Dans les biotechnologies, les particules magnétiques sont de plus en plus utilisées dans diverses applications, de thérapies ou de diagnostics : « Drug delivery », traitements de cancers, IRM, etc. Inscrit dans le démarrage d'un nouvel axe de recherche du laboratoire SPINTEC, le travail de thèse a mis en œuvre des particules élaborées par une approche de type «top-down». Les matériaux utilisés sont antiferromagnétiques synthétiques (SAF). L'intérêt des nanoparticules magnétiques dans les domaines biomédicaux a été présenté en introduction. L'étude réalisée à SPINTEC a tout d'abord consisté à caractériser et modéliser différents matériaux SAF, et développer les procédés technologiques permettant la fabrication des particules. Ensuite le travail a été consacré à l'observation et la modélisation du comportement des particules en suspension dans un champ magnétique appliqué. Un modèle des phénomènes d'autopolarisation et d'agglomération des particules SAF a permis de déterminer une susceptibilité seuil en dessous de laquelle les particules restent dispersées en solution, évitant les phénomènes d'agglomération. / In the biotechnologies, the magnetic particles are more and more used in different applications, therapy or diagnostics such as: drug-delivery, cancer treatments, MRI …This thesis, which marks the beginnings of a new research area at SPINTEC laboratory, implemented particles made by an approach top-down. The used materials are synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF). The interest for the magnetic nanoparticles was shown in the introduction. The study made at SPINTEC was first of all the characterization and modeling of different SAF materials, and the development of the technological processes for making the particles. Then the work was devoted to observation and modeling of the behavior of the particles in suspension in the applied magnetic field. A model of self-bias and agglomeration of SAF particles allowed to determine a susceptibility threshold below which the particles remain dispersed in solution, avoiding the agglomeration phenomena.

O preço atual do minério de ferro obrigou as empresas a reduzirem os custos operacionais na fase mina. O carregamento e transporte de materiais com utilização de escavadeiras e caminhões grande porte representam grande parcela do custo total, particularmente com pneus, diesel, manutenção e mão de obra. Metas de movimentação anual são divididas durante os meses e as condições climáticas podem influenciar na produtividade e desempenho dos equipamentos. O banco de dados da movimentação mensal está condicionado com a capacidade de cada caminhão. Cada frota possui o payload característico e este representa a capacidade de transporte, sendo o valor da massa transportada o único parâmetro extraído em cada ciclo, sem considerar o posicionamento do material sobre a caçamba dos equipamentos. Forças de cisalhamento e torção são aplicadas constantemente no chassi e pneus dos caminhões e, quando as cargas estão descentralizadas, potencializam estes eventos. O transporte de cargas descentralizadas agride os pneus diminuindo a vida útil causando danos como deslocamento da banda de rodagem e separação do flanco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas e os custos operacionais. Para incrementar o posicionamento do material sobre as caçambas, a telemetria foi a ferramenta utilizada. Análises de pressões de suspensões indicam o posicionamento das cargas e através desses valores foi criado um banco de dados. Este banco de dados pode indicar qual operador de carga precisa de reciclagem, contribuindo para a redução de cargas descentralizadas e custos, uma vez que cargas deste perfil sucateiam precocemente pneus e suspensões. O estudo foi realizado em Itabira, em uma mina de minério de ferro a céu aberto. A metodologia comprovou ser capaz diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas assim como aumentar a vida útil de pneus. Uma possível economia foi apresentada para ano de 2014, período em que a média das horas trabalhadas de pneus ficou abaixo da meta aumentando os custos fase mina. / The actual iron ore price forces the companies to reduce costs in all production steps of the mining operation. Loading and hauling materials using shovel-truck system represents the highest mining costs, particularly tires, diesel, maintenance and workforce. Annual goals of materials movement are split by months were weather conditions can affect productivity and performance of the fleet. The data file of the monthly material movement is based on the scale of each truck. Every fleet has a payload and it represents the capacity of hauling, being the value of loading a unique input extracted in each duty cycle, without taking into account the position of the material over the truck’s dump. Shear forces and torsion are applied all time at the frames trucks and, when the truckloads are unbalanced, increases the forces over the frame and tires. Transport unbalanced truckloads into long distances attack the tires and decrease its end of life, causing damages like displacement of tread and flank separation. The objective of this study is to propose a methodology to decrease unbalanced truck loads reducing the mining costs. In this mission of incorporating a material position on the truck´s dump, the telemetry was taking into consideration. The analysis of the suspension pressures data values shows the truckloads positions and with this data was created a databank. This databank indicates that the operators need truck load training to reduce unbalanced loads and truck costs in the mining operation, since unbalanced loads leads to early tires and suspensions scrap. The case study was carried out at Itabira Iron Ore Mine Complex, Brazil. This methodology was able to reduce the number of unbalanced truck loads as well as the tires life was increased. An economic saving estimate is presented based on 2014 scrapped tires data bank, in this year the tires life cycle was underneath, burdening operational costs.

