This thesis examines online journalism in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and its role in political debate in this emerging democracy. It also focuses on the role of the internet in the public sphere, explores the historical context in which Kurdish online journalism has developed and compares mass media in the Kurdistan region to that in other newly democratic countries, in addition to the mass media landscape, human rights conditions and political system in the Kurdistan region and Iraq overall are explored. Data has been collected through in-depth interviewing of journalists, both independent and affiliated with political parties, as well as media academics and other educators. Moreover, as a case study, a qualitative thematic analysis has been carried out on opinion articles in online news sites to search for key themes and messages published and explore the limits of free discussion online. The thesis argues that although there are many barriers to media work and freedom of expression, online journalism in the Kurdistan region is an alternative tool for expression and constitutes a better medium for promoting freedom of speech than mainstream media outlets. It then suggests recommendations for conducting further studies about the development and influences of online journalism and social media on Kurdish society.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 terossi_k_me_bauru.pdf: 1305759 bytes, checksum: 6b9e6ad23847052f0c2d9a80f578be3d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as representações da cidadania e o modo como são construídas no webjornalismo, com a finalidade de discutir as limitações e potencialidades dessa modalidade de jornalismo na cobertura de um caso específico de violação de direitos. Para isso, realizamos uma análise comparativa de dois webjornais com propostas editoriais distintas: a Folha.com, que é generalista e factual, e a Repórter Brasil, focada no tema do trabalho escravo contemporâneo. O corpus de análise é constituído por conteúdo noticioso (textos, imagens e vídeos) desses dois webjornais, disponibilizando online em 2011, que trata dos flagrantes de trabalho análogo à escravidão em oficinas de costura que produziam peças para a marca Zara e seus desdobramentos. A análise revelou que a Folha.com subutiliza a multimidialidade e a hipertextualidade, contextualiza contextualiza notícias novas copiando e colando textos das anteriores, o que, somado à sua abordagem factual, determina a superficialidade e a pouca pluralidade na cobertura do assunto. Por outro lado, a Repórter Brasil aborda aspectos não tratados na Folha.com e de forma detalhada, mobilizando frequentemente a hipertextualidade, no sentido do aprofundamento noticioso e do reforço das representações negativas da Zara / This research aims to investigate the representations of citizenship and the way they are built in webjournalism, in order to discuss the limitations and potentialities of that form of journalism. For that, we made a comparative analysis of two webjournals with different editorial policies: Folha.com, which is generalist and factual, and Repórter Brasil, that is especialized in the today's slave labor. The corpus analysis are news content (texts, pictures and video) from both webjournals, available online since 2011, about the discovery of slave-like labor is sewing facilities which manufactured garments for Zara brand and its developments. The analysis revealed that Folha.com has underused multimediality and hipertexuality, contextualized news through copy and paste from previous texts which, added to its factual approach results in superficiality and little plurality in the topic coverage. Othewise, Repórter Brasil raised issues issues which weren't mentioned by Folha.com and in a detailed way, using often hipertextuality, in the meaning of news deepening and strengthening negative Zara representations

