Ultrawideband (UWB) is one of the promising technologies for future short-range high data rate communications (e.g. for wireless personal area networks) and longer range low data rate communications (e.g. wireless sensor networks).Despite its various advantages and potentials (e.g. low-cost circuitry, unlicensed reuse of licensed spectrum, precision ranging capability etc.), UWB also has its own challenges. The goal of this dissertation is to identify and address some of those challenges, and provide a framework for practical UWB transceiver design.In this dissertation, various modulation options for UWB systems are reviewed in terms of their bit error rate (BER) performances, spectral characteristics, modem and hardware complexities, and data rates. Time hopping (TH) code designs for both synchronous (introduced an adaptive code assignment technique) and asynchronous UWB impulse radio (IR) systems are studied. An adaptive assignment of two different multiple access parame ters (number of pulses per symbol and number of pulse positions per frame)is investigated again considering both synchronous and asynchronous scenarios, and a mathematical framework is developed using Gaussian approximations of interference statistics for different scenarios. Channel estimation algorithms for multiuser UWB communication systems using symbol-spaced (proposed a technique that decreases the training size), frame-spaced (proposed a pulse-discarding algorithm for enhanced estimationperformance), and chip-spaced (using least squares (LS) estimation) sampling are analyzed.A comprehensive review on multiple accessing andinterference avoidance/cancellation for IR-UWB systems is presented.BER performances of different UWB modulation schemes in the presence of timing jitter are evaluated and compared in static and multipath fading channels, and finger estimation error, effects of jitter distribution, and effects of pulse shape are investigated. A unified performance analysis app roach for different IR-UWB transceiver types (stored-reference, transmitted-reference, and energy detector) employing various modulation options and operating at sub-Nyquist sampling rates is presented. The time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation performance of different searchback schemesunder optimal and suboptimal threshold settings are analyzed both for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath channels.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe atliekamas perspektyvių radionavigacijos technologijų orlaivių skrydžių valdymui tyrimas. Pirmojoje tiriamojo darbo dalyje apžvelgtos oro kelių stebėjimo priemonės, tai pirminiai ir antriniai radiolokatoriai. Trumpai aptarti jų veikimo principai. Aprašyti du pagrindiniai automatinio duomenų perdavimo tinklai ATIS ir VOLMET. Antrojoje dalyje didesnis dėmesys skirtas automatinio priklausomo sekimo sistemoms. Atliktais tyrimais palyginti du galimai perspektyvūs ADS-B žinučių perdavimo protokolai: 1090ES ir UAT. „Matlab“ sistemos terpėje sumodeliuoti 1090ES ir UAT protokolus atitinkantys signalai. Ištirtos UAT duomenų perdavimo sistemos sinchronizavimo charakteristikos. Gavus tyrimo rezultatus palygintos UAT imtuve priimamo signalo priklausomybės nuo imčių kiekio ir triukšmo lygio. Ištirta dviejų skirtingų pralaidumo juostų filtrų įtaka teisingo UAT signalo sinchronizavimui. Sinchronizavimo modeliui buvo naudojamas vienas iš Naikvisto filtrų. Darbe palyginta UAT ir 1090ES sistemų architektūra. Darbo pabaigoje aptartos ADS-B sistemos perspektyvos. Darbo apimtis – 51 p. teksto be priedų, 22 iliustr., 4 lent. 27 bibliografinių šaltinių, 1 priedas. / The thesis made the promising navigation technology research for aircraft operational management. The first part outlines the research work of several air-monitoring instruments, the primary and secondary radar. Briefly discuss the principles of this system operation. This tiesis describe the two main automatic data transmission networks ATIS and VOLMET. The second part focuses on automatic dependent surveillance systems. Study compared two potentially veble ADS-B message transmission protocols: UAT and 1090ES. The "Matlab" software was used for simulating 1090ES and UAT signals. „Matlab“ was used to investigated the synchronization of UAT data transmission characteristics. Upon comparison of the results UAT receiver incoming signal dependence on sample rate and noise level. The influence of two different bandwidth filters was investigate for correct UAT signal synchronization. For synchronization model was used one of the Nyquist filter. The paper compared 1090ES and UAT systems architecture as well . At the end of this tiesis is discuss the ADS-B systems perspective. Thesis consist of: 51 p. text without appendixes, 22 pictures, 4 tables, 27 bibliographical entries, 1 appendix.

