU VFDOH $,06 to motor development, $IIRUGDQFHV LQ WKH KRPH (QYLURQPHQW IRU PRWRU GHYHORSPHQW $+(0' to familiar structure – general opportunities of stimulation, and a daily observation form of the nursery to the context and offered cares. The analysis of quantitative data used the descriptive statistics and the test of Kolmogorov-Srminov to the distribution of the variables, test of intraclass correlation to test-retest, correlation of Pearson to objectivity and associations. At the comparison between independent groups the t-Student test (normality of distribution) and Mann Whitney (non-parametric). At the comparison of three Kruskall-Walls groups (small groups). To bivariable the qui square test of Pearson. The data about the context and cares of nurseries of gathered in groups and analyzed in a descriptive way. The analysis of motor development exposed that 50% (n=26) of the participant babies showed suspitions of delay or delay. The investigations of the factors correlated showed that the familiar income and the genre didn’t influence the babies’ performance. The paternal scholar level indicated correlation to the babies’ motor performance. The opportunity of motor behavior at home, were enough in 80,8% (n=42) of homes. The relation between the familiar context and motor development indicated that babies whose families had opportunities of enough stimulations showed better motor performance. Referring to the nurseries it was detected that the babies of private ones tended to show batter modern performance than those of public ones. The rate with suspect or backward detected performance is higher of the public nurseries. The time that the baby attends to the nursery didn’t influence the motor performance. The context end the cares include professional with graduation in education. The proportion caretaker-baby isn’t adequate and generate overload of work and little individualized attention. The offer, disponibility of toys, opportunities of playing and the installments can be improved. The emphasis of cares include pedagogical aspects in a biased way. The essential needs are considered, but it is recommended that be opportunized experiences, interactions and practice to the development of the baby.

[pt] O bioma da Mata Atlântica, após cinco séculos de degradação, hoje está disposto em pequenos fragmentos florestais. Projetos que busquem recuperar a floresta para reaver o habitat de milhares de espécies endêmicas e garantir a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos são urgentes. Um dos obstáculos na restauração é a produção de mudas, visto que se observa baixo desempenho para algumas espécies e alto custo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo avaliou o efeito do biocarvão na composição dos substratos para mudas de espécies da Mata Atlântica usadas na restauração florestal. O biocarvão é um produto obtido a partir da pirólise de resíduos, que pode ser aplicado aos solos para melhorar sua qualidade nutricional. Nesse estudo o biocarvão foi produzido a partir de Gliricidia. As espécies utilizadas no experimento foram: Schinus terebinthifolius, Cariniana legalis, Senna multijuga e Trema micrantha. Os tratamentos foram (30 repetições cada): controle, 20 por cento de biocarvão, 40 por cento de biocarvão e calcário. A germinação, altura e o diâmetro do coleto das mudas foram mensurados mensalmente. Grupos focais com os viveiristas e entrevistas com os técnicos foram realizadas, assim como, análise de custo-benefício dos substratos. Após a fase nos viveiros as mudas foram transplantadas para uma área degrada e foi adicionado hidrogel em metade dessas plantas. A taxa de sobrevivência foi calculada. O substrato com biocarvão apresentou o melhor custo-benefício para a Schinus terebinthifolius, Senna multijuga e Trema micrantha. O uso do biocarvão como uma alternativa para os substratos foi de interesse para a grande maioria dos viveiristas. No plantio, as mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius apresentaram alta taxa de sobrevivência; ao contrário da Cariniana legalis que apresentou baixa sobrevivência para os tratamentos com biocarvão; e as de Senna multijuga e Trema micrantha de sobrevivência elevada a moderada. / [en] The Atlantic Forest biome, after five centuries of degradation is now disposed in small forest fragments. Projects that aim to recovery the forest in order to re-establish the habitat of thousands of endemic species and guarantee the provision of ecosystem services are pressing. Poor seedling production with low performance of some species and high costs is an obstacle to restoration. In this context, this study assessed the effect of biochar on Atlantic Forest seedlings used in restoration. Biochar is obtained from residue pyrolysis, which can be applied on soil to improve its nutritional quality. In this study biochar was produced from Gliricidia. The species used in experiment were: Schinus terebinthifolius, Cariniana legalis, Senna multijuga and Trema micrantha. The treatments used (30 repetions each) were: control, 20 percent of biochar, 40 percent of biochar and limestone. The species germination, height and stem diameter were measured monthly. Focal groups with viveiristas and interviews with stakeholders and cost-benefit analyses of the substract were carried out. After the fase in the nurseries the seedlings were tansplanted to a degraded area and hydrogel was added in half of these plants. The survival rate was calculated. For Schinus terebinthifolius, Senna multijuga and Trema micrantha the use of biochar in its substrates showed the best cost-benefit. Using biochar as alternative in substrates compounds attracted the interest of the vast marjority of viveiristas. In planting, Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings showed a high survival rate; as opposed to Cariniana legalis that presented low survival for the treatments with biochar; and Senna multijuga and Trema micrantha of high to moderate survival.

