Проведен анализ перспектив применения и достоинств теплообменников на базе закрытых двухфазных термосифонов по сравнению с распространёнными аналогами других конструкций и теоретических ограничений теплового потока в термосифонных теплообменниках, сформулированы требования к исследовательскому стенду. Проведено сравнение коэффициентов теплопередачи, полученные аналитическим методом, с помощью компьютерного моделирования и экспериментальным путём. / Analysis of prospects of application and advantages of heat exchangers on the basis of closed two-phase thermosyphones compared to common analogues of other designs and theoretical limitations of heat flow in thermosyphon heat exchangers was carried out, requirements to research bench were formulated. Heat transfer coefficients obtained by analytical method are compared by computer simulation and experimental method.

Text in Afrikaans / Artikel 35(5) van die Grondwet 108 van 1996 handel oor die uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis en bepaal dat sodanige getuienis uitgesluit moet word indien toelating daarvan sal lei tot 'n onbillike verhoor of tot nadeel sal strek vir die regspleging. Uit die bewoording van die artikel blyk dit dat die howe geen diskresie het ten opsigte van die toelaatbaarheidsvraag nie en 'n streng uitsluitingbenadering moet volg. Die doel van hierdie verha• ndeling is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate van diskresie .en die wyse ·waarop diskresie toepas word in hierdie besluitnemingsproses. Twee benaderings is deur die howe gevolg, naamlik 'n benadering waar 'n wye diskresie uitgeoefen word en 'n benadering waar 'n beperkte diskresie uitgeoefen word, dus 'n gekwalifiseerde uitsluitingsbenadering. Die skrywer doen aan die hand dat beide gronde vir uitsluiting van belang is en dat die howe verkeie faktore moet oorweeg ten einde 'n beslissing te vel oor die insluiting of uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis. 'n Balans moet dus gehandhaaf word tussen die belang van die beskuldigde op 'n billike verhoor en die belang van die gemeenskap daarin dat regspleging nie benadeel moet word nie en dat reg en geregtigheid moet geskied / Section 35(3) of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 deals with the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence and stipulates that such evidence must be excluded if the admission would render the trial unfair or be detrimental to the administration of justice. From the wording of the section it seems that the courts have no jurisdiction in regard to the admissibility question and that a strict exclusionary approach must be followed. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the amount of discretion that the Courts have, and the manner in which this discretion is applied in the process of decision making. Two approaches were followed by the courts namely a wide discretionary approach and an approach where a strict discretion was applied. It is submitted that botR grounds for exclusion are of importance and that the courts must consider a variety of factors in deciding the question on the inclusion or exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence. A balance must be struck between the interest of the accused in a fair trial and the interest of the community that the administration of justice must not be prejudiced and that justice must prevail. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

Increasing use is being made of various types of scientific evidence in court. The general requirement for the admissibility of such evidence is relevance. Although expert evidence is considered to be opinion evidence, it is admissible if it can assist the court to decide a fact in issue; provided that it is also reliable. In South Africa, the initial wide judicial discretion to either admit or exclude unconstitutionally obtained evidence, has developed into a more narrowly defined discretion under the final Constitution. Examples of scientific evidence, namely, DNA evidence, fingerprints, psychiatric evidence, bite-mark evidence and polygraph evidence are considered and problems inherent in the presentation of such evidence in courts in various jurisdictions are highlighted. An investigation of the presentation and evaluation of evidence in both the accusatorial and inquisitorial systems seems to indicate that the adversarial procedure has a marked influence on the evaluation of evidence / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

