Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Texte remanié de: Proefschrift--Universiteit Leiden, 2000. / Résumé en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 325-345.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto que a condição de migração dos pais exerce sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos entre 10 e 14 anos no Estado de São Paulo. A atenção volta-se especialmente para a verificação empírica da probabilidade de a criança estudar/trabalhar, separando a amostra do estudo de acordo com as diferentes possibilidades de combinação das condições de migração dos pais da criança. No primeiro capítulo é apresentada uma revisão da literatura econômica referente ao trabalho infantil, com ênfase nos resultados obtidos no caso brasileiro. A seguir é mostrado como os fatores de curto e longo prazos da migração familiar podem interferir na alocação do tempo das crianças entre escola e trabalho. Para distinguir os impactos de curto e longo prazos da migração dos pais sobre a probabilidade de a criança estudar/trabalhar, os pais migrantes foram separados de acordo com o tempo de residência no Estado de São Paulo em: migrantes há menos de dez anos, que podem ter origem em outra Unidade da Federação, ou serem paulistas retornados e, ainda, migrantes de outros Estados que residem há pelo menos dez anos no local de destino. Essa distinção foi utilizada para analisar o diferencial de rendimentos de pais e mães migrantes em relação aos não migrantes através da aplicação da decomposição de Oaxaca, apresentada no capítulo 2. A constatação da seletividade positiva ou negativa de cada um dos três grupos de pais/mães migrantes em relação a pais/mães paulistas não migrantes auxiliou a análise de como a diferença de rendimentos colabora para a explicação das discrepâncias das probabilidades de estudar/trabalhar de seus respectivos filhos. No capítulo 3, antes do cálculo do probit bivariado para obter as probabilidades previstas de a criança estudar/trabalhar, a amostra dos filhos de 10 a 14 anos é separada de acordo com as possíveis combinações de pais e mães, segundo o tempo de residência no Estado de São Paulo. O probit bivariado para meninos e meninas é calculado para cada tipo de família e, com base nas probabilidades previstas obtidas, aplica-se a decomposição entre características observáveis e não observáveis da diferença das probabilidades de estudar/trabalhar entre os filhos de migrantes e não migrantes. De maneira genérica, os resultados encontrados mostram que a migração dos pais amplia as chances de seus filhos ofertarem trabalho no curto prazo, enquanto no longo prazo, dada a seletividade positiva dos adultos, os filhos de migrantes têm menor probabilidade de trabalhar. Este resultado aponta que durante o período de adaptação dos pais ao mercado de trabalho do local de destino, as chances de a família fazer uso da mão-de-obra de seus filhos têm uma leve ampliação. Por outro lado, os resultados indicam que a migração não interfere de maneira positiva sobre a probabilidade de a criança estudar, independentemente do tempo de residência de seus pais no local de destino. Como os filhos de migrantes apresentam probabilidade de estudar sistematicamente inferior à dos filhos dos não migrantes, o deslocamento geográfico para o Estado de São Paulo não pode ser visto como um processo que contribui para a redução da pobreza intergeracional. / The present work analyzes the impact of different parents migration condition over their children of 10-14 years time allocation in São Paulo State. The attention is especially turned toward the empirical approach of child probability to study/work following the sample segregation in accordance with different possible combinations of parent’s migration condition. In the first chapter a revision of economic literature of child labor is presented, with emphasis for the results gotten in the Brazilian case. To follow it is shown as the determinants of short and long terms of family migration can influence in child time allocation between school and work. To distinguish the impacts from short and long terms of parent’s migration on child probability to study/work, the father and mother migrants conditions was split up according with their time of residence in São Paulo State: migrants less than ten years (who can be born in another State or a returned) and migrants that live at least ten years in destination place. This distinction works as a base to differential wage calculation between the migrants and non-migrants parents carry through the application of Oaxaca decomposition in chapter 2. The evidence of positive or negative selectivity to each one of the three groups of fathers/mothers migrants in relation to non-migrants parents helps the analysis of how the wage differential contribute to explain the discrepancies of study/work probabilities between their children. In chapter 3, before bivariate probit calculation, the sample of the children of 10-14 years is separate in accordance with the possible combinations of fathers and mothers according to time of residence in São Paulo State. The bivariate probit for boys and girls is calculated for each type of family and based on the predict probabilities of study/work the difference between migrants and non-migrants children is decomposed in observed and not observed characteristics. The general results show that in short term the parents migration increase the chances of children work, while in the long term the migrants children have less probability to work, due to their parents positive selection. On the other hand, migrant conditions are not significant to explain the child study probability, independent of their parent’s time residence in destination place. Because the study probability of migrants children are continually lesser than non migrants child it is not possible to affirm that migration is a process that contributes for the reduction of intergerational poverty in São Paulo State.

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The implementation of geographic information systems for the analysis of Late Classic (500-800 C.E.) terraces at Monte Albán, reveals a spatial pattern not visible through prior pedestrian site surveys. The Valley of Oaxaca Settlement Pattern Project concluded that nearly all of the 1,464 Late Classic terraces at Monte Albán were used for residential purposes. Spatial analysis tools reveal a greater human-ecological complexity. The goal of this study was to use ArcGIS to map the 1,273 terraces near Monte Albán's ceremonial center and combine them with individually identifiable data sets. Analysis of each terrace, particularly based upon water availability, ceramic distribution, structural remains, and number of metates, reveals that 55.7% of these 1,273 terraces could have supported agricultural practices. The integration of agricultural space into a dense urban center reveals new spatial relationships between population density and urban agricultural practices, to which measures of resiliency and efficacy within similar modern systems can be applied.