Abstract Good day-nursery education and its development require increased participation by the parents in the planning, implementation and evaluation of their children's day-care process. It is therefore the purpose of the current study to interpret and understand the conceptions of education held by the mothers of day-nursery children and their assessments of good day-nursery education. The theoretical frame of reference of this study is based on an existential-phenomenological approach to education and the holistic conception of man outlined by Rauhala (1983). The research data consists of individual and pair interviews with seven mothers selected in three day nurseries, and of their written evaluations of the summaries of these interviews. The data analysis made use of content analysis and an interpretational approach aiming at understanding meanings on the basis of wholes of thought. The Nud*ist analysis software was used as a technical tool. The study shows that the educational conceptions of the mothers of day-nursery children conform to the phenomenological approach to education. Their conception of the child focuses on individuality, the importance of the development of emotional life and self-esteem, as well as active subjectivity. The mothers have a mainly positive view on the possibilities of the day-nursery staff to support these areas of development. Their conceptions of the goals of education span between individual subjectivity and collectivity. The goals are crystallised in the individual who is a creative survivor capable of realising human dignity many-sidedly in relation to self and others. Day-nursery education is often a conscious choice by the parents to achieve these goals, although those interviewed also intervene in the social influences received by their children if necessary. The conceptions of the educational relationship and methods focus on a confidential and caring relationship in which open authority enables a genuine dialogue that creates something new between the child and adult. A democratic community of adults is also a source of modeling for the child. On this basis the personnel is authorised by the parents to act on behalf of the child. The conceptions of educational collaboration are based on the primary educational responsibility of the parents, and therein on the realisation of the parent's existential needs. Successful collaboration requires the parents to be well enough informed of day-nursery education and to have a positive emotional relationship with the day nursery and the child's educational situation. The parent also needs to have the opportunity to be fully involved in the child's educational process. The collaboration is mostly felt to support parenthood, but crisis situations may also cause value conflicts between the parents and staff. The results would suggest that knowledge and understanding of the parents' educational conceptions would promote the professionals' efforts to consider the differences between families and support educational companionship. In this way the parents' involvement would also be reinforced in terms of joint planning and evaluation in day-nursery education. The parents' ideas would thus also be conveyed to early childhood education planners and decision-makers to support them in their work. / Tiivistelmä Hyvän päiväkotikasvatuksen ja sen kehittämisen edellytys on vanhempien osallisuuden vahvistaminen lapsen päivähoitoprosessin suunnittelussa, toteuttamisessa ja arvioinnissa. Tästä syystä tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä on tulkita ja ymmärtää päiväkotilasten äitien kasvatuskäsityksiä sekä heidän arviointiaan päiväkotikasvatuksesta. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen viitekehyksen perustana on eksistentiaalis-fenomenologinen lähtökohta kasvatuksessa ja Rauhalan (1983) määrittelemä holistinen ihmiskäsitys. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kolmesta päiväkodista valittujen seitsemän äidin yksilö- ja parihaastatteluista sekä kirjallisista arvioinneista, joita he antoivat haastatteluidensa tiivistelmistä. Aineiston analyysissä on sovellettu sisällönanalyysiä ja tulkinnallista otetta, joka pyrkii ajatuskokonaisuuksien pohjalta merkitysten ymmärtämiseen. Teknisenä apuvälineenä on käytetty Nud*ist-analyysiohjelmaa. Tutkimuksen tuloksena päiväkotilasten äitien kasvatuskäsitykset myötäilevät eksistentiaalis-fenomenologista lähestymistapaa kasvatuksessa. Käsitys lapsesta painottaa yksilöllisyyttä, tunne-elämän ja itsetunnon kehityksen tärkeyttä sekä aktiivista subjektiutta. äideillä on pääosin positiivinen käsitys päiväkodin henkilöstön mahdollisuuksista tukea näitä kehityksen alueita. Käsitykset kasvatustavoitteista keskittyvät yksilöllisen subjektiuden ja yhteisöllisyyden jännevälille. Tavoitteet kiteytyvät yksilöön, joka on luova selviytyjä ja kykenee toteuttamaan monipuolista ihmisarvoa suhteessa itseensä ja muihin ihmisiin. Päiväkotikasvatus on usein vanhempien tietoinen valinta näiden tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi, joskin haastatellut myös puuttuvat tarvittaessa lapsensa saamiin sosiaalisiin vaikutteisiin. Käsitykset kasvatussuhteesta ja -menetelmistä painottavat luottamuksellista ja välittävää kasvatussuhdetta, jossa avoin auktoriteetti mahdollistaa aidon ja uutta luovan dialogin lapsen ja aikuisen välillä. Demokraattinen aikuisyhteisö on myös lapsen mallioppimisen lähde. Tältä pohjalta henkilöstöllä on vanhempien valtuutus toimia lapsen valtuutettuna. Käsitykset kasvatusyhteistyöstä nojaavat vanhempien ensisijaiseen kasvatusvastuuseen ja siinä vanhemman eksistentiaalisten tarpeiden toteutumiseen. Onnistunut yhteistyö edellyttää vanhemman riittävää tietotasoa päiväkotikasvatuksesta sekä tunnetasolla myönteistä kokemusta vanhemman omasta suhteesta päiväkotiin samoin kuin lapsen kasvatustilanteesta. Osallistumisen tasolla vanhemman tulee saada vaikuttaa lapsensa kasvatusprosessiin. Pääsääntöisesti yhteistyö on koettu vanhemmuutta tukevana. Kriisitilanteet kuitenkin saattavat nostaa esiin myös arvoristiriitoja vanhempien ja henkilöstön välillä. Tulokset antavat viitteitä siitä, että vanhempien kasvatuskäsitysten tunteminen ja ymmärtäminen voisivat parantaa ammattilaisten työtä perheiden erilaisuuden huomioimisessa ja tukea kasvatuskumppanuutta. Tällöin myös vanhempien osallisuus vahvistuisi yhteisenä suunnitteluna ja arviointina päiväkotikasvatuksessa. Vanhempien käsitykset tulisivat näin artikuloiduiksi myös varhaiskasvatuksen suunnittelijoiden ja päättäjien työn tueksi.