O objetivo principal do trabalho foi analisar o surgimento de spin-offs acadêmicos, com foco específico naqueles que tiveram como origem as pesquisas desenvolvidas nas áreas das ciências naturais (com ênfase na física e na química), a fim de se compreender as semelhanças e as particularidades dessas empresas, tomando-as como um grupo idiossincrático dentro do conjunto de empresas nascentes de base tecnológica. Para tanto, através de uma abordagem exploratória qualitativa, foram realizados três estudos de caso em empresas nas áreas de química e física fundadas entre a década de 1990 e os dias atuais, criadas por pesquisadores graduados em instituições públicas de ensino superior do Estado de São Paulo, e que estão ou estiveram incubadas. Assim, foram realizadas análises do contexto ligado à ciência, à tecnologia e à inovação e da evolução da missão da Universidade, bem como das políticas públicas e das instituições ligadas à C,T&I no Brasil. Desse modo, foi possível elencar a importância das iniciativas de estímulo ao relacionamento Universidade-Empresa, à transferência/licenciamento de tecnologias e à criação de spin-offs, além da necessidade de estruturação dos NITs, das incubadoras e dos parques tecnológicos, enquanto instituições formais de fomento e suporte ao empreendedorismo no meio acadêmico. Para que esse contexto pudesse ser tratado em conjunto com o desenvolvimento fundamental da ciência, a revisão bibliográfica tratou das formas de produção do conhecimento, assim como dos modelos de estruturação da pesquisa acadêmica. Além disso, foi realizada uma exposição dos conceitos ligados ao empreendedorismo acadêmico, bem como das definições, modelos de desenvolvimento e fatores que impactam o processo de criação e desenvolvimento de spin-offs acadêmicos. Assim, através de estudos de múltiplos casos, foi possível concluir que existem particularidades ligadas ao empreendedor e à sua empresa, relativas ao seu processo de criação e desenvolvimento, à importância dos recursos, à constituição societária e formação da equipe, ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à articulação do seu modelo de negócios, que impactam sobremaneira o seu crescimento. No contexto das ciências naturais, apesar da importância da geração de spin-offs (no processo de transferência do conhecimento da universidade ao mercado) e da notoriedade científica de pesquisadores acadêmicos e de grupos de pesquisa no Brasil, ainda são poucos os casos de empreendedores de sucesso. Esses casos são importantes no estímulo à carreira empreendedora entre os acadêmicos e profissionais dessas áreas, como exemplos que favorecerão à criação de uma cultura para geração de novas empresas de origem acadêmica nesse meio. / This thesis analyzes the emergence of academic spin-offs, with a specific focus on those derived from basic knowledge in the natural sciences (mainly Physics and Chemistry). The main interest was to understand the similarities and particularities of these companies within technology-based start-ups. An exploratory and qualitative approach was adopted, and three case studies were conducted in chemistry and physics incubated companies founded between 1990 and 2009, created by senior researchers in public institutions of higher education in the State of Sao Paulo. The context related to science, technology and innovation, the evolution of the University\'s mission, as well as public policies and institutions linked to S,T&I in Brazil were analyzed. It was possible to state the importance of initiatives to stimulate university-industry relationship, the transfer/licensing of technologies and the creation of spin-off companies. A need was also pointed for structuring OTTs, incubators and technology parks, as formal institutions to promote and support entrepreneurship in academia. The literature review addressed the forms of knowledge production, as well as models for structuring academic research. In addition, this review tried to explain the concepts related to academic entrepreneurship, as well as the definitions, development models and factors that affect the process of creation and development of academic spin-offs. Therefore, by performing the multiple case studies, it was possible to conclude that there are characteristics elated to the entrepreneur and to his company that greatly influence their growth. These characteristics are mainly related to their process of creation and development, the importance of resources, corporate formation and team formation, the product development process and the articulation of the business model. In the context of the natural sciences, despite the importance of the spin-off development (to transfer of knowledge from the university to the market) and the scientific reputation of some academic researchers and research groups in Brazil, there are few cases of entrepreneurs success. These cases are important to stimulate entrepreneurial initiatives among researchers and professionals in these areas, as examples that induce the creation of a culture for generation of new business in the midst of academic origin.