La vélocimétrie Doppler par ultrasons pulsés permet d'obtenir, le profil de vitesses d'un écoulement de fluide. L'estimation de la vitesse est réalisée, pour chaque volume de mesure, à partir du signal Doppler, obtenu à partir du signal rétrodiffusé démodulé et échantillonné, dont la fréquence est proportionnelle à la vitesse des particules. On démontre, dans le cas d'un transducteur plan et circulaire, pour un écoulement homogène et uniforme dans le volume de mesure, que la densité spectrale de puissance (DSP) de ce signal peut être modélisée par une gaussienne. Un algorithme de suppression du bruit blanc, basée sur l'identification paramétrique de la DSP est proposée et validée. Elle consiste à identifier, en temps réel, les différentes composantes de la DSP du signal Doppler en utilisant la méthode de Levenberg-Marquardt avec un modèle général gaussien. Le bruit blanc identifié est soustrait à la densité afin de permettre un calcul de moment non-biaisé par celui-ci. Le signal Doppler étant échantillonné par nature, il est soumis au théorème de Shannon qui impose une vitesse maximale mesurable nommée vitesse de Nyquist. Celle-ci est directement proportionnelle à la fréquence de répétition des trains d'ondes (PRF pour Pulse Repetition Frequency). La profondeur d'exploration est également liée au PRF. Ceci impose la principale limite de cette méthode, à savoir la relation inverse liant la profondeur d'exploration et la vitesse maximale mesurable. Une méthode permettant des mesures de vitesses au-delà de la limite de Nyquist est proposée. Elle se base sur l'utilisation de plusieurs fréquences de répétition des trains d'ondes. Le repliement différent pour chaque PRF permet l'apport d'information nécessaire à la résolution de l'ambiguïté sur les vitesses. Un algorithme original de reconstruction spectrale est proposé. Il permet de recombiner les DSP repliés obtenus pour chaque PRF afin de reproduire la DSP du signal Doppler.

The noise in the Langmuir Probe and Plasma Wave Instrument (LP-PWI) on board ESA:s future Jupiter satellite JUICE (Jupiter ICy Moons Explorer) was investigated. Thermal Johnson-Nyquist noise and shot noise, caused by fluctuations in the probe-plasma currents, were combined with the quasi-thermal noise (QTN) due to thermal fluctuations in the electric field in the plasma, using a small signal equivalent circuit model. The contributions and effects of each of the considered noise sources were examined and compared for a number of representative space plasma conditions, including the cold dense plasma of Ganymede's ionosphere and the hot tenuous plasma out in the Jovian magnetosphere. The results showed that in the cold dense plasma of Ganymede's ionosphere, the antenna was long compared to the Debye length and the quasi-thermal noise had a clearly pronounced peak and a steep high-frequency cut-off. For an antenna biased to 1 V with respect to the plasma, the shot noise due to the ambient plasma was the dominant source of noise. For a an antenna at the floating potential the photoelectron shot noise coalesced with the shot and Nyquist noises of the ambient plasma to form almost a single curve. In the hot tenuous plasma out in Jupiter's magnetosphere, the antenna was short compared to the Debye length and the QTN spectrum was much flatter, with little or no peak at the plasma frequency and a very weak high-frequency cut-off. For an antenna biased to 1 V, the shot noise due to photoelectron emission dominated at Callisto's orbital position whereas at Ganymede's and Europa's orbital positions the Nyquist and shot noises of the ambient plasma particles were the dominant noise components. For an antenna at the floating potential, the shot and Nyquist noises of the ambient plasma also dominated the output noise, except at Europa's orbital position, where the quasi-thermal noise was the largest noise component for frequencies at and above the plasma frequency. The numerical calculations were performed using MATLAB. The code was made available in a Git repository at https://github.com/eliasodelstad/irfuproj_JUICE_noise.