Orientador: Ana Lucia Guedes-Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T14:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_MarciaAparecidaPereiradaSilva_M.pdf: 4933867 bytes, checksum: c37c5a956ac756c1639ec43dfe0c6355 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo propôs-se a compreender o papel e a importância da formação em serviço nas creches, tendo como base o ponto de vista das suas profissionais: as educadoras. Para tanto, pesquisou duas instituições de Educação Infantil do município de Campinas, tendo acompanhado a prática cotidiana educativa de ambas e registrado as histórias de vida das educadoras que nelas trabalham, por meio da escuta de suas narrativas, cedidas em entrevistas. O estudo também se efetivou como pesquisa-ação no que tange ao trabalho de inserção e vivência no cotidiano focado. Tomou como referência teórico-metodológica os princípios da História Oral e alguns da abordagem etnográfica. Chegou à conclusão de que, embora as narrativas das educadoras sobre sua história pessoal e profissional contivessem indícios e resquícios da mentalidade do passado que constituiu as instituições que precederam as creches, como a Roda de Expostos e as Casas de Misericórdia, também apresentaram marcas da mentalidade atual em relação ao papel da Educação Infantil, que é resultado, entre vários fatores, da conquista da população e da sociedade em geral com as deliberações da Constituição Federal e da LDB mais recente. Suas falas enfatizaram e reconheceram a qualificação profissional como elemento fundamental em seu trabalho. Junto disso, as próprias instituições investigadas revelaram uma organização interna que permite que o cuidar e o educar, que são tarefas próprias da Educação Infantil, aconteçam de maneira responsável, ficando o profissionalismo resguardado e valorizado, distanciando-se, desse modo, da vida das instituições assistencialistas / Abstract: The present study aims to understand the role and the importance of the educational work in the nursery schools, considering the viewpoint of their professional: the educators. The research considered two nursery schools in Campinas, Sao Paulo, following the daily routine of both institutions, recording the life report of the teachers, through their narratives in interviews. The study also evaluate the insertion and practices in their everyday activities. It adopted as theoretical and methodological references the Oral History fundaments, and some ethnographic approach. Though the narratives about their personal and professional history indicate traces of a past mentality linked to the previous institutions, as the ¿Roda de Expostos¿ and the ¿Casa de Misericordia¿ (charity and beneficent institutions) the conclusions found were that also is present a contemporary thought about the role of children¿s education. This is a result, among many, of the conquests of the society in general regarding the LDB (specific legislation on education) and, more recently, due achievements found in the Federal constitution. Their speech emphasise and acknowledge the professional qualification as an essential tool in their work. Besides, the same institutions focused in the present study revealed an internal organisation which granted that protection and education, inherent to children¿s education, occur in a responsible way where professionalism is kept and stimulated, breaking away, therefore, from the charity work present in the institutions from the past / Mestrado / Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores / Mestre em Educação

The nursery effect is a process where juvenile fish utilize coastal habitats to help them survive before moving to their adult habitat. This process establishes an important link between marine ecosystems. This study examines the nursery effect and nursery habitat utilization in the Indian River Lagoon and Florida Bay systems, and the coral reefs adjacent to them. Quantitative and spatial techniques were utilized to identify patterns of presence and abundance and the size structure of select fish species. Spatial analyses were also used to investigate distribution patterns. Findings from this study suggest that several species utilize to a high degree the Indian River Lagoon and Florida Bay as nurseries. Furthermore, the abundance of adults on coral reefs is strongly connected to the presence of nurseries. This study has implications in fisheries management such as locating where juveniles of species develop. With such knowledge, better management plans could be implemented to ensure healthy fish stocks. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Within temperate coastal seascapes, macroalgae provide habitats for different organisms such as invertebrates and fish. In analogy to seagrass meadows, macroalgae beds are known for their importance as fish nurseries. However, within the Baltic Sea the importance of the canopy forming macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus for coastal fish communities, especially the juveniles, is unclear. In order to address this knowledge gap, fish communities in areas with and without F. vesiculosus were investigated around Askö, an island in the archipelago of the Baltic Sea. Sites were subjected to different exposures (sheltered, exposed or very exposed) and three different methods were used for sampling (underwater visual census (UVCs), beach seine netting and remote underwater videos (RUVs)). Overall, fish community composition differed significantly among locations and fish abundance and fish biomass were significantly higher in sites with F. vesiculosus than sites without. There was no significant relationship between algae cover or habitat complexity and fish abundance/biomass in sites with F. vesiculosus. Fish behaviour differed between sites with and without F. vesiculosus, with fish feeding more in sites with F. vesiculosus and traveling more in sites without F. vesiculosus. Only one location, Knabberskär, had significantly higher species richness in F. vesiculosus than in sites without F. vesiculosus. There were no differences in juvenile abundance among sites with or without F. vesiculosus and abundance of adult fish was higher than juvenile fish, regardless of location, site or species. Mean invertebrate abundance was a twice as high in the sheltered location Husbåtsviken than in Knabberskär. Higher fish abundance, fish biomass and species richness in sites with F. vesiculosus compared to sites without, suggest that macroalgae may play an important role in the Baltic Sea, however it might not be as important for juvenile fishes as predicted. The three different sampling methods provided similar results for fish abundance, but not for fish biomass. Continued studies where the relationship between fish communities and aspects of F. vesiculosus structure (such as canopy height) as well as linkage with other habitats is recommended for further understanding and better protection of F. vesiculosus habitats.

Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the red headed flea beetle (RHFB), is a ubiquitous pest of ornamental nursery crops in the eastern United States. Defoliation by adults renders plants unsaleable. Control costs and economic losses from injured plants have become a top concern among Virginia nurseries in the past decade. Current management tactics include spraying insecticides up to three times a week during the adult active season. The frequent use of insecticides poses a risk to the environment, non-target organisms, and evolution of resistance within the targeted beetle population. To develop a sustainable pest management program, more information is needed to understand pest biology, quantify the injury potential, and explore control tactics. Methods to monitor this beetle were used to observe peak activity throughout the growing season as well as the adult daily activity levels. There were three observed generations with population peaks in late June, late July, and late August into early September. Within the scale of one day, adult beetles were found to be diurnal with peaks in activity in the middle of the day. These findings will inform growers of the most efficient times to scout and spray, ultimately reducing insecticide usage. Quantification of feeding damage to individual leaves, the entire plant, and preference between older and newer growth may relate plant injury with specific population densities. The use of phenyl ethyl alcohol as an attractant lure, was explored to bolster pest control. Finally, insecticide bioassays were performed to compare those currently used to others yet untested. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The red headed flea beetle (RHFB) is an important pest of ornamental crops in open-field nurseries along the Eastern United States. Defoliation caused by adult feeding renders plants unsellable. Japanese hollies, hydrangeas, and sweetspire iteas are among the most affected plants. Infested nurseries suffer severe economic losses due to insecticide costs and plant inventory reductions. Growers are spraying insecticides up to three times a week to manage RHFB. Frequent use of insecticides poses risks to the environment non-target organisms. This study will help improve control tactics for this pest and potentially minimize non-target effects by reducing insecticide usage. Understanding when beetles are active throughout the day, and throughout the growing season, may inform timing of scouting and insecticide sprays to maximize effectiveness. With populations highest in late June, late July, and late August, RHFB is estimated to have three generations per year. Adults are most active in the middle of the day and sedentary at night. It was observed how different densities of beetles cause injury to individual leaves and entire plants, and compared feeding preference on older versus newer growth. Chemical control tactics were explored including insecticides labeled and not labeled for RHFB such as iscycloseram. Finally, the effectiveness of phenyl ethyl alcohol as an attractant lure for RHFB was assessed and found ineffective within the open-field nursery ecosystem.

An analysis of the green industry of Virginia was completed in the year 2002 using a mail survey sent to industry participants. The survey was conducted by the Virginia Agricultural Statistics Service (VASS). This data was used to run an economic impact analysis of the industry using IMPLAN Professional software. Additionally, the software was used to determine the approximate affects of drought and water restrictions on the green industry. VASS received a total of 1,146 surveys for a response rate of approximately 27%. Of these responses, 42 surveys indicated that they plan to have future green industry sales but were not presently involved in the business. Another 525 responses claimed to be no longer actively involved in the industry. Therefore, the actual response rate was much closer to 15%. This necessitated the use of numerous alternative data sources to create a more complete model representation of the green industry as a whole. Two separate model scenarios were created, the first using purely survey response data, the second including data from additional sources and factoring out for possible double-counting errors. Direct employment generated from the industry was predicted to be between 29 and 36 thousand jobs, depending on which model scenario is consulted. The total economic impacts predicted from the different models are $2.03 billion and $2.41 billion, respectively. The analysis of the affects of drought and water restrictions predicted a decrease in overall impacts by 33% and 23%, respectively. / Master of Science

Law Man Kay Matthew. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2000-2001, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Initiation --- p.P.0?-P.0? / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Concept Development --- p.P.07-P.0? / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Program Development --- p.P.??-P.?? / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Site Issue & Planning --- p.P.??-P.?? / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Design Development --- p.P.??-P.?? / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- Final Design --- p.P.??-P.?? / Chapter CHAPTER ? --- Appendix & Bibliography --- p.P.??-P.??