This study investigates worldview and ideology during the late Terminal Formative period (A.D. 100 – 250) in the lower Río Verde Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, through an analysis of iconography found on grayware ceramic serving vessels. The sample includes 457 vessels and sherds from 17 lower Verde sites obtained through excavations and surface collections between 1988 and 2009. Drawing upon theories of semiotics and style, this thesis identifies a suite of icons suggesting that ceramics were a medium for expressing regionally shared beliefs. Chatino potters carved common Formative period Mesoamerican themes into the walls of graywares, such as depictions of maize and climatic phenomena, which may have been part of a religious worldview rooted in the belief that humans and non-human deities shared a reciprocal relationship. People at Río Viejo, including elites, may have attempted to exploit this relationship, thought of as a ―sacred covenant‖ or agreement between humans and deities, to create a more centralized political entity during the late Terminal Formative Chacahua phase. By using iconographic graywares in socially and politically significant ritual activities such as feasting and caching events, elites imbued graywares with a powerful essence that would have facilitated the spread of the coded messages they carried. Based on statistical analyses of the diversity of iconographic assemblages from various sites, I argue that the assemblage of icons at Río Viejo, a late Terminal Formative political center in the lower Verde, indicates ideas likely originated at or flowed through this site.

L’exploitation des ressources naturelles est souvent au cœur des relations de pouvoir dans les communautés autochtones du Mexique. Les situations de souffrance, ici explorée à travers un conflit agraire et forestier dans une communauté autochtone de l’état de Oaxaca, font l’objet de diverses attributions de sens, ou divers constats de non-sens, par les populations locales concernées. Dans ce mémoire, les mises en récits politiques de la souffrance seront explorées à partir de l’expérience vécue qu’elle représente. La circulation et la reproduction de ces discours font en sorte que les imaginaires sociaux que l’on retrouve à l’intérieur de la communauté se transforment et informent le politique à l’échelle locale. Les rapports entre les discours sur la souffrance sociale et l’imaginaire politique seront ainsi abordés à l’échelle locale, dans le parler ordinaire. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’inclure des acteurs qui jusque-là n’occupent pas de place significative dans les études sur le politique. / The exploitation of natural resources is often at the heart of power relations in indigenous communities in southern Mexico. Situations of suffering, here explored through an agrarian and forestry conflict in an Aboriginal community in the State of Oaxaca, are subject to various attributions of meaning, or various feelings of nonsense, by local populations. In this thesis, political narratives of suffering will be explored from the point of view of the experiences they represent. Circulation and reproduction of these discourses mean that the social imaginary that can be found within the community transforms and informs politics at the local level. The relations between discourses about social suffering and the political imaginary will be studied at the local level, in the ordinary speech. The objective of this research is to give voice people who usually do not occupy significant place in political studies.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 69-71. / In Mexico today there is an accelerated migration of skilled organized labor from urban centers to rural settlements. This is primarily due to the increased exploitation of natural resources in rural regions and the establishment of new highway networks required to transport the goods. This thesis deals with the growth problems of the settlements resulting from the additional population and new functional demands. The major thrust of this work concentrates on a feasible proposal for a dwelling type that accommodates the new expansion and insures the architectural character of the existing village is preserved. The design decisions are based on information obtained through my on-site research and documentation of the physical form of a specific village, Ixpantepec Nieves, Oaxaca, Mexico. Constancy and change elements of the physical environment were major concerns in providing the design alternative. How can a place adapt to changing needs of public and private life and still retain its identity? My investigation of this question resulted in the ensuing alternative, having generic potential as it interprets the character of the settlement, brings about meaningful change and relates to local values. After studying the context of an existing village, projected physical growth assumptions were applied and architectural design principles were implemented to produce a design integrating the theme and variation of the repetitive rectangular building form found throughout the settlement allowing for individual identity and conservation of the "spirit of the place." / by Rafael G. Olguin. / M. Arch.

The primary concern of this thesis is to quantify and analyze the lithic (chipped stone) assemblage previously excavated by Hepp (2015) and the La Consentida Archaeological Project (LCAP) at the archaeological site of La Consentida in the lower Río Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. The lithic assemblage is comprised of over 500 artifacts mainly of obsidian and chert. This research represents a study of all primary context lithic artifacts from La Consentida and focuses on obsidian, the material most used at the site. In the first part of this thesis I provide an analysis of all lithic artifacts of this primary context assemblage collected during the 2012 field season. Additionally, I present technological considerations regarding manufacturing techniques and subsequent issues regarding technique implementation. The second part of this thesis examines the distribution of lithics, in addition to other artifact classes (i.e. ceramics and ground stone), at the site and relates this to manufacturing techniques and inferences towards social organization. Results indicate that the people of La Consentida favored obsidian as a material for lithic manufacture. While other materials were used to produce chipped stone, obsidian dominates the assemblage. Further, these materials were used in expedient lithic reduction, which characterizes the majority of the assemblage. In addition to expedient flakes, specialized tools are also present, although minimal. Additionally, the way in which lithics, and more importantly obsidian artifacts, are distributed at the site indicates a purposeful designation for manufacture and use in specific locations. The artifacts I examine here are crucial to determining the economic practices of this Early Formative period (2000–1000 B.C.) site. Ascertaining how the lithic artifacts were distributed at the site will help expand current understandings of Early Formative period exchange, crafting, and subsistence practices. Furthermore, these results may have implications for developing our understanding of social organization at the earliest known settled village in coastal Oaxaca.