Le but des expériences de puces à atomes est la réalisation de micropièges magnétiques et la manipulation très précise d'un nuage d'atomes dont la température est abaissée à quelques microkelvins. De tels pièges peuvent être obtenus en utilisant par exemple le champ magnétique créé par des courants portés par des pistes conductrices de taille micrométrique lithographiées sur un substrat. La présence de la surface de la puce à quelques dizaines de micromètres du nuage atomique peut toutefois se révéler gênante pour le piégeage. Les fluctuations du champ magnétique induites par le bruit de courant dans la puce engendrent des pertes et diminuent le temps de vie dans le piège. Ce bruit est dû à la résistivité finie du métal utilisé pour réaliser la puce (bruit de Johnson-Nyquist). <br /><br />Des modèles théoriques présentés dans cette thèse laissent penser que l'utilisation de pistes supraconductrices pourrait réduire ces pertes. L'effet du réseau de vortex présent dans le supraconducteur sur le champ magnétique proche de la surface est également étudié. Nous décrivons par la suite le dispositif cryogénique et la séquence expérimentale qui nous ont permis d'observer le premier piège magnétique sur puce supraconductrice. Le temps de vie dans ce piège à 440 micromètres de la surface avoisine deux minutes ce qui est très prometteur. Nous présentons enfin l'étape de refroidissement du nuage jusqu'à l'obtention d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop simplified reconfigurable transmission systems with frequency multipliers for the transmission of complex modulated signals. Because they rely on nonlinear properties, frequency multiplier-based transmission systems require proper linearization techniques and accurate modeling of the signal transfer function. To accomplish these two goals, the author has developed techniques to model and linearize frequency multipliers and to digitize feedback signals for nonlinear characterization. First, adaptive predistortion techniques and zonal transfer theories have been developed for modeling and linearization. The predistortion system has been verified by applying an IS-95B signal to various frequency multipliers built by the author. Second, because the output signals at higher harmonic zones occupy wider frequency bandwidths than the signal in the fundamental zone does and thus make it harder to use traditional sampling techniques, a simplified but effective method called the sub-Nyquist sampling rate was developed and verified. Third, two methods for reconfigurable transmitters using frequency multipliers in conjunction with digital predistortion linearizers were developed. Both methods make it possible to transmit complex signals via frequency multipliers by using dual-band transmission systems that incorporate frequency multipliers that are based on linearization techniques. One of these methods uses a circuit topology that can be switched between a fundamental-mode in-phase combined amplifier and a push-push frequency doubler using input phasing. The second suggested method uses a fundamental-frequency power amplifier followed by a varactor multiplier that can be bypassed with an RF switch. This work will contribute to the development of low-cost and size-effective reconfigurable transmission systems because it requires fewer transmitting components and needs less sampling of the feedback networks.

Cost reduction has been and will continue to be a primary driving force in the evolution of hardware design and associated technologies. The objective of this research is to design low-cost signal acquisition systems for characterizing wideband and high-speed signals. As the bandwidth and the speed of such signals increase, the cost of testing also increases significantly; therefore, innovative hardware and algorithm co-design are needed to relieve this problem. In Chapter 2, a low-cost multi-rate system is proposed for characterizing the spectra of wideband signals. The design is low-cost in the sense of the actual component cost, the system complexity, and the effort required for calibration. The associated algorithms are designed such that the hardware can be implemented with low-complexity yet be robust enough to deal with various hardware variations. A hardware prototype is built not only to verify the proposed hardware scheme and algorithms but to serve as a concrete example that shows that characterizing signals with sub-Nyqusit sampling rate is feasible. Chapter 3 introduces a low-cost time-domain waveform reconstruction technique, which requires no mutual synchronization mechanisms. This brings down cost significantly and enables the implementation of systems capable of capturing tens of Gigahertz (GHz) signals for significantly lower cost than high-end oscilloscopes found in the market today. For the first time, band-interleaving and incoherent undersampling techniques are combined to form a low-cost solution for waveform reconstruction. This is enabled by co-designing the hardware and the back-end signal processing algorithms to compensate for the lack of coherent Nyquist rate sampling hardware. A hardware prototype was built to support this work. Chapter 4 describes a novel test methodology that significantly reduces the required time for crosstalk jitter characterization in parallel channels. This is done by using bit patterns with coprime periods as channel stimuli and using signal processing algorithms to separate multiple crosstalk coupling effects. This proposed test methodology can be applied seamlessly in conjunction with the current test methodology without re-designing the test setup. More importantly, the conclusion derived from the mathematical analysis shows that only such test stimuli give unbiased characterization results, which are critical in all high-precision test setups. Hardware measurement results and analysis are provided to support this methodology. This thesis starts with an overview of the background and a literature review. Three major previously mentioned works are addressed in three separate chapters. Each chapter documents the hardware designs, signal processing algorithms, and associated mathematical analyses. For the purpose of verification, the hardware measurement setups and results are discussed at the end of these three chapters. The last chapter presents conclusions and future directions for work from this thesis.

