Magister Commercii - MCom / South African labour relations are associated with a history of extensive discrimination and segregation, subject to various types of discrimination during the apartheid era, including employment discrimination. This study explores the effect of Affirmative Action on the reduction (if any) of employment discrimination since the advent of democracy. It investigates whether the extent of employment discrimination by race and gender has decreased, 20 years since the economic transition. The first part of the study gives an overview of the South African labour legislations, both discriminative legislations and statutes aimed at redressing the imbalances of the past. The empirical part of the paper employs a sample that represents the labour force (excluding informal sector workers, agricultural workers, domestic workers and self-employed) aged between 15 and 65 years. The methodology in this study firstly estimates probit models describing the labour force participation, employment and occupational attainment, followed by the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, using data from OHS 1997-1999, LFS 2000-2007, QLFS 2008-2014 and NIDS 2008-2012. The OHS/LFS/QLFS decomposition results show that the unexplained component of the White-Black employment probability gap does not reveal any strong downward trend overtime. Also, results on the occupational attainment gap indicate that there was an increasing occupational attainment probability gap between Whites and Blacks which was partially driven by an increase in the unexplained component. This implies that Affirmative Action was not successful in reducing racial discrimination in the South African labour market. Additionally, the unexplained component is most dominant in the male-female employment gap decomposition. This suggests employment discrimination against females is very serious. However, the male-female highly-skilled employment likelihood shows no clear trend over time. These results suggest that when it comes to employment discrimination against females, this may have taken place more seriously when it comes to the unskilled or semi-skilled occupations.

This article analyses efforts by the state of Oaxaca to mark its border from 1856 to 1912. State officials hoped to demarcate a permanent border along the frontier as a way to delineate a peaceful ending to on-going boundary disputes, some of which allegedly dated to pre-Columbian times. The activity of marking Oaxaca's boundary effectively represented a literal process of Mexican state formation. Oaxaca officials attempted to negotiate the state's jurisdictional limits in cooperation with other federations as well as with their own citizens as they located the parameters of the state and the limits of its authority during the era.

This year-long participant observation qualitative case study draws together five social practices of mid-career elementary school educators in the Mexican southeastern state of Oaxaca: a protest march, a roadblock, the use of humor, a school-based book fair and alternate uses of time and space in school. The title terms of charros, tlacuaches and mapaches represent some of the diverse sites of friction where teachers interact. Additionally, movements of diverse inquiries is derived from the definition Michel Foucault gives to "critical" which leads to the primary guiding question: how have Oaxacan teachers engaged in critical pedagogical practices? The study finds that contemporary commonsense dimensions of critical pedagogy which involve developing teacher awareness toward relations of power and facilitating direct interventions in community realities of inequity have proven insufficient for teachers and others engaged in a multi-sited, decades-long protest movement. The five social practices showcased here demonstrate ways teachers navigate in and out of the State Secretariat of Education and the radical union, illustrating that the messy life of teaching is complex. The practices show how activities often disassociated with pedagogy and political projects: eating, drinking, gossiping, play, all help teachers and other school-based actors enact and sustain their critical projects.

