A main challenge in the field of special effects is to create special effects in real time in a way that the user can preview the effect before taking the actual picture or movie sequence. There are many techniques currently used to create computer-simulated special effects, however current techniques in computer graphics do not provide the option for the creation of real-time texture synthesis. Thus, while computer graphics is a powerful tool in the field of special effects, it is neither portable nor does it provide work in real-time capabilities. Real-time special effects may, however, be created optically. Such approach will provide not only real-time image processing at the speed of light but also a preview option allowing the user or the artist to preview the effect on various parts of the object in order to optimize the outcome. The work presented in this dissertation was inspired by the idea of optically created special effects, such as painterly effects, encoded in images captured by photographic or motion picture cameras. As part of the presented work, compact relay optics was assessed, developed, and a working prototype was built. It was concluded that even though compact relay optics can be achieved, further push for compactness and cost-effectiveness was impossible in the paradigm of bulk macro-optics systems. Thus, a paradigm for imaging with multi-aperture micro-optics was proposed and demonstrated for the first time, which constitutes one of the key contributions of this work. This new paradigm was further extended to the most general case of magnifying multi-aperture micro-optical systems. Such paradigm allows an extreme reduction in size of the imaging optics by a factor of about 10 and a reduction in weight by a factor of about 500. Furthermore, an experimental quantification of the feasibility of optically created special effects was completed, and consequently raytracing software was developed, which was later commercialized by SmARTLens(TM). While the art forms created via raytracing were powerful, they did not predict all effects acquired experimentally. Thus, finally, as key contribution of this work, the principles of scalar diffraction theory were applied to optical imaging of extended objects under quasi-monochromatic incoherent illumination in order to provide a path to more accurately model the proposed optical imaging process for special effects obtained in the hardware. The existing theoretical framework was generalized to non-paraxial in- and out-of-focus imaging and results were obtained to verify the generalized framework. In the generalized non-paraxial framework, even the most complex linear systems, without any assumptions for shift invariance, can be modeled and analyzed.

Les systèmes quantiques unidimensionnels à N corps présentent des comportements particuliers et intrigants liés à leur dimensionnalité réduite, qui amplifie l’effet des fluctuations et des corrélations. Les expériences de gaz d’atomes ultra-froids permettent d’isoler et de contrôler efficacement les paramètres du système et de simuler des systèmes modèles pour lesquels il existe de nombreux outils théoriques. Je présenterai ici les résultats des études réalisées pendant ma thèse de Doctorat, visant à explorer le comportement de gaz de Bose unidimensionnels (gaz de Lieb-Liniger) à l’équilibre et hors équilibre. Je donnerai notamment un aperçu de la boite à outils aujourd’hui disponible permettant de caractériser les propriétés thermodynamiques d’un gaz de Lieb-Liniger, et présenterai une étude détaillée du mode de respiration d’un tel système. / One-dimensional quantum many-body systems exhibit peculiar and intriguing behaviors as a consequence of the reduced dimensionality, which enhances the effect of fluctuations and correlations. The high degree of isolation and controllability of experiments manipulating ultra-cold atomic gases allows for the experimental simulation of text-book models, for which many theory tools are available for quantitative comparison. I will present instances of such efforts carried out during my PhD thesis, namely, the studies performed to investigate the behavior of 1D Bose gas (Lieb-Liniger gas) at equilibrium and beyond. An overview of the toolbox available to date to characterize the equilibrium thermodynamics of a Lieb-Liniger gas will be shown, followed by a detailed study of the breathing mode of such a system.

The Dielectric Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides (DLSPPWs) have recently emerged as a possible solution to carry both optical and electrical signals on- chip. However, in the particular context of optical interconnects, advanced functionalities such as filtering, switching, and routing are required in order to replace in the future the equivalent electronic components which are too much power consumer and also to reduce their footprints. After presenting the interest and limitation of the leakage radiation microscopy method used all along this work, we show several active devices using thermo-sensitive polymers as the dielectric load driven electrically by Joule heating. Then we demonstrate the feasibility of all-optical systems by either doping the dielectric with metallic nanoparticles or by plasmo-thermal eect of a second plasmonic mode providing a localized heating of controlled shape. The dynamic activation of our thermo- optical devices is performed using a homemade fiber-to-fiber setup which allows us to investigate the response time of a plasmo-thermal heating as well as true datacom transmission. Some improvements of the original DLSPPWs performances are proposed by adding a metallic wall on one side of the polymer ridge. This system can act as a compact and athermal polarization converter

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) arises as a result of the birefringence in optical fibers, due to inherent asymmetries and deformities from external stresses. The spectral components of the input optical pulse propagate with different group velocities. Consequently, pulse duration increases leading to intersymbol interference between consequent symