Negative consumer opinion poses a potential barrier to the application of nutrigenomic intervention. The present study has aimed to determine attitudes toward genetic testing and personalised nutrition among the European public. An omnibus opinion survey of a representative sample aged 14-55+ years (n 5967) took place in France, Italy, Great Britain, Portugal, Poland and Germany during June 2005 as part of the Lipgene project. A majority of respondents (66 %) reported that they would be willing to undergo genetic testing and 27 % to follow a personalised diet. Individuals who indicated a willingness to have a genetic test for the personalising of their diets were more likely to report a history of high blood cholesterol levels, central obesity and/or high levels of stress than those who would have a test only for general interest. Those who indicated that they would not have a genetic test were more likely to be male and less likely to report having central obesity. Individuals with a history of high blood cholesterol were less likely than those who did not to worry if intervention foods contained GM ingredients. Individuals who were aware that they had health problems associated with the metabolic syndrome appeared particularly favourable toward nutrigenomic intervention. These findings are encouraging for the future application of personalised nutrition provided that policies are put in place to address public concern about how genetic information is used and held.

Alterações epigenéticas, como metilação do DNA e modificações pós traducionais em histonas, tem importante papel na carcinogênese mamária. A modulação de eventos epigenéticos constitui relevante alvo terapêutico, devido ao seu caráter reversível. Experimentalmente, o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), um membro da família dos ácidos graxos ômega-3, é capaz de diminuir proliferação, induzir morte celular e diminuir o potencial invasivo de células tumorais de mama. No entanto, os mecanismos antitumorais do DHA e sua capacidade de modular eventos epigenéticos ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Nosso objetivo foi verificar, in vitro, a ação do DHA em eventos epigenéticos em diferentes linhagens de carcinoma mamário humano. Três linhagens celulares de câncer de mama (MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 e MCF-7) foram tratadas durante 72 horas com 100 ?M de DHA ou etanol (controle). As modificações pós traducionais em histonas, acetilação no resíduo de lisina 9 da histona 3 (H3K9ac) e no resíduo 16 da histona 4 (H4K16ac), bem como trimetilação no resíduo de lisina 9 da histona 3 (H3K9me3) e no resíduo de lisina 27 da histona 3 (H3K27me3) foram avaliadas pela técnica de western blot. A análise da expressão do genes RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A e DNMT3B foi feita pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa via transcriptase reversa (RT-qPCR). A avaliação do padrão de metilação de região promotora do gene RASSF1A foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase metilação específica (MS-PCR). Foram também analisadas as fases do ciclo celular por citometria de fluxo. Comparado ao controle, o DHA induziu a acetilação no resíduo 16 da histona 4 (H4K16ac) nas linhagens MCF7 (p = 0,04) e MDA-MB-231 (p = 0,03). Observamos que a H3K9me3 foi parcialmente inibida nas linhagens MDA-MB-231 e SKBR-3, após o tratamento com DHA, mas sem alcançar valor estatisticamente significante. Encontramos também diminuição dos níveis de H3K27me3 após o tratamento com DHA nas três linhagens estudadas, porém não foi estatisticamente significativo. O DHA aumentou a expressão do gene RASSF1A na linhagem MCF-7 (1,98 vezes, p = 0,03), mas não nas linhagens MDA-MB-231 e SKBR-3. Não houve mudanças estatisticamente significativas na expressão dos genes DNMT1, DNMT3A e DNMT3B. As análises qualitativas da metilação demonstraram que a região promotora analisada do gene RASSF1A apresentou-se hipermetilada nas três linhagens celulares. Após o tratamento com DHA, houve tendência de desmetilação na região promotora do RASSF1A na linhagem MCF-7 e SKBR3, mas não na linhagem MDA-MB-231. Não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem de morte e distribuição das células MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 e MCF-7 nas diferentes fases do ciclo celular após tratamento com DHA. Em conclusão, o DHA pode atuar em mecanismos epigenéticos e, ainda, reativar o gene supressor de tumor, como RASSF1A, anteriormente silenciado por hipermetilação, em células MCF-7. Espera-se que esses resultados contribuam para melhor compreensão do potencial papel anticâncer do DHA no câncer de mama / Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications, play an important role in mammary tumorigenesis. Epigenetic events are important as therapeutic targets, because of its reversible nature. Experimentally, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a member of the omega-3 fatty acids family, can reduce proliferation, induce apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of breast tumor cells. However, the antitumor mechanism of DHA and its ability to modulate epigenetic events are not completely understood. Our objective was to verify, in vitro, the action of DHA in epigenetic events related to transcriptional reactivation of tumor suppressor gene, such as RASSF1A, in different human breast cancer cell lines. Three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3) were