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Lors de la période classique, entre 200 et 800 ap. J.-C., les centres urbains complexes se développèrent en sur l’ensemble de la Mixteca, en lien étroit avec les cités de Teotihuacan sur les hauts plateaux centraux et de Monte Alban dans les vallées centrales d'Oaxaca. La période plus tardive du Postclassique récent, à partir de 1200 apr. J.-C. et jusqu’à la conquête espagnole, est à nouveau documentée, par les codex peints et les vestiges archéologiques : la Mixteca était densément peuplée et très dynamique, et ses populations liées par une idéologie commune. Le Postclassique ancien, entre 800 et 1200 apr. J.-C., est mal connu. Aucun marqueur archéologique n'a été relevé et daté pour cette période, les Mixtecas Aira et Baja en particulier semblèrent désertées. Cependant, les codex peints plus tardifs témoignent de dynamiques importantes lors de cette période intermédiaire, période la plus ancienne peinte dans les codex. La présente recherche consiste en une synthèse éclairée des données publiées et d'archives, des collections de musées et de réserves archéologiques dans le but de mettre en évidence, dans un premier temps, les marqueurs archéologiques du Postclassique ancien dans la Mixteca, Alta en particulier, et de les dater fermement. Dans un second temps il s'agit de confronter ces données à celles issues des codes mixtèques concernant le Postclassique ancien, témoignant de corrélations évidentes. Ces données collectées, datées et organisées permettent de dresser un premier bilan concernant le Postclassique ancien, de la réorganisation politique, religieuse et spatiale des sociétés après les effondrements politiques classiques. / During the classical period, between A.D. 200-800, complex urban centers grew ail over the Mixteca, in close contact with the cities of Teotihuacan in the central highlands and of Monte Alban, in the central valley of Oaxaca. The later Late Postclassic, from A.D. 1200 to the Spanish Conquest, is documented by painted codex and archaeological remains : the Mixteca was densely populated and very dynamic, populations were united by a shared ideology. Early Postclassic, between A.D. 800 and 1200, is poorly known. No archaeological marker has been identified and precisely dated for this rime, Mixtecas Alta and Baja seemed uninhabited. However, late painted codex demonstrate important dynamics during this intermediary period, the older one painted in codex. This research includes an enlightened overview of published and unpublished data, of museum artefacts and of storage archaeological collections in order to, first, highlight and put a date on archaeological markers for the Early Postclassic in the Mixteca, especially the Mixteca Alta. Then, this research compares these archaeological data to the ethnohistorical ones from the mixtecan codex concerning the Early Postclassic period, showing obvious correlations. These collected, dated and organized data draw up a first report on the Early Postclassic, about political, religious and spatial reorganization of societies after the classical political collapses.

O modelo energético global está caracterizado pelo uso intenso de combustíveis fosseis como o petróleo, o que tem influenciado diretamente no incremento de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, causando problemas ambientais eventualmente irreversíveis como o aquecimento global, o mais proeminente fenômeno associável às mudanças climáticas. Com a finalidade de reduzir o consumo destes recursos energéticos não renováveis e minimizar potenciais externalidades socioambientais negativas, iniciou-se, globalmente, uma transição em prol de maior uso de energias alternativas, as quais aproveitam fontes renováveis, em princípio e em geral, indutoras de menores impactos ambientais como a energia eólica; estabelecendo-se, assim, um novo paradigma tecnológico focado num modelo mais sustentável. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos analisar os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais ocasionados pelo desenvolvimento de projetos eólicos no Istmo de Tehuantepec, no Sudoeste do México e, concomitantemente, avaliar, de modo sinérgico, a energia eólica como uma opção efetivamente viável para a matriz energética mexicana mapeando-se e analisando-se as externalidades socioambientais e econômicas. O desenvolvimento destes parques representa, nesta região do país, um modelo bem sucedido de redução de emissão de GEE, porém existem controvérsias como o deslocamento de terras e falta de desenvolvimento local, o que têm gerado conflitos socioambientais que permanecem vigentes até hoje. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada alicerçou-se em revisão sistêmica de literatura, assim como na aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em pesquisa de campo in situ e na análise dos resultados com o uso de um software de código aberto (Iramuteq), foi possível ampliar a compressão a respeito do seguinte paradoxo: os parques eólicos implementados no Istmo, de fato, contribuem no sentido de mitigar as emissões de GEE, no entanto, ao que apontam os resultados desta dissertação, este benefício ambiental não carreou, às comunidades locais, qualquer melhoria em suas vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas. Conclui-se, portanto, que os preceitos basilares do desenvolvimento sustentável não foram atingidos no âmbito dos projetos eólicos do Istmo de Tehuantepec / The global energy model is characterized by the intensive use of fossil fuels such as oil, which has directly influenced on the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, causing irreversible environmental problems such as global warming, the most prominent phenomenon associated with climate changes. In order to reduce the consumption of these non-renewable energy resources and to minimize potential negative socio-environmental externalities, a transition towards a greater use of alternative energies has started globally, which employs renewable sources, principle and in general, inducing lower environmental impacts such as wind energy; therefore establishing a new technological paradigm focused on a more sustainable model. In this context, the present job aims to analyze the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the development of wind projects in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Southwest MÉXICO and, concurrently, synergistically evaluate wind energy as an effective and viable option for the Mexican energy matrix by mapping and analyzing socio-environmental and economic externalities. The development of these parks represents a successful model of GHG emission reduction in this region of the country, but there are controversies such as the displacement of land and lack of local development, which have generated socio-environmental conflicts that remain until today. To that end, the methodology adopted was based on a systemic literature review, as well as the application of semi-structured interviews conducted in situ f research and the analysis of results using a open source software (Iramuteq), it was possible to increase the compression However, to what the results of this dissertation aim to, is that this environmental benefit did not bring any improvement to the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of those local communities. It is concluded, therefore, that the basic precepts of sustainable development were not reached within the scope of the Tehuantepec Isthmus wind projects

