Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1994. / Title from title page screen, viewed March 15, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Ronald S. Halinski, Kenneth Strand (co-chairs), Edward Hines, Frederick Johnson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-106) and abstract. Also available in print.

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This study is focused on the field of design. It examines how people understand and perceive designers and the design professions. The study draws on a phenomenologically informed interactive perspective to provide a methodological approach to understanding what the perception of design is. The relationships between design and occupational prestige, professional status and consumerism are the principal themes that run throughout the research, but the analysis also draws on the data obtained to profile the demographics of designers, particularly in relation to income, gender and education. The research included an occupational prestige assessment, completed by 304 participants from Swinburne University and the University of the Third Age, using multidimensional scaling analysis to provide a mapping of the occupations. Overall, the results indicated that participants find it difficult to differentiate between individual design occupational specialties, but that they see design as distinct from proximate occupations such as artist and architect. The results also confirmed the premise that occupational prestige is multi-dimensional and that raters will use a variety of constructs (including service to the community, not just education and income), to determine their understanding of the perceived social standing of occupations. The findings were further explored within three focus group discussions involving both design and non�design students from Swinburne University. The results indicated that most participants, including the design students, knew relatively little about design and that what they did know was often skewed by media depictions and stereotypes. The final research stage was the development of a mail-out survey questionnaire that was distributed to design educators, members of the Design Institute of Australia and to a non-design, public group. Seven hundred and fifty three questionnaires were completed. As expected the results showed that there are differences between the level of knowledge and understanding of the three participant groups. The lack of knowledge of design and designers, particularly by the public participants, was quite evident, with the two design groups tending to rate design as more professional and of greater importance to society and the economy than the public group. Analyses of the incomes and occupational situations of the design respondents revealed that the designers generally worked in a unique environment characterised by low to middle incomes and very small organisations (except for those in the education sector). Gender differences between income and the positions held in an organisation were also found and would be a useful area for further investigation. The study was useful in that is served to clarify and quantify issues that have been raised in the literature about the poor understanding of design and designers. It provides a platform of information that could be further used in future studies to make more detailed examinations of specific issues.

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Yrkesprestige kan bidra till att påvisa trender och tendenser på arbetsmarknaden, vilket är viktigt att undersöka för att samhället ska kunna bidra med resurser där det behövs på bästa sätt. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka om syskonplaceringen påverkar ens yrkesprestige och om det finns ett samband mellan dessa. Studien undersöker även vilken riktning det eventuella sambandet har och om antalet barn i familjen påverkar den förstföddas yrkesprestige. De teorier som ligger till grund för studien är ”nisching” som innebär att man intar olika roller i familjen beroende på vilken placering i syskonskaran man har och ”The resource dilution model” som handlar om att föräldrarnas resurser är begränsade. Den data som används i studien är kvantitativ sekundärdata från LNU 2010. Urvalet bestod av kvinnor och män, folkbokförda i Sverige och var i åldrarna 35 till 65 år. Studiens analyser genomfördes med bivariata och multivarita regressionsanalyser där kontrollvariablerna kön, ålder och respondentens, faderns och moderns högsta avslutade utbildningsnivå inkluderades. Resultatet visar inte på signifikans och studiens hypotes ”Det äldsta syskonet har oftare högre yrkesprestige än de yngre syskonen” får inte stöd av analysen men visar däremot starka positiva samband på att respondentens utbildningsnivå påverkar dennes yrkesprestige.

by Chi-fai Chan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-302). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / MNC and China Business Negotiation --- p.1 / Global Business --- p.1 / The China Market --- p.3 / MNC and China Business --- p.7 / Cross-Cultural Marketing Negotiation --- p.14 / Negotiators in China Business Deals --- p.15 / Business Negotiation --- p.23 / Definition of Negotiation --- p.23 / Negotiation in the Business Context --- p.25 / International Marketing Negotiation --- p.33 / Cultural Differences --- p.41 / Managerial Concerns --- p.41 / Social Psychological Perspective --- p.49 / The Chinese Context --- p.65 / Chapter II. --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.74 / China Business Deals and Negotiation --- p.74 / China Business Deals Studies --- p.74 / China Business Negotiation --- p.83 / Descriptive Studies --- p.84 / Case Studies --- p.105 / Survey Findings --- p.112 / Boundary Position --- p.122 / Inter-group Relationship --- p.129 / Intra-group Relationship --- p.138 / Boundary Role Interaction --- p.147 / Power Distance and Collectivism . --- p.151 / Hofstede's Chinese Work Values --- p.153 / Cross-Cultural Management --- p.161 / Behavioral Evidences --- p.166 / Managerial Issues --- p.171 / Impacts on Chinese Business Negotiation --- p.179 / Independent and Dependent Variables --- p.183 / Independent Variables --- p.183 / Dependent Variables --- p.186 / Management Styles --- p.186 / Business Performance --- p.188 / Research Hypotheses . --- p.192 / Chapter III. --- METHODS . --- p.205 / Pretests --- p.205 / Subjects . --- p.206 / Experimental Design --- p.208 / Procedure . --- p.213 / Manipulations . --- p.214 / Friendship --- p.214 / Job Status --- p.215 / Nationality --- p.215 / Operationalization of Dependent Variables --- p.217 / Analysis . --- p.221 / Scale Development and Pretests --- p.221 / Difference of Sub-Samples and Experimental Groups --- p.221 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.223 / Multiple Group Analysis --- p.223 / Analysis of Variance Test --- p.225 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.227 / Difference of Sub-samples and Experimental Groups --- p.227 / Manipulation Checks --- p.230 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.232 / Results of Experimentation --- p.241 / Friendship --- p.241 / Job Status --- p.243 / Nationality --- p.243 / Nationality-Friendship Interaction --- p.244 / Nationality-Job Status Interaction --- p.246 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.248 / Evidence for the Hypotheses --- p.248 / Discussion of Findings --- p.253 / Implications --- p.259 / Cultural Differences --- p.259 / Unique Chinese Cultural Values --- p.260 / Implications to MNCs --- p.264 / Value of the Study --- p.272 / Limitations and Future Research --- p.276 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.279 / APPENDICES --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix I. --- Description of Cases --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix II. --- Questionnaire --- p.320 / Chapter Appendix III. --- Comparison of U.S. and British Subjects --- p.331 / Chapter Appendix IV. --- ANOVA Tables --- p.333 / Chapter Exhibit 1 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Win-Win Attitude" --- p.334 / Chapter Exhibit 2 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Win-Win Attitude --- p.335 / Chapter Exhibit 3 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Positive Attitude" --- p.336 / Chapter Exhibit 4 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Efficiency" --- p.337 / Chapter Exhibit 5 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Satisfaction" --- p.338 / Chapter Exhibit 6 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Conformity" --- p.339 / Chapter Exhibit 7 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Conformity --- p.340 / Chapter Exhibit 8 --- Mean Conformity: Nationality by Friendship Condition --- p.341

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