Consideramos a região costeira e oceânica abrangida neste estudo como um sistema de grande escala, que se extende dês Cabo Frio(RJ) (lat. 23º00S) até Cananéia(SP) (lat. 25º00S) Nas análises de uma série temporal dos dados de temperatura da superfície do mar obtido por sensoriamento remoto pelo satélite NOAA/4 foram observadas diferenças no tempo de ocorrência das máximas e mínimas temperatura médias mensais em relação à estação costeira de Cananéia(SP). Essa diferença foi de dois meses para o máximo e um mês para o mínimo. Para o componente anual de variação de temperatura observamos áreas de maiores amplitudes de temperatura da superfície do mar (Cabo Frio-RJ. Influência do fenômeno de ressurgência e Cananéia-SP, influência da corrente das Malvinas) e de menores amplitudes nas áreas costeira e oceânica (entre Ubatuba-SP e Santos_SP, indicando uma área termicamente mais estável)> Para os componentes com período de 06, 04 e 03 meses as maiores amplitudes ocorrem nas mesmas áreas já citadas, com exceção da região oceânica (lat. 25º30S e long. 042º00W) para o componente de 06 meses. A circulação na região adjacentes à Ilha Grande-RJ (lat. 23º15S), cuja amostragem foi realizada em escala média, foi descrita através de diagramas vetoriais progressivos (determinamos um circulação de fundo do sentido horário na Baía de Ilha Grande-RJ, em junhop de 1976). As flutuações de curto período foram determinadas através da análise de - autocorrelação obtendo-se os seguintes resultados: na parte oeste da baía, flutuações de ordem de 35 a 70 min; na parte leste da baía, flutuações da ordem de 50 a 70 min e flutuações da ordem de 3h 30min e 5h e 24min, para as profundidades - médias e próximos ao fundo, respectivamente. O caráter turbulento dos movimentos observados foi determinado através do Número de Richardson. As propriedades dispersivas nessa região foram simuladas experimentalmente, sendo os coeficientes de difusão (k - 3.5 x 10³ e 9.0 x 10³ cm².s -¹ ) determinados por técnica. fluorométricas com o uso da Rhodamina-B como traçador. / The oceanic and coastal área from Cabo Frio (RJ) (23º00S lat.) Cananéia (SP) (25°00\'S lat.) was considered large scale systems. Through time series analysis of the NOAA-4 sea surface temperature (SST) data, time differences in the occurrence of maximum and minimun mean monthly SST were observed and showed the maximum surface Walter temperature to lag coastal land station (Cananéia)by 2 months and the minimum by 1 months. For annual component of SST maximum amplirtudes were observed at Cabo Frio (upwelling Influences) and Cananéia (Malvinas Current Influences) and minimum amplitudes at coastal and oceanic area between Ubatuba(SP) and Santos (SP)(more thermal stable area). For the 6. 4 and Santos 3 month components the maximum amplitudes occurred at the areas mentioned previously, with exception to the oceanic area(25º30\'S lat. And 042º00w long.) for 6 month component. A mesoscale study was also made pn the Ilha Grande(RJ) area(23º15S lat.). The circulation was described through progressive vector diagrams (PVDs) (clockwise bottom circulatin was determined in June. 1976). Evaluation of the short period fluctuation was determined through autocorrelation analysis: West part of bay (35 to 70 min). East part of bay (50 to 70 min mean depth and 3h30 min to 5h24 min bottom depth. Studies of turbulence were made through the use of the Richardson Number. Two disperation (e.g. k + 3,5 x 10³ cm² sec-¹ and 9 x 10³ cm² sec-¹) studies were Rhodamine B exporiments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veronica SPRANGIM.pdf: 714835 bytes, checksum: 2147d9db1053b7cbaac71544c4217959 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-09 / The objective of this work is to systematize the rules concerning the income tax imposed on the earnings of a legal entity domiciled in Brazil derived from a branch based overseas. To begin with an analysis was made of the rules present in the Federal Constitution, in order to identify the minimum content of the income concept and verification of the compatibility between the Constitution and the pertinent rules contained in the Brazilian Tax Code ( Código Tributário Nacional ). With reference to the structural rule of corporate income tax, we analyzed the calculation basis of the tax, examining at greater depth the negative elements in its composition. Given the need of fixing the content of the vocabulum used in the Federal Constitution for the identification of the elements of the income tax levy event, we resumed the question of the limits imposed on the statutory legislator in the exercise of his taxing power upon producing the institutor laws of this tax, especially in relation to the income , profit , assets and liabilities and legal entity concepts. We verified the existing relationship between the taxpayer and the fact described in the structural rule of income tax on the profits of legal entities, in an effort to identify the limits in the election of the debtor and the corresponding effect on the calculation basis, specifically, in the cases wherein it, the legal entity, applies the material criterion: earn income . We address the case of a legal entity owner of several establishments and the respective legal implication for the purposes of income tax. Finally, always through the application of a systematic method of interpretation, we study the rules that discipline the income earned by a legal entity domiciled in Brazil through a branch based overseas / O objetivo deste trabalho é sistematizar as normas referentes ao imposto sobre a renda incidente sobre os resultados de pessoa jurídica domiciliada no Brasil auferidos através de filial localizada no exterior. Partiu-se da análise das normas presentes na Constituição Federal na busca da identificação do conteúdo mínimo do conceito de renda . Verificou-se a compatibilidade entre a Constituição e as normas pertinentes veiculadas no Código Tributário Nacional. Com referência à regra-matriz do imposto sobre a renda, analisou-se a sua base de cálculo, com aprofundamento sobre os elementos negativos na sua composição. Dada a necessidade de fixação do conteúdo dos vocábulos utilizados na Constituição Federal para a identificação dos elementos da hipótese de incidência do imposto sobre a renda, retomamos o questionamento dos limites impostos ao legislador ordinário no exercício de sua competência tributária ao produzir normas instituidoras desse imposto, especialmente em relação aos conceitos e conteúdos de renda , lucro , patrimônio , pessoa jurídica .Verificamos a relação existente entre o contribuinte e o fato descrito no antecedente da norma jurídica tributária do imposto de renda sobre o lucro da pessoa jurídica, em busca da identificação dos limites na fixação do sujeito passivo, bem como, refletimos sobre a manipulação nessa escolha e o correspondente efeito na base de cálculo, especificadamente, nas hipóteses em que ela, pessoa jurídica, realiza o critério material: auferir renda . Abordamos a hipótese de pessoa jurídica titular de diversos estabelecimentos e a respectiva implicação legal para efeitos do imposto sobre a renda. Por fim, sempre mediante a aplicação do método sistemático de interpretação, debruçamo-nos sobre as normas que disciplinam os resultados auferidos por pessoa jurídica domiciliada no Brasil através de filial localizada no exterior