O modelo energético global está caracterizado pelo uso intenso de combustíveis fosseis como o petróleo, o que tem influenciado diretamente no incremento de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, causando problemas ambientais eventualmente irreversíveis como o aquecimento global, o mais proeminente fenômeno associável às mudanças climáticas. Com a finalidade de reduzir o consumo destes recursos energéticos não renováveis e minimizar potenciais externalidades socioambientais negativas, iniciou-se, globalmente, uma transição em prol de maior uso de energias alternativas, as quais aproveitam fontes renováveis, em princípio e em geral, indutoras de menores impactos ambientais como a energia eólica; estabelecendo-se, assim, um novo paradigma tecnológico focado num modelo mais sustentável. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos analisar os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais ocasionados pelo desenvolvimento de projetos eólicos no Istmo de Tehuantepec, no Sudoeste do México e, concomitantemente, avaliar, de modo sinérgico, a energia eólica como uma opção efetivamente viável para a matriz energética mexicana mapeando-se e analisando-se as externalidades socioambientais e econômicas. O desenvolvimento destes parques representa, nesta região do país, um modelo bem sucedido de redução de emissão de GEE, porém existem controvérsias como o deslocamento de terras e falta de desenvolvimento local, o que têm gerado conflitos socioambientais que permanecem vigentes até hoje. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada alicerçou-se em revisão sistêmica de literatura, assim como na aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em pesquisa de campo in situ e na análise dos resultados com o uso de um software de código aberto (Iramuteq), foi possível ampliar a compressão a respeito do seguinte paradoxo: os parques eólicos implementados no Istmo, de fato, contribuem no sentido de mitigar as emissões de GEE, no entanto, ao que apontam os resultados desta dissertação, este benefício ambiental não carreou, às comunidades locais, qualquer melhoria em suas vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas. Conclui-se, portanto, que os preceitos basilares do desenvolvimento sustentável não foram atingidos no âmbito dos projetos eólicos do Istmo de Tehuantepec / The global energy model is characterized by the intensive use of fossil fuels such as oil, which has directly influenced on the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, causing irreversible environmental problems such as global warming, the most prominent phenomenon associated with climate changes. In order to reduce the consumption of these non-renewable energy resources and to minimize potential negative socio-environmental externalities, a transition towards a greater use of alternative energies has started globally, which employs renewable sources, principle and in general, inducing lower environmental impacts such as wind energy; therefore establishing a new technological paradigm focused on a more sustainable model. In this context, the present job aims to analyze the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the development of wind projects in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Southwest MÉXICO and, concurrently, synergistically evaluate wind energy as an effective and viable option for the Mexican energy matrix by mapping and analyzing socio-environmental and economic externalities. The development of these parks represents a successful model of GHG emission reduction in this region of the country, but there are controversies such as the displacement of land and lack of local development, which have generated socio-environmental conflicts that remain until today. To that end, the methodology adopted was based on a systemic literature review, as well as the application of semi-structured interviews conducted in situ f research and the analysis of results using a open source software (Iramuteq), it was possible to increase the compression However, to what the results of this dissertation aim to, is that this environmental benefit did not bring any improvement to the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of those local communities. It is concluded, therefore, that the basic precepts of sustainable development were not reached within the scope of the Tehuantepec Isthmus wind projects

Thesis (doctoral)--Leiden University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [335]-361) and index.