treated with DHA (100 ?M) or vehicle (ethanol) for 72 hours. Western blot was used to analyze histone modification, as histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16ac) acetylation, H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed for gene expression quantification of RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. DNA methylation of the promoter region of RASSF1A was evaluated by methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR). Moreover, we evaluated the phases of the cell cycle by flow cytometry. Compared to control cells, DHA induced H4K16ac in MCF-7 (p=0.04) and MDA-MB-231 (p=0.03). We observed that H3K9me3 was partially inhibited in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR-3 cells, after treatment with DHA, but did not reach a statistically significant value. We also found decreased levels of H3K27me3 after treatment with DHA in the three cell lines studied, but not statistically significant. DHA increased RASSF1A expression on MCF-7 (1.98 fold; p=0.03), but not in MDA-MB-231 and in SKBR-3 cells. There were no statistically significant changes in expression of genes DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. These three breast cancer cells lines show methylation in specific region of RASSF1A promoter. DHA treatment increased RASSF1A promoter region hypomethylation in MCF-7 and SKBR-3. No significant difference was observed in the percentage of cell death nor cell distribution of MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 and MCF-7 at different stages of the cell cycle after treatment with DHA. In conclusion, we suggest that DHA may act beneficially in epigenetic mechanisms and reactivation of tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A as previously silenced by hypermethylation. It is hoped that these results can contribute to better understanding of the anticancer role of DHA in breast cancer

The scope of the present work was to investigate whether the protective role of the traditional Mediterranean diet (TMD), and virgin olive oil (VOO) rich in phenolic compounds (PC), towards cardiovascular disease can be mediated through gene expression changes. Two trials were performed to assess the in vivo nutrigenomic effects of TMD and VOO in healthy volunteers. The results point out: a) significant gene expression changes of those genes related with cardiovascular-risk processes after VOO ingestion; b) a down-regulation in the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes after a 3-month intervention with a TMD; and c) an olive oil PC health-protective nutrigenomic effect within the frame of the TMD. Changes in gene expression were concomitant with decreases in oxidative damage and systemic inflammation markers. Data from our studies provide further evidence to recommend both the TMD and the VOO as a useful tool for the prevention of atherosclerosis. / El objetivo de este estudio es investigar si el papel protector de la dieta Mediterránea tradicional (TMD) y del aceite de oliva virgen (VOO), rico en compuestos fenólicos (PC), puede ser mediado a través de cambios en la expresión génica. Se realizaron dos ensayos clínicos para evaluar los efectos nutrigenómicos de la TMD y del VOO, in vivo, en voluntarios sanos. Los resultados mostraron a) cambios en la expresión génica de genes relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular tras la ingestión del aceite virgen de oliva, b) una infra-expresión en la expresión de genes relacionados con el proceso aterosclerótico tras una intervención con TMD de 3 meses y c) que los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de oliva ejercen un efecto nutrigenómico protector en el marco de la TMD. Los cambios en la expresión génica fueron coherentes.

Alterações epigenéticas, como metilação do DNA e modificações pós traducionais em histonas, tem importante papel na carcinogênese mamária. A modulação de eventos epigenéticos constitui relevante alvo terapêutico, devido ao seu caráter reversível. Experimentalmente, o ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), um membro da família dos ácidos graxos ômega-3, é capaz de diminuir proliferação, induzir morte celular e diminuir o potencial invasivo de células tumorais de mama. No entanto, os mecanismos antitumorais do DHA e sua capacidade de modular eventos epigenéticos ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Nosso objetivo foi verificar, in vitro, a ação do DHA em eventos epigenéticos em diferentes linhagens de carcinoma mamário humano. Três linhagens celulares de câncer de mama (MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 e MCF-7) foram tratadas durante 72 horas com 100 ?M de DHA ou etanol (controle). As modificações pós traducionais em histonas, acetilação no resíduo de lisina 9 da histona 3 (H3K9ac) e no resíduo 16 da histona 4 (H4K16ac), bem como trimetilação no resíduo de lisina 9 da histona 3 (H3K9me3) e no resíduo de lisina 27 da histona 3 (H3K27me3) foram avaliadas pela técnica de western blot. A análise da expressão do genes RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A e DNMT3B foi feita pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa via transcriptase reversa (RT-qPCR). A avaliação do padrão de metilação de região promotora do gene RASSF1A foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase metilação específica (MS-PCR). Foram também analisadas as fases do ciclo celular por citometria de fluxo. Comparado ao controle, o DHA induziu a