Recently, the environmental impact of aircraft and rising fuel prices have become an increasing concern in the aviation industry. To address these problems, organizations such as NASA have set demanding goals for reducing aircraft emissions, fuel burn, and noise. In an effort to reach the goals, a movement toward more-electric aircraft and electric propulsion has emerged. With this movement, the number of critical electrical loads on an aircraft is increasing causing power system reliability to be a point of concern. Currently, power system reliability is maintained through the use of back-up power supplies such as batteries and ram-air-turbines (RATs). However, the increasing power requirements for critical loads will quickly outgrow the capacity of the emergency devices. Therefore, reliability needs to be addressed when designing the primary power distribution system. Power system reliability is a function of component reliability and redundancy. Component reliability is often not determined until detailed component design has occurred; however, the amount of redundancy in the system is often set during the system architecting phase. In order to meet the capacity and reliability requirements of future power distribution systems, a method for redundancy allocation during the system architecting phase is needed. This thesis presents an aircraft power system design methodology that is based upon the engineering decision process. The methodology provides a redundancy allocation strategy and quantitative trade-off environment to compare architecture and technology combinations based upon system capacity, weight, and reliability criteria. The methodology is demonstrated by architecting the power distribution system of an aircraft using turboelectric propulsion. The first step in the process is determining the design criteria which includes a 40 MW capacity requirement, a 20 MW capacity requirement for the an engine-out scenario, and a maximum catastrophic failure rate of one failure per billion flight hours. The next step is determining gaps between the performance of current power distribution systems and the requirements of the turboelectric system. A baseline architecture is analyzed by sizing the system using the turboelectric system power requirements and by calculating reliability using a stochastic flow network. To overcome the deficiencies discovered, new technologies and architectures are considered. Global optimization methods are used to find technology and architecture combinations that meet the system objectives and requirements. Lastly, a dynamic modeling environment is constructed to study the performance and stability of the candidate architectures. The combination of the optimization process and dynamic modeling facilitates the selection of a power system architecture that meets the system requirements and objectives.