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-02-07T12:18:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO DAVID SILVA DINIZ – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEM 2014.pdf: 4871335 bytes, checksum: cfbb94b91722df0a50916a777f1ec43e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T12:18:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO DAVID SILVA DINIZ – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEM 2014.pdf: 4871335 bytes, checksum: cfbb94b91722df0a50916a777f1ec43e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-03 / CNPq / Atualmente, o desenvolvimento da indústria automotiva e uma maior exigência do mercado estimularam a intensificação dos estudos na dinâmica veicular, levando os fabricantes a focarem seus esforços em produzir e otimizar tecnologias capazes de obter veículos mais rápidos, seguros e confortáveis. Com a evolução da computação, tornou-se viável a realização de simulação numérica para modelos complexos de veículos que fosse capaz de otimizar e compreender o real comportamento dinâmico do veículo, submetidos às situações adversas. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho visa apresentar um estudo de modelagem computacional (modelo quarter car, half car e multicorpos) aplicados para avaliação do comportamento dinâmico vertical de um veículo do tipo off-road (Baja) com suspensão dianteira e traseira do tipo duplo A. Para este fim, foram feitos levantamentos experimentais dos parâmetros de suspensão associados a estudos da dinâmica vertical de um veículo off-road, do tipo baja, com auxílio da máquina de ensaio dinâmica (MTS 321.21), além de estudos dinâmicos numa mesa inercial por meio de um analisador de vibrações. Mediante os parâmetros, foram construídos e simulados os modelos matemáticos, quarter car e half car no software MATLAB e o carro completo no ambiente multicorpos. Como resultados, foram avaliadas a influência da pressão interna dos pneus, a variação das rigidezes das molas e o efeito do amortecimento em situações comuns, que o veículo fora de estrada pode ser submetido, permitindo avaliar o seu comportamento dinâmico vertical. Assim, os perfis de pistas idealizadas nestes trabalhos foram: lombada, valas e swept sine. Nos experimentos, destaca-se a variação da rigidez radial dos pneus, quando ocorrem mudanças na sua pressão interna, o efeito da variação dos valores das massas não suspensa do sistema, modificando o comportamento dinâmico do veículo no momento de excitação pelas adversidades do solo, e a variação da força de contato pneu/solo com a mudança da pressão interna dos pneus. Ambos esses efeitos causam mudança no comportamento dinâmico vertical e, em alguns casos, até na dinâmica lateral, influenciando no desempenho do veículo, o que torna imprescindível realizar estes tipos de estudos para um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos existentes, durante situações que um veículo off road são submetidos. / Currently, the development of the automotive industry and greater market demand stimulated the intensification of studies on vehicular dynamics, leading manufacturers to centralize their efforts to produce and optimize technologies capable of faster, safer and comfortable vehicles. Through the evolution of computation, it became viable the realization of numerical simulation of complex models of vehicles that would be able to optimize and understand the real dynamic behavior of the vehicle subjected to adverse situations. Within this context, this paper presents a study of computational modeling (quarter car, half car and multibody models) used for assessment of the vertical dynamic behavior of a vehicle type off-road (Baja) with front and rear suspension Double A. To make it possible, surveys of experimental parameters associated with studies of suspension of a vehicle off-road, the baja type, with the aid of dynamic testing (MTS 321.21) vertical machine dynamics were made in addition to dynamic studies in one inertial table through a vibrations analyzer. Through parameters, mathematical models (quarter car and half car) were built and simulated in MATLAB software. The complete car were built and simulated in multibody environment. With the results, there were evaluated the influence of the internal tire pressure, the variation of springs stiffness and the dampening effect throughout ordinary situations to this kind of vehicle and then allowing evaluates its vertical dynamic behavior. Therefore, the profiles of these works were idealized clues: speed bump, ditches and swept sine. In the experiments stands out a variation of the radial stiffness of the tire, when changes occur in their internal pressure, the effect of varying the values of the unsprung mass of the system, modifying the dynamic behavior of the vehicle at the time of excitation by the adversities of the soil, and the variation of contact force tire / ground with the change of the internal pressure of the tires. These effects cause changes in the vertical dynamic behavior, and in some cases even in the lateral dynamics may influence the performance of the vehicle, which makes it essential to make these types of studies to better understand the phenomena existing in situations that are off-road vehicle submitted.