Orientador: Murilo Cesar Soares / Banca: Rogério Christofoletti / Banca: Danilo Rothberg / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as representações da cidadania e o modo como são construídas no webjornalismo, com a finalidade de discutir as limitações e potencialidades dessa modalidade de jornalismo na cobertura de um caso específico de violação de direitos. Para isso, realizamos uma análise comparativa de dois webjornais com propostas editoriais distintas: a Folha.com, que é generalista e factual, e a Repórter Brasil, focada no tema do trabalho escravo contemporâneo. O corpus de análise é constituído por conteúdo noticioso (textos, imagens e vídeos) desses dois webjornais, disponibilizando online em 2011, que trata dos flagrantes de trabalho análogo à escravidão em oficinas de costura que produziam peças para a marca Zara e seus desdobramentos. A análise revelou que a Folha.com subutiliza a multimidialidade e a hipertextualidade, contextualiza contextualiza notícias novas "copiando e colando" textos das anteriores, o que, somado à sua abordagem factual, determina a superficialidade e a pouca pluralidade na cobertura do assunto. Por outro lado, a Repórter Brasil aborda aspectos não tratados na Folha.com e de forma detalhada, mobilizando frequentemente a hipertextualidade, no sentido do aprofundamento noticioso e do reforço das representações negativas da Zara / Abstract: This research aims to investigate the representations of citizenship and the way they are built in webjournalism, in order to discuss the limitations and potentialities of that form of journalism. For that, we made a comparative analysis of two webjournals with different editorial policies: Folha.com, which is generalist and factual, and Repórter Brasil, that is especialized in the today's slave labor. The corpus analysis are news content (texts, pictures and video) from both webjournals, available online since 2011, about the discovery of slave-like labor is sewing facilities which manufactured garments for Zara brand and its developments. The analysis revealed that Folha.com has underused multimediality and hipertexuality, contextualized news through "copy and paste" from previous texts which, added to its factual approach results in superficiality and little plurality in the topic coverage. Othewise, Repórter Brasil raised issues issues which weren't mentioned by Folha.com and in a detailed way, using often hipertextuality, in the meaning of news deepening and strengthening negative Zara representations / Mestre

This thesis empirically investigates alarm and prosocial words in online news headlines and the associated reads (the number of clicks), responses (including the number of likes, dislikes, and comments), and relays (the number of shares). I analyze over 170,000 online news headlines and mainly the associated number of reads and likes for each news story on an online news platform. Theoretically, based on the meta-level evolutionary theory－evolution by natural selection－I propose a middle-level evolutionary model of prosocial media effects from a nature-nurture interactive perspective. Then, I propose a specific evolutionary model that was derived from the proposed middle-level model, the human alarm system for sensational news, a psychological mechanism designed to detect and concern threatening news. I generate research questions from the specific model to test whether news headlines with alarm words attract more likes as a survival concern indirectly through an increased number of reads as a selection device, and whether prosocial words in headlines serve as a moderator. The results of a conditional indirect effect model showed that given that online readers click on (i.e, read) news headlines with alarm words, the fact that it has a prosocial word in the headlines leads readers more likely to "like" it. The empirical findings' theoretical and methodological contributions, research agenda, and examples of implications for future studies are discussed.

This thesis examines online journalism in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and its role in political debate in this emerging democracy. It also focuses on the role of the internet in the public sphere, explores the historical context in which Kurdish online journalism has developed and compares mass media in the Kurdistan region to that in other newly democratic countries, in addition to the mass media landscape, human rights conditions and political system in the Kurdistan region and Iraq overall are explored. Data has been collected through in-depth interviewing of journalists, both independent and affiliated with political parties, as well as media academics and other educators. Moreover, as a case study, a qualitative thematic analysis has been carried out on opinion articles in online news sites to search for key themes and messages published and explore the limits of free discussion online. The thesis argues that although there are many barriers to media work and freedom of expression, online journalism in the Kurdistan region is an alternative tool for expression and constitutes a better medium for promoting freedom of speech than mainstream media outlets. It then suggests recommendations for conducting further studies about the development and influences of online journalism and social media on Kurdish society. / Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)

Internet has emerged as an interactive platform. Thus, new communication technologies are challenging the traditional media with interactive devices turning online journalism into a rich media environment. While new information technologies have enabled media organisations to use interactive features in the constructed presentation of news websites, few news websites in the Iraqi Kurdistan region are maximizing such features. Also, this thesis argues that despite the lack of a good infrastructure in the field of communication technology and the Internet in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR), online journalism has become a major part of Kurdish media outlets and distinctive from traditional media because of its interactive nature. The study presented in this thesis focus on interactivity in online journalism by examine interactive features of Kurdish news websites of the (IKR) and analyses how news is presented and to what extent these news websites tried to apply the interactive features on their hompages and inside the news pages. The level of interactivity of those Kurdish websites was also measured using several dimensions of interactivity by conducting web-based content analysis. The analysis of the qualitative part based on in-depth interviews with Kurdish reporters, editors, editor in chiefs, media experts and web developers. The findings show that the Kurdish news websites did not fully utilize and enhance interactive features in online journalism.