acetilação no resíduo 16 da histona 4 (H4K16ac) nas linhagens MCF7 (p = 0,04) e MDA-MB-231 (p = 0,03). Observamos que a H3K9me3 foi parcialmente inibida nas linhagens MDA-MB-231 e SKBR-3, após o tratamento com DHA, mas sem alcançar valor estatisticamente significante. Encontramos também diminuição dos níveis de H3K27me3 após o tratamento com DHA nas três linhagens estudadas, porém não foi estatisticamente significativo. O DHA aumentou a expressão do gene RASSF1A na linhagem MCF-7 (1,98 vezes, p = 0,03), mas não nas linhagens MDA-MB-231 e SKBR-3. Não houve mudanças estatisticamente significativas na expressão dos genes DNMT1, DNMT3A e DNMT3B. As análises qualitativas da metilação demonstraram que a região promotora analisada do gene RASSF1A apresentou-se hipermetilada nas três linhagens celulares. Após o tratamento com DHA, houve tendência de desmetilação na região promotora do RASSF1A na linhagem MCF-7 e SKBR3, mas não na linhagem MDA-MB-231. Não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem de morte e distribuição das células MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 e MCF-7 nas diferentes fases do ciclo celular após tratamento com DHA. Em conclusão, o DHA pode atuar em mecanismos epigenéticos e, ainda, reativar o gene supressor de tumor, como RASSF1A, anteriormente silenciado por hipermetilação, em células MCF-7. Espera-se que esses resultados contribuam para melhor compreensão do potencial papel anticâncer do DHA no câncer de mama / Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications, play an important role in mammary tumorigenesis. Epigenetic events are important as therapeutic targets, because of its reversible nature. Experimentally, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a member of the omega-3 fatty acids family, can reduce proliferation, induce apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of breast tumor cells. However, the antitumor mechanism of DHA and its ability to modulate epigenetic events are not completely understood. Our objective was to verify, in vitro, the action of DHA in epigenetic events related to transcriptional reactivation of tumor suppressor gene, such as RASSF1A, in different human breast cancer cell lines. Three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3) were treated with DHA (100 ?M) or vehicle (ethanol) for 72 hours. Western blot was used to analyze histone modification, as histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16ac) acetylation, H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed for gene expression quantification of RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. DNA methylation of the promoter region of RASSF1A was evaluated by methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR). Moreover, we evaluated the phases of the cell cycle by flow cytometry. Compared to control cells, DHA induced H4K16ac in MCF-7 (p=0.04) and MDA-MB-231 (p=0.03). We observed that H3K9me3 was partially inhibited in MDA-MB-231 and SKBR-3 cells, after treatment with DHA, but did not reach a statistically significant value. We also found decreased levels of H3K27me3 after treatment with DHA in the three cell lines studied, but not statistically significant. DHA increased RASSF1A expression on MCF-7 (1.98 fold; p=0.03), but not in MDA-MB-231 and in SKBR-3 cells. There were no statistically significant changes in expression of genes DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. These three breast cancer cells lines show methylation in specific region of RASSF1A promoter. DHA treatment increased RASSF1A promoter region hypomethylation in MCF-7 and SKBR-3. No significant difference was observed in the percentage of cell death nor cell distribution of MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3 and MCF-7 at different stages of the cell cycle after treatment with DHA. In conclusion, we suggest that DHA may act beneficially in epigenetic mechanisms and reactivation of tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A as previously silenced by hypermethylation. It is hoped that these results can contribute to better understanding of the anticancer role of DHA in breast cancer

The aim of this research was to explore consumer perceptions of personalised nutrition and to compare these across three different levels of "medicalization": lifestyle assessment (no blood sampling); phenotypic assessment (blood sampling); genomic assessment (blood and buccal sampling). The protocol was developed from two pilot focus groups conducted in the UK. Two focus groups (one comprising only "older" individuals between 30 and 60 years old, the other of adults 18-65 yrs of age) were run in the UK, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Germany (N=16). The analysis (guided using grounded theory) suggested that personalised nutrition was perceived in terms of benefit to health and fitness and that convenience was an important driver of uptake. Negative attitudes were associated with internet delivery but not with personalised nutrition per se. Barriers to uptake were linked to broader technological issues associated with data protection, trust in regulator and service providers. Services that required a fee were expected to be of better quality and more secure. An efficacious, transparent and trustworthy regulatory framework for personalised nutrition is required to alleviate consumer concern. In addition, developing trust in service providers is important if such services to be successful.