O preço atual do minério de ferro obrigou as empresas a reduzirem os custos operacionais na fase mina. O carregamento e transporte de materiais com utilização de escavadeiras e caminhões grande porte representam grande parcela do custo total, particularmente com pneus, diesel, manutenção e mão de obra. Metas de movimentação anual são divididas durante os meses e as condições climáticas podem influenciar na produtividade e desempenho dos equipamentos. O banco de dados da movimentação mensal está condicionado com a capacidade de cada caminhão. Cada frota possui o payload característico e este representa a capacidade de transporte, sendo o valor da massa transportada o único parâmetro extraído em cada ciclo, sem considerar o posicionamento do material sobre a caçamba dos equipamentos. Forças de cisalhamento e torção são aplicadas constantemente no chassi e pneus dos caminhões e, quando as cargas estão descentralizadas, potencializam estes eventos. O transporte de cargas descentralizadas agride os pneus diminuindo a vida útil causando danos como deslocamento da banda de rodagem e separação do flanco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas e os custos operacionais. Para incrementar o posicionamento do material sobre as caçambas, a telemetria foi a ferramenta utilizada. Análises de pressões de suspensões indicam o posicionamento das cargas e através desses valores foi criado um banco de dados. Este banco de dados pode indicar qual operador de carga precisa de reciclagem, contribuindo para a redução de cargas descentralizadas e custos, uma vez que cargas deste perfil sucateiam precocemente pneus e suspensões. O estudo foi realizado em Itabira, em uma mina de minério de ferro a céu aberto. A metodologia comprovou ser capaz diminuir as ocorrências de cargas descentralizadas assim como aumentar a vida útil de pneus. Uma possível economia foi apresentada para ano de 2014, período em que a média das horas trabalhadas de pneus ficou abaixo da meta aumentando os custos fase mina. / The actual iron ore price forces the companies to reduce costs in all production steps of the mining operation. Loading and hauling materials using shovel-truck system represents the highest mining costs, particularly tires, diesel, maintenance and workforce. Annual goals of materials movement are split by months were weather conditions can affect productivity and performance of the fleet. The data file of the monthly material movement is based on the scale of each truck. Every fleet has a payload and it represents the capacity of hauling, being the value of loading a unique input extracted in each duty cycle, without taking into account the position of the material over the truck’s dump. Shear forces and torsion are applied all time at the frames trucks and, when the truckloads are unbalanced, increases the forces over the frame and tires. Transport unbalanced truckloads into long distances attack the tires and decrease its end of life, causing damages like displacement of tread and flank separation. The objective of this study is to propose a methodology to decrease unbalanced truck loads reducing the mining costs. In this mission of incorporating a material position on the truck´s dump, the telemetry was taking into consideration. The analysis of the suspension pressures data values shows the truckloads positions and with this data was created a databank. This databank indicates that the operators need truck load training to reduce unbalanced loads and truck costs in the mining operation, since unbalanced loads leads to early tires and suspensions scrap. The case study was carried out at Itabira Iron Ore Mine Complex, Brazil. This methodology was able to reduce the number of unbalanced truck loads as well as the tires life was increased. An economic saving estimate is presented based on 2014 scrapped tires data bank, in this year the tires life cycle was underneath, burdening operational costs.