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is the main causal organism of Petri disease, which causes severe decline and dieback of young grapevines (1-7 years old) and also predisposes the wood for infection by other pathogens. Knowledge about the epidemiology and especially inoculum sources of this disease is imperative for subsequent development of management strategies. Through isolation studies it was shown that Pa. chlamydospora is mainly distributed through infected propagation material in South Africa. However, the infection pathways and inoculum sources in grapevine nurseries are still unclear. The only existing method to detect this pathogen in various media is by means of isolation onto artificial growth media. This has proven to be problematic since this fungus is extremely slow growing (up to 4 weeks from isolation to identification) and its cultures are often over-grown by co-isolated fungi and bacteria before it can be identified. The aim of this study was (i) to develop a protocol for the molecular detection of Pa. chlamydospora in grapevine wood, and (ii) to use this protocol along with others, to test different samples (water, soil, rootstock and scion cuttings and callusing medium) collected from nurseries in South Africa at different nursery stages for the presence of Pa. chlamydospora. A protocol was developed and validated for the molecular detection of Pa. chlamydospora in grapevine wood. Firstly, several previously published protocols were used to develop a cost-effective and time-efficient DNA extraction method from rootstock pieces of potted grapevines. Subsequently, PCR amplification using species-specific primers (Pch1 and Pch2) was found to be sensitive enough to detect as little as 1 pg of Pa. chlamydospora genomic DNA from grapevine wood. The protocol was validated using various grapevine material from 3 different rootstock cultivars (101-14 Mgt, Ramsey and Richter 99) collected from each of 3 different nurseries, including grapevines that were subjected to hot water treatment. The basal end of the rootstock was parallel analysed for Pa. chlamydospora using isolations onto artificial medium and molecular detection. The identity of PCR products obtained from a subset of samples, that only tested positive for Pa. chlamydospora based on molecular detection, was confirmed to be Pa. chlamydospora specific through restriction digestion with AatII. Molecular detection was found to be considerably more sensitive than isolations, detecting Pa. chlamydospora from samples with positive as well as negative isolations. On average, the molecular technique detected Pa. chlamydospora in 80.9% of the samples, whereas only 24.1% of the samples tested positive for Pa. chlamydospora by means of isolations. Pa. chlamydospora was not isolated from hot water treated samples. The results confirm the importance of hot water treatment for proactive management of Petri disease in grapevine nurseries. However, Pa. chlamydospora DNA was molecularly detected in hot water treated samples in frequencies similar to that detected in non-hot water treated samples. As expected, the DNA in hot water treated plants was not destroyed and could be detected by the developed molecular detection protocol. This is an important consideration when using molecular detection for disease diagnosis or pathogen detection and shows that these methods should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools. Most importantly, the DNA extraction protocol was shown to be 10 to 15 times cheaper than commercial DNA extraction kits. Preliminary studies showed that the aforementioned molecular detection technique was not specific and sensitive enough for detection of Pa. chlamydospora in soil and water (unpublished data). Therefore, a one-tube nested-PCR technique was optimised for detecting Pa. chlamydospora in DNA extracted from soil, water, callusing medium and grapevine wood. Rootstock cane sections and soil samples were taking from the mother blocks from several nurseries. Water samples were collected from hydration