Text in Afrikaans / Artikel 35(5) van die Grondwet 108 van 1996 handel oor die uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis en bepaal dat sodanige getuienis uitgesluit moet word indien toelating daarvan sal lei tot 'n onbillike verhoor of tot nadeel sal strek vir die regspleging. Uit die bewoording van die artikel blyk dit dat die howe geen diskresie het ten opsigte van die toelaatbaarheidsvraag nie en 'n streng uitsluitingbenadering moet volg. Die doel van hierdie verha• ndeling is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate van diskresie .en die wyse ·waarop diskresie toepas word in hierdie besluitnemingsproses. Twee benaderings is deur die howe gevolg, naamlik 'n benadering waar 'n wye diskresie uitgeoefen word en 'n benadering waar 'n beperkte diskresie uitgeoefen word, dus 'n gekwalifiseerde uitsluitingsbenadering. Die skrywer doen aan die hand dat beide gronde vir uitsluiting van belang is en dat die howe verkeie faktore moet oorweeg ten einde 'n beslissing te vel oor die insluiting of uitsluiting van ongrondwetlike getuienis. 'n Balans moet dus gehandhaaf word tussen die belang van die beskuldigde op 'n billike verhoor en die belang van die gemeenskap daarin dat regspleging nie benadeel moet word nie en dat reg en geregtigheid moet geskied / Section 35(3) of the Constitution Act 108 of 1996 deals with the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence and stipulates that such evidence must be excluded if the admission would render the trial unfair or be detrimental to the administration of justice. From the wording of the section it seems that the courts have no jurisdiction in regard to the admissibility question and that a strict exclusionary approach must be followed. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the amount of discretion that the Courts have, and the manner in which this discretion is applied in the process of decision making. Two approaches were followed by the courts namely a wide discretionary approach and an approach where a strict discretion was applied. It is submitted that botR grounds for exclusion are of importance and that the courts must consider a variety of factors in deciding the question on the inclusion or exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence. A balance must be struck between the interest of the accused in a fair trial and the interest of the community that the administration of justice must not be prejudiced and that justice must prevail. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

Increasing use is being made of various types of scientific evidence in court. The general requirement for the admissibility of such evidence is relevance. Although expert evidence is considered to be opinion evidence, it is admissible if it can assist the court to decide a fact in issue; provided that it is also reliable. In South Africa, the initial wide judicial discretion to either admit or exclude unconstitutionally obtained evidence, has developed into a more narrowly defined discretion under the final Constitution. Examples of scientific evidence, namely, DNA evidence, fingerprints, psychiatric evidence, bite-mark evidence and polygraph evidence are considered and problems inherent in the presentation of such evidence in courts in various jurisdictions are highlighted. An investigation of the presentation and evaluation of evidence in both the accusatorial and inquisitorial systems seems to indicate that the adversarial procedure has a marked influence on the evaluation of evidence / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