Plant secondary metabolites (SM) are widely used by humans in many ways (pharmacy, biotechnology etc.). For making their use even more effective, it is important to know the seasonality of these chemicals in plants and what affect those changes. Three Artemisia species (Artemisia annua, A. absinthium, A. vulgaris) were cultivated during one vegetation season (from April to September 2016). Plant growth parameters and the beginning of their generative stages were observed, and leaf samples were collected regularly. Samples of some plants were collected repeatedly. A generalist herbivore (migratory locust), was used as a proxy for studying changes in plant secondary metabolism during the vegetation season. The results proved presence of defence secondary metabolites in plants except A. vulgaris species where the role of SM in defence was not shown. Levels of SM changed nonlinearly during the vegetational season and were time-dependent. Plant size did not influence the levels of SM in plants. Levels of SM were low at the beginning of the experiment followed by rapid increase and remaining on maximal levels. The plants which lost their biomass repetitively grew slowly and bloomed later than the plants which were clipped only once. A delay trend showing seasonality of the plant SM was not proved. In...

Estudo sobre spin-offs corporativas, que tem por objetivo apresentar uma proposta de Plano de Negócio para esse tipo de empresa. Foi elaborado a partir da comparação entre a experiência prática do autor e o disposto na teoria sobre spin-offs corporativas e planos de negócios; e estruturado conforme metodologia de pesquisa para o Mestrado Profissional. Agrega coleta de dados descritiva, estudo de casos, proposição do modelo e validação externa com especialistas no tema. São apresentados dois casos de implantação de spin-offs corporativas em empresas no segmento de turismo no Brasil com descrição dos planos de negócio utilizados em ambas. Foi consultada a teoria sobre spin-off corporativa para correta definição desse tipo de empresa e seus principais aspectos, o que a diferencia de uma spin-off acadêmica, bem como sua relevância para os negócios. Foram também consultados dois planos de negócio teóricos de entidades de incentivo ao empreendedorismo no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Após análise comparativa dos quatro planos de negócio e validação com dois especialistas, identificou-se que a relação entre empresa mãe e spin-off é um aspecto crítico desse negócio, bem como a carência de ferramentas para desenho de modelos de negócios. Por fim foi sugerido um padrão de Plano de Negócios para atender as necessidades especificas de implantação de spin-offs corporativas. / Research about corporate spin-offs which aims to present a Business Plan model to this kind of company. Was created by the comparison of author\'s experience and the theory about spin-off and business plan; and was formulated according to the study methodology of the Professional Masters, which combines descriptive data collecting, case studies, a model\'s proposition and external validation with specialists in this field of knowledge. Are presented two cases of spin-off implementation in brazilian tourism companies with theirs business\'s plan description. Were consulted the corporate spin-off theory in order to base the precisely definition of this kind of company and its business relevance. Were also consulted theoretical business plan of agencies of entrepreneurship\'s fostering on Brazil and United States. After comparative analysis of the four business plans and also a specialists\'s validation, was found that the relationship between the parent firm and the spin-off is an critical aspect of this kind of business as well the lack of tools to draw its business model. Ultimately was proposed a Business Plan model to ensure the specific needs of corporate spin-off implementation

Spin offs universitárias são empreendimentos gerados a partir de ativos de conhecimento desenvolvidos em uma universidade, com o objetivo de transformar aqueles conhecimentos em produtos ou serviços a serem comercializados. É uma das formas de transferência de tecnologia da universidade para a sociedade. Por seus potenciais impactos sobre localidades, países, competitividade, cultura empreendedora, difusão das inovações, geração de empregos qualificados e renda, as spin offs universitárias são objeto de interesse de diversos atores. Quais os fatores que influenciam o sucesso de empresas spin offs brasileiras foi a pergunta que norteou esta pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, através do estudo multicasos de oito empresas spin offs de sucesso geradas a partir do conhecimento produzido em duas instituições acadêmicas de engenharia: a Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo e a COPPE da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas 25 entrevistas com empreendedores e atores das universidades, complementadas com a coleta e análise de dados públicos. O modelo conceitual desenvolvido é multiníveis e composto por seis camadas: o contexto nacional; o contexto regional; a universidade; a instituição acadêmica; o laboratório ou grupo de pesquisa e, por fim, as empresas spin offs. As principais conclusões do trabalho foram que todos as camadas afetam o sucesso das empresas. No