and fungicide tanks during pre-storage and grafting. Scion and rootstock cuttings were also collected during grafting and soil were collected from the nursery beds prior to planting. The one-tube nested-PCR was sensitive enough to detect as little as 1 fg of Pa. chlamydospora genomic DNA from water and 10 fg from wood, callusing medium and soil. PCR analyses of the different nursery samples revealed the presence of several putative Pa. chlamydospora specific bands (360 bp). Subsequent sequence analyses and/or restriction enzyme digestions of all 360 bp PCR bands confirmed that all bands were Pa. chlamydospora specific, except for five bands obtained from callusing media and one band from water. Considering only Pa. chlamydospora specific PCR bands, the molecular detection technique revealed the presence of Pa. chlamydospora in 25% of rootstock cane sections and 17% of the soil samples collected from mother blocks, 42% of rootstock cuttings collected during grafting, 16% of scion cuttings, 40% of water samples collected after the 12- hour pre-storage hydration period, 67% of water samples collected during grafting and 8% of the callusing medium samples. These media should therefore be considered as potential inoculum sources or infection points of the pathogen during the nursery stages. The results furthermore confirmed previous findings that Pa. chlamydospora is mainly distributed through infected rootstock canes and cuttings. Infected scion cuttings were also shown to be potential carriers of the pathogen. Management strategies should include wound protection of rootstock mother plants, eradicating this pathogen from rootstock-cuttings (e.g. hot water treatment), biological or chemical amendments in the hydration water and callusing medium and wound protection from soil borne infections. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora is die hoof veroorsakende organisme van Petri se siekte wat lei tot die agteruitgang en terugsterwing van jong wingerdplante (1-7 jaar oud) en veroorsaak verhoogde vatbaarheid van hout vir infeksie deur ander patogene. Kennis oor die epidemiologie en veral die inokulumbronne van die siekte is noodsaaklik vir die daaropvolgende ontwikkeling van beheerstrategieë. Isolasies het getoon dat Pa. chlamydospora meestal versprei deur middel van geïnfekteerde voortplantingsmateriaal in Suid-Afrika. Die infeksieweë en inokulumbronne in wingerdkwekerye is egter steeds onbekend. Die enigste bestaande metode vir die opsporing van die patogeen, in verskeie mediums, is deur middel van isolasie op kunsmatige groeimediums. Dit is egter gevind om problematies te wees aangesien die swam uiters stadig groei (dit vat tot 4 weke vanaf isolasie tot identifikasie) en die kulture is telkens oorgroei deur ander organismes voordat identifikasie kan plaasvind. Die doel van die studie was (i) om ‘n protokol te ontwikkel vir die molekulêre opsporing van Pa. chlamydospora in wingerdhout, en (ii) om die protokol te gebruik, saam met ander, om verskillende monsters (water, grond, onderstok- en bostok-ente en kallusmedium) te toets, wat versamel is van kwekerye in Suid- Afrika, tydens verskillende kwekerystadiums, vir die teenwoordigheid van Pa. chlamydospora. ‘n Protokol is ontwikkel en geverifieer vir die molekulêre opsporing van Pa. chlamydospora in wingerdhout. Eerstens is verskeie protokols wat voorheen gepubliseer is, is as grondslag gebruik vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n ekonomiese en tydbesparende DNA ekstraksie protokol. Hierna is PKR (polimerase ketting reaksie) amplifikasie met spesie-spesifieke inleiers (Pch1 en Pch2) gevind om sensitief genoeg te wees om so min as 1 pg van Pa. chlamydospora genomiese DNA van wingerdhout op te spoor. Die protokol is geverifieer deur verskeie wingerdhoutmateriaal van 3 verskillende onderstokkultivars (101-14 Mgt, Ramsey en Richter 99) te gebruik, wat elk versamel is van 3 verskillende kwekerye. ‘n Aantal van die wingerstokke is ook onderwerp aan warmwaterbehandeling. Die basale kant van die onderstok is parallel geanaliseer vir