The Shannon sampling framework is widely used for discrete representation of analog bandlimited signals, starting from samples taken at the Nyquist rate. In many practical applications, signals are not bandlimited. In order to accommodate such signals within the Shannon-Nyquist framework, one typically passes the signal through an anti-aliasing filter, which essentially performs bandlimiting. In applications such as RADAR, SONAR, ultrasound imaging, optical coherence to-mography, multiband signal communication, wideband spectrum sensing, etc., the signals to be sampled have a certain structure, which could manifest in one of the following forms: (i) sparsity or parsimony in a certain bases; (ii) shift-invariant representation; (iii) multi-band spectrum; (iv) finite rate of innovation property, etc.. By using such structure as a prior, one could devise efficient sampling strategies that operate at sub-Nyquist rates. In this Ph.D. thesis, we consider the problem of sampling and reconstruction of finite-rate-of-innovation (FRI) signals, which fall in one of the two classes: (i) Sum-of-weighted and time-shifted (SWTS) pulses; and (ii) Sum-of-weighted exponential (SWE). Finite-rate-of-innovation signals are not necessarily bandlimited, but they are specified by a finite number of free parameters per unit time interval. Hence, the FRI reconstruction problem could be solved by estimating the parameters starting from measurements on the signal. Typically, parameter estimation is done using high-resolution spectral estimation (HRSE) techniques such as the annihilating filter, matrix pencil method, estimation of signal parameter via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), etc.. The sampling issues include design of the sampling kernel and choice of the sampling grid structure. Following a frequency-domain reconstruction approach, we propose a novel technique to design compactly supported sampling kernels. The key idea is to cancel aliasing at certain set of uniformly spaced frequencies and make sure that the rest of the frequency response is specified such that the kernel follows the Paley-Wiener criterion for compactly supported functions. To assess the robustness in the presence of noise, we consider a particular class of the proposed kernel whose impulse response has the form of sum of modulated splines (SMS). In the presence of continuous-time and digital noise cases, we show that the reconstruction accuracy is improved by 5 to 25 dB by using the SMS kernel compared with the state-of-the-art compactly supported kernels. Apart from noise robustness, the SMS kernel also has polynomial-exponential reproducing property where the exponents are harmonically related. An interesting feature of the SMS kernel, in contrast with E-splines, is that its support is independent of the number of exponentials. In a typical SWTS signal reconstruction mechanism, first, the SWTS signal is trans formed to a SWE signal followed by uniform sampling, and then discrete-domain annihilation is applied for parameter estimation. In this thesis, we develop a continuous-time annihilation approach using the shift operator for estimating the parameters of SWE signals. Instead of using uniform sampling-based HRSE techniques, operator-based annihilation allows us to estimate parameters from structured non-uniform samples (SNS), and gives more accurate parameters estimates. On the application front, we first consider the problem of curve fitting and curve completion, specifically, ellipse fitting to uniform or non-uniform samples. In general, the ellipse fitting problem is solved by minimizing distance metrics such as the algebraic distance, geometric distance, etc.. It is known that when the samples are measured from an incomplete ellipse, such fitting techniques tend to estimate biased ellipse parameters and the estimated ellipses are relatively smaller than the ground truth. By taking into account the FRI property of an ellipse, we show how accurate ellipse fitting can be performed even to data measured from a partial ellipse. Our fitting technique first estimates the underlying sampling rate using annihilating filter and then carries out least-squares regression to estimate the ellipse parameters. The estimated ellipses have lesser bias compared with the state-of-the-art methods and the mean-squared error is lesser by about 2 to 10 dB. We show applications of ellipse fitting in iris images starting from partial edge contours. We found that the proposed method is able to localize iris/pupil more accurately compared with conventional methods. In a related application, we demonstrate curve completion to partial ellipses drawn on a touch-screen tablet. We also applied the FRI principle to imaging applications such as frequency-domain optical-coherence tomography (FDOCT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In these applications, the resolution is limited by the uncertainty principle, which, in turn, is limited by the number of measurements. By establishing the FRI property of the measurements, we show that one could attain super-resolved tomograms and NMR spectra by using the same or lesser number of samples compared with the classical Fourier-based techniques. In the case of FDOCT, by assuming a piecewise-constant refractive index of the specimen, we show that the measurements have SWE form. We show how super-resolved tomograms could be achieved using SNS-based reconstruction technique. To demonstrate clinical relevance, we consider FDOCT measurements obtained from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor inner/outer segments (IS/OS) of the retina. We show that the proposed method is able to resolve the RPE and IS/OS layers by using only 40% of the available samples. In the context of NMR spectroscopy, the measured signal or free induction decay (FID) can be modelled as a SWE signal. Due to the exponential decay, the FIDs are non-stationary. Hence, one cannot directly apply autocorrelation-based methods such as ESPRIT. We develop DEESPRIT, a counterpart of ESPRIT for decaying exponentials. We consider FID measurements taken from amino acid mixture and show that the proposed method is able to resolve two closely spaced frequencies by using only 40% of the measurements. In summary, this thesis focuses on various aspects of sub-Nyquist sampling and demonstrates concrete applications to super-resolution imaging.