contexto nacional, o marco regulatório brasileiro é favorável à geração e desenvolvimento das spin offs, apesar de apresentar dubiedades, ser recente e ainda estar incompleto. As instituições federais nacionais possuem linhas de crédito que são acessadas pelas empresas. Na análise do contexto regional foi confirmada a importância das condições de fatores regionais que influenciaram o desenvolvimento das empresas, que utilizaram para seu desenvolvimento fontes de financiamento, acessaram clientes inovadores, rede de fornecedores e investidores das suas respectivas regiões. Não se confirmou uma conclusão da literatura de que as condições regionais seriam mais importantes que as nacionais, talvez esta seja uma das particularidades do caso brasileiro. Com relação às universidades, apesar de contarem com as suas organizações de apoio, como Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica, incubadoras e parques tecnológicos, não possuem políticas e ações claras de apoio ao empreendedorismo acadêmico e os ambientes regulatórios estão incompletos. A mesma falta de ações claras e a incompletude de regulamentação foi observada nas duas instituições acadêmicas - em uma delas as ações e políticas são mais desenvolvidos. As instituições acadêmicas possuem alto relacionamento com empresas e suas atividades de ensino e pesquisa são de excelência, as mesmas características foram observadas nos laboratórios. Com relação às empresas spin offs, 50% tiveram sua gênese espontânea e 50% planejada, as equipes empreendedoras em 37,5% dos casos eram mistas, composta por pesquisadores e profissionais experientes e 62,5% born global. Como contribuições, salienta-se a necessidade de sanar as dubiedades e complementar os ambientes regulatórios federal, regional e da universidade; criar programas de apoio ao empreendedorismo acadêmico nas instituições acadêmicas; reconhecer e cultivar seus casos de spin offs de sucesso pelos atores da universidade; fortalecer os NITs das universidade para que possam realizar adequadamente sua missão. / Academic spin offs are companies funded by entrepreneurs from a knowledge asset created in a university, in order to transform that knowledge in products and services. It is an alternative of technology transfer from the university to society. University spin-offs are object of interest of many actors because of their potential impacts on regions, countries, competitiveness, entrepreneurial culture, diffusion of innovations, generation of qualified jobs and income. \"What factors influence the success of Brazilian spin off companies?\" That was the guide question to this research. The methodology was qualitative; through a multi-case study of eight spin off successful companies. The eight cases were generated from the knowledge produced in two academic engineering institutions: the Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo and COPPE of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. We carried out 25 interviews with entrepreneurs and actors of the universities, complemented by the collection and analysis of public data. The conceptual model was developed from the literature review, it is multilevel and composed of six layers: the national context; the regional context; the university; the academic institution; the laboratory and the spin-off company. The main conclusions were that all factors affect the success of companies. In the national context, the Brazilian regulatory framework supports the generation and development of spin-offs, despite having ambiguities, being new and still incomplete. The national federal institutions have credit lines that are accessed by the companies. In the regional context, the analysis confirms the importance of the regional conditions that affected the development of the firms. These firms accessed credit lines, innovative customers, suppliers and investors networks of the regions. Whereas in the literature the conclusion of regional conditions were more important than national conditions, it was not confirmed in this research, perhaps this is one of the peculiarities of the Brazilian case. Regarding universities, despite both count on their support organizations such as the Technology Transfer Offices, incubators and science parks, they do not have clear policies and actions to support the academic entrepreneurship and the regulatory environments are incomplete. Similar unclear actions and regulatory incompleteness were observed in both academic institutions - in one of them actions and policies are more developed. Both have intense relationship with companies and their academic and research activities achieve high standards, the same characteristics were observed in the laboratories. Regarding the spin off companies, 50% had their spontaneous genesis, in 37.5% the entrepreneurial teams were mixed, consisting of researchers and experienced professionals and 62.5% were born global. Some contributions of the study were the need to: remove the ambiguities and complement federal, regional and university regulatory environments; create programs to support the academic entrepreneurship in academic institutions; know, recognize and cultivate spin offs success stories by the university actors; and strengthen the technology transfer offices in the universities so that they can properly carry out their missions.

L’utilisation des antipsychotiques (AP) pour une indication non approuvée autrement dite off-label, peut être associée avec des effets indésirables graves chez les ainés. Étant donné le peu d’études portant sur le sujet, cette étude vise à déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs associés à l’utilisation off-label des AP chez les ainés âgés ≥ 65 ans vivant dans la communauté au Québec. Des analyses secondaires des données provenant de 2 enquêtes «l’Étude sur la Santé des Aînés» (ESA) et ESA-Services, étaient effectuées sur un échantillon total de 4018 ainés. L’utilisation off-label d’AP était définie par l’absence d’une indication approuvée selon la liste d’approbation publiée par Santé Canada en juin 2016, durant la même année. Les diagnostics ont été repérés dans les registres administratifs des services médicaux et pharmaceutiques de la « Régie de l’Assurance médicale du Québec» (RAMQ) en utilisant les codes internationaux de maladies (CIM-9) validés par d’autres études, et les codes CIM-10 appropriés selon la formule de changement CIM-9/10 fournie par la RAMQ. Le cadre conceptuel d’Andersen & Newman conçu pour expliquer le comportement de l'utilisation des services de santé selon trois catégories de facteurs (prédisposant, facilitants et de besoin) a été utilisé pour étudier, avec des régressions multinomiales, l’utilisation off-label des AP comparée à la non-utilisation et à l’utilisation approuvée dite labeled. La prévalence d’utilisation d’AP dans cet échantillon d’ainés était estimée à 2.5%. Parmi les utilisateurs d’AP, 78% étaient considérés comme off-label. L’utilisation off-label des antipsychotiques comparée à la non-utilisation était associée à l’âge (RC : 0.46; 95%CI: 0.27-0.78) , le niveau de scolarité (RC: 2.68; 95%IC: 1.64- 4.40), le nombre de visites ambulatoires incluant les visites chez le médecin traitant (≥ 6) (RC: 2.39; 95%IC: 1.34- 4.25), l’utilisation d’antidépresseurs ou de benzodiazépines (RC: 5.81; 95%IC: 3.31- 10.21), et la présence d’un syndrome cérébral organique et de la maladie d’Alzheimer (RC: 5.73; 95%IC: 1.74- 18.89). L’utilisation off-label des AP comparée à l’utilisation labeled était associée avec l’insomnie (RC: 0.13; 95%IC: 0.02- 0.91) et la dépression majeure (RC: 0.02; 95%IC: <0.01-0.11). Cette étude a montré une prévalence élevée de l’utilisation off-label des AP chez les ainés vivant dans la communauté au Québec. En résumé, l’utilisation off-label des AP était associée à la présence de visites ambulatoires répétées, l’utilisation d’autres médicaments psychotropes et la présence d’un syndrome cérébral organique, reflétant potentiellement un profil des cas cliniques plus complexes. / Abstract: The risk of using antipsychotics (AP) for off-label indications may outweigh the benefits in older adults. Due to the scarcity of studies describing off-label use of AP in older adults, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of the off-label use of AP in Quebec, and to determine, using Andersen & Newman’s model of healthcare seeking behaviour, the predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with the off-label use of AP. We used data from a socio-demographically (age, sex, and postal code representing population density) weighted sample (n = 4018) of older adults living in the community and who participated in the «Enquête sur la Santé des Aînés» (ESA) and ESA-Services health studies. AP use was identified from the RAMQ pharmaceutical registry. The presence of off-label use of AP (yes/no) was identified from validated ICD-9/10 diagnoses codes found in the RAMQ and MED-ÉCHO medical services and hospitalisations databases. The off-label use of AP was defined by the absence, during the same one-year period, of an approved indication for a delivered AP, according to Health Canada’s approval database as of June 2016. Multinomial logistic regression was used to study the off-label use of AP as compared to both labeled use and non-use as a function of predisposing, enabling and need factors. In this study, the prevalence of AP use reached 2.5%, of which 78% was off-label. Compared to non-use, off-label AP use was associated with age (OR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.27-0.78); education level (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.64- 4.40), a higher number of outpatient visits including physicians visits (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 1.34- 4.25), antidepressant or benzodiazepine use (OR: 5.81; 95%CI: 3.31- 10.21), and the presence of an organic brain syndrome & Alzheimer’s disease (OR: 5.73; 95%CI: 1.74- 18.89). Compared to labeled use, off-label use was less likely in those with major depression (OR: 0.02; 95%CI: <0.01-0.11) and insomnia (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.02- 0.91). In summary, off-label use is highly prevalent among community living older adults using AP. Off-label use was associated with the presence of an organic brain syndrome & Alzheimer’s disease, other psychotropic drug use and with increased outpatient visits, suggesting the off-label use of AP in more complex and severe clinical cases. Future longitudinal studies should focus on health related changes among incident off-label users of AP.

Le transfert des connaissances scientifiques de l’université vers l’industrie favorise la croissance économique et l’innovation. L’un des mécanismes qui permet d’assurer ce transfert est l’entreprise spin-off. La création de cette entreprise, issue du monde universitaire,implique un processus initié par le chercheur universitaire et suppose l’intervention de plusieurs acteurs. Ce processus est jugé long, incertain et peu contrôlable. Notre recherche consiste à appréhender ce phénomène en étudiant des éléments internes et externes qui limitent ou bloquent l’émergence de ce type d’entreprises innovantes.Notre étude porte sur le contexte Tunisien, dans lequel la création de la spin-offuniversitaire reste un phénomène très rare et peu développé. Nous avons montré à travers uneétude empirique organisée en deux temps (une étude exploratoire synchronique et une étudelongitudinale) que ce processus est marqué par un ensemble de barrières qui retardent ouempêchent la création de la spin-off. Une échelle de classification des différentes barrières aété proposée afin d’éclaircir et préciser la nature spécifique et l’impact de chaque barrière surle déroulement du processus de création. Ces barrières peuvent être reliées aux ressources, àl’écosystème entrepreneurial, à la culture universitaire et à la réglementation légale. Nousavons proposé à la lumière de nos résultats, présentés dans une logique processuelle, desrecommandations sous forme de politiques et pratiques qui auront pour rôle de promouvoirl’activité de création des spin-offs universitaires. Ces recommandations peuvent être utilespour les chercheurs porteurs de projets, les décideurs politiques et les responsablesuniversitaires. / The transfer of scientific knowledge from the University to the industry encourageseconomic growth and innovation. One of the mechanisms allowing this transfer is the spin-offcompany. The creation of the latter from academia world involves a process initiated by theacademic researcher and expects the intervention of many actors. This process is consideredto belong, uncertain and less controllable. This research aims to understand this phenomenonthrough studying internal and external elements which limit or block the emergence of suchtypes of innovative companies.This study focuses on the Tunisian context, in which the creation of the university spinoffremains an uncommon and a poorly developed phenomenon. It was conducted through anempirical study organized in two steps (a synchronic exploratory study and a longitudinalstudy) that entrepreneur-researcher is encountered by a set of obstacles that delay or preventthe creation of the spin-off. Therefore, a classification scale of these obstacles is proposed inthis piece of research in order to clarify and specify the nature and the impact of each one onthe creation process. As a matter of fact, they can be related to the resources, entrepreneurialecosystem, University culture and legal regulation. In the light of these results, presented in aprocessual logic, recommendations were proposed in the form of policies and practices whoserole is to promote the creation activity of academic spin-offs. These recommendations can beuseful for entrepreneur-researchers, policy makers and academic leaders