Pa. chlamydospora deur gebruik te maak van isolasies op kunsmatige groeimedium asook molekulêre opsporing. Die identiteit van ‘n submonster van PKR produkte van verskeie monsters, wat slegs positief getoets het vir Pa. chlamydospora met die molekulêre opsporing, is bevestig om Pa. chlamydospora spesifiek te wees. Dit is gedoen deur middel van restriksie ensiem analise met AatII. Molekulêre opsporing is gevind om aansienlik meer sensitief te wees as isolasies, deurdat Pa. chlamydospora opgespoor is van positiewe sowel as negatiewe isolasies. Die molekulêre tegniek het Pa. chlamydospora in ‘n gemiddeld van 80.9% van die monsters opgespoor, terwyl slegs ‘n gemiddeld van 24.1% van die monsters postief getoets het vir Pa. chlamydospora, deur middel van isolasies. Pa. chlamydospora is nie geïsoleer van die monsters wat warmwaterbehandeling ondergaan het nie. Die resultate bevestig hoe belangrik warmwaterbehandeling is vir die proaktiewe beheer van Petri se siekte in wingerdkwekerye. Pa. chlamydospora DNA is met die molekulêre tegniek opgespoor, in warmwaterbehandelde monsters, in getalle wat ooreenstemmend is met die van niewarmwaterbehandelde monsters. Soos verwag, is DNA in warmwaterbehandelde plante nie vernietig nie en kon dit telke male opgespoor word deur die ontwikkelde molekulêre opsporing protokol. Dit is ‘n belangrike feit wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer molekulêre opsporing gebruik word in siekte diagnose en opsporing van patogene en dit is ‘n aanduiding dat die metodes gebruik moet word in samewerking met ander diagnostiese tegnieke. Die DNA ekstraksie protokol het getoon om tot en met 10 tot 15 kere goedkoper te wees as kommersiële DNA ekstraksie pakkette. Voorlopige studies het getoon dat die bogenoemde molekulêre opsporings tegniek nie spesifiek en sensitief genoeg is vir die opsporing van Pa. chlamydospora uit grond en water nie (ongepubliseerde data). Daarom is ‘n enkel-buis geneste-PKR tegniek geoptimiseer vir die opsporing van Pa. chlamydospora DNA wat geëkstraheer is vanaf grond, water, kallusmedium en wingerdhout. Dele van onderstokke en grond monsters is geneem vanaf moederblokke van verskeie kwekerye. Gedurende die voor-opberging en enting periodes is watermonsters versamel vanaf hidrasie en fungisied tenke. Bostok- en onderstokente is ook versamel gedurende enting en grond is versamel vanaf kwekerybeddens net voor uitplanting. Die enkelbuis geneste-PKR was sensitief genoeg om so min as 1 fg van Pa. chlamydospora genomiese DNA vanaf water en 10 fg vanaf hout, kallusmedium en grond op te spoor. PKR analise van die verskillende kwekerymonsters het getoon dat daar ‘n teenwoordigheid is van verskeie putatiewe Pa. chlamydospora spesifieke bande (360 bp). Daaropvolgende analise deur middel van DNA volgordebepaling en restriksie ensiem analise het bevestig dat al die 360 bp PKR bande wel Pa. chlamydospora spesifiek is, behalwe vir vyf bande wat verkry is vanaf kallusmedium en een band verkry vanaf water. As slegs Pa. chlamydospora spesifieke bande in ag geneem word, is daar met molekulêre opsporing die teenwoordigheid van Pa. chlamydospora gevind in 25% van die onderstokke, 17 % van die grond versamel vanaf moederblokke, 42% van die onderstokente versamel tydens enting, 16% van die bostokente, 40% van die watermonsters versamel voor die 12-uur hidrasie periode, 67% van die watermonsters versamel gedurende enting en 8% van die kallusmediummonsters. Hierdie mediums moet dus beskou word as potensiële inokulumbronne of infeksiepunte van die patogeen gedurende die kwekerystadiums. Die resultate bevestig ook verdere bevindinge wat aandui dat Pa. chlamydospora meestal versprei word deur geïnfekteerde onderstokke en ente. Geïnfekteerde bostokente is ook aangedui om potensiële draers van die patogeen te wees. Beheerstrategieë moet dus wondbeskerming van onderstok moederplante insluit, asook uitwissing van die patogeen vanaf onderstokente (bv. warmwaterbehandeling), toediening van biologiese of chemiese stowwe in die hidrasie water en kallusmedium en wondbeskerming teen grondgedraagde infeksies.