Consideramos a região costeira e oceânica abrangida neste estudo como um sistema de grande escala, que se extende dês Cabo Frio(RJ) (lat. 23º00S) até Cananéia(SP) (lat. 25º00S) Nas análises de uma série temporal dos dados de temperatura da superfície do mar obtido por sensoriamento remoto pelo satélite NOAA/4 foram observadas diferenças no tempo de ocorrência das máximas e mínimas temperatura médias mensais em relação à estação costeira de Cananéia(SP). Essa diferença foi de dois meses para o máximo e um mês para o mínimo. Para o componente anual de variação de temperatura observamos áreas de maiores amplitudes de temperatura da superfície do mar (Cabo Frio-RJ. Influência do fenômeno de ressurgência e Cananéia-SP, influência da corrente das Malvinas) e de menores amplitudes nas áreas costeira e oceânica (entre Ubatuba-SP e Santos_SP, indicando uma área termicamente mais estável)> Para os componentes com período de 06, 04 e 03 meses as maiores amplitudes ocorrem nas mesmas áreas já citadas, com exceção da região oceânica (lat. 25º30S e long. 042º00W) para o componente de 06 meses. A circulação na região adjacentes à Ilha Grande-RJ (lat. 23º15S), cuja amostragem foi realizada em escala média, foi descrita através de diagramas vetoriais progressivos (determinamos um circulação de fundo do sentido horário na Baía de Ilha Grande-RJ, em junhop de 1976). As flutuações de curto período foram determinadas através da análise de - autocorrelação obtendo-se os seguintes resultados: na parte oeste da baía, flutuações de ordem de 35 a 70 min; na parte leste da baía, flutuações da ordem de 50 a 70 min e flutuações da ordem de 3h 30min e 5h e 24min, para as profundidades - médias e próximos ao fundo, respectivamente. O caráter turbulento dos movimentos observados foi determinado através do Número de Richardson. As propriedades dispersivas nessa região foram simuladas experimentalmente, sendo os coeficientes de difusão (k - 3.5 x 10³ e 9.0 x 10³ cm².s -¹ ) determinados por técnica. fluorométricas com o uso da Rhodamina-B como traçador. / The oceanic and coastal área from Cabo Frio (RJ) (23º00S lat.) Cananéia (SP) (25°00\'S lat.) was considered large scale systems. Through time series analysis of the NOAA-4 sea surface temperature (SST) data, time differences in the occurrence of maximum and minimun mean monthly SST were observed and showed the maximum surface Walter temperature to lag coastal land station (Cananéia)by 2 months and the minimum by 1 months. For annual component of SST maximum amplirtudes were observed at Cabo Frio (upwelling Influences) and Cananéia (Malvinas Current Influences) and minimum amplitudes at coastal and oceanic area between Ubatuba(SP) and Santos (SP)(more thermal stable area). For the 6. 4 and Santos 3 month components the maximum amplitudes occurred at the areas mentioned previously, with exception to the oceanic area(25º30\'S lat. And 042º00w long.) for 6 month component. A mesoscale study was also made pn the Ilha Grande(RJ) area(23º15S lat.). The circulation was described through progressive vector diagrams (PVDs) (clockwise bottom circulatin was determined in June. 1976). Evaluation of the short period fluctuation was determined through autocorrelation analysis: West part of bay (35 to 70 min). East part of bay (50 to 70 min mean depth and 3h30 min to 5h24 min bottom depth. Studies of turbulence were made through the use of the Richardson Number. Two disperation (e.g. k + 3,5 x 10³ cm² sec-¹ and 9 x 10³ cm² sec-¹) studies were Rhodamine B exporiments.

No description available.

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si existe correlación entre los conocimientos sobre las consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física de las personas. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico durante los años 2013 y 2014. Participaron 215 alumnos de pregrado seleccionados por conveniencia no relacionados a carreras del campo de la salud en una universidad de Lima, Perú. Se evaluó el grado de actividad física utilizando el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el nivel de conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad utilizando la escala Obesity Risk Knowledge-10 (ORK-10). También, se consignó las fuentes de información de donde obtuvieron el conocimiento para responder dicho cuestionario. Resultados. La mediana de edad fue 20 (rango intercuartílico=4) y 63% eran mujeres. De acuerdo al IPAQ, 53,9% realizaban actividad física alta, 35,4%, moderada y 10,7%, leve. Se encontró una correlación muy baja (rs=0,06) entre el puntaje del ORK-10 y la cantidad de equivalentes metabólicos/minuto consumidos por semana, pero no era significativa (p=0,38). Las personas informadas por medios de comunicación y por personal de salud obtuvieron mayores puntajes en el ORK- 10 que quienes se informaron por otras vías (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La correlación entre los conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física es muy baja. Es necesario utilizar enfoques multidisciplinarios que incluyan todos los determinantes de la realización de actividad física para poder lograr cambios en la conducta de la población.