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近年来，中国内地市场化报纸纷纷开设"报网互动栏目"来常规性吸纳和利用网络用生成内容。本文试图对这一现象作出描述、分析和解释。本研究从新闻常规和新闻内容两个面向，对作为中国"报网互动栏目"范例的《S报》"网"版进行了考察。考察围绕以下问题展开："报网互动"栏目的新闻常规是什么？它与一般新闻常规有何异同？这些新闻常规是如何形成的，又发挥了怎样的作用？是否帮助"报网互动栏目"突破中国媒体在践行传媒公共性上的局限？为什么会出现这样的情况？以往对用生成内容、新闻常规以及传媒公共性三者关系的研究都主要产生于自由主义传统的社会。本研究将为此提供一个新的参照，其背景是像中国内地这样的非自由主义传统的社会。 / 本研究通过对《S报》"网"版的考察发现，"网"版在吸纳用生成内容时因应出一定的以公共性为导向的新常规，这些常规主要存在于新闻生产的发现、选择、报道以及撤稿等环节。在这些常规的作用下，"报网互动栏目"重视吸纳与公共利益相关、尤其是与监督公权力相关的用生成内容，并在报道中彰显出鲜明的民间立场。但是，《S报》同时保留了既定的对传媒公共性具有破坏作用的新闻常规。这些新闻常规限制了"报网互动栏目"对传媒公共性追求，使其难以突破过往中国媒体在践行传媒公共性上的局限性。 / 中国内地市场化报纸"报网互动栏目"所展示出的局限的公共性是国家、市场、新闻专业主义和互联网技术等多重因素共同作用的结果。其中，国家、市场、新闻专业主义均不同程度地发挥了促进和破坏传媒公共性的双面作用。因此，尽管互联网科技为传媒提供了提升自身公共性的可能性，但这种可能性在特定的权力结构中被消解。 / In recent years, market-driven newspapers in China have increasingly established the "Press-Internet Interaction Section [Baowang Hudong Lanmu]" to regularly incorporate user-generated content. This dissertation tries to describe, analyze, and explain this phenomenon. The study examines the news routine and news content of one exemplary section, "The Net Section" of S-News. The exploration focuses on the following questions: What is the news routine in this "Press-Internet Interaction Section"? Is it different from established newspaper routines? How is it formed? How does it work? Does the news routine promote the publicness of the news content? And why? So far most existing literature on this topic examines cases in societies with liberal traditions of news-making. This study provides a new point of reference in the contexts of societies outside the liberal traditions such as in China. / This study finds that S-News has established several new public-oriented routines to appropriate the user-generated content. Meanwhile, the newspaper also retains some established routines that threaten the publicness of media. These two types of news routines make the news content of "Press-Internet Interaction Section" only show limited publicness as other Chinese media. / The performance of "Press-Internet Interaction Section" is the result of a confluence of factors. The factors include the state, the market, the journalistic professionalism and the Internet. Except the Internet, all three other factors construct and destruct the publicness of media to varying degrees. As a result, the possibility provided by the Internet to increase the publicness of media has been minimal within established power structures. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 張偉偉. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-283). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhang Weiwei.

Chen Yun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-100). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Prologue --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2： --- "Internet, J-blog, and the Public Sphere..…" --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1. --- The Public Sphere： from West to East --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2. --- Internet and the Public Sphere --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3. --- A Brief History of blog and its Development in China --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4. --- Blogs and the Public Sphere --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5. --- Blogs and Journalism --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6. --- Media and Journalism in China --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7. --- Identity and Public Sphere --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3： --- Research Question and Research Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1. --- Research Scope and the Selected Sample --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2. --- A Single Case Study of Anti blog --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3. --- Research Questions: --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4. --- Qualitative methods： --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5. --- Quantitative method： --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4： --- Findings --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Anti blog as alternative public sphere --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identity and authority construction of Anti blog --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3. --- The Personalization of j-blog： empowerment and its discontent --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Discussion： Internet, public sphere and identity construction" --- p.78 / Appendix --- p.90 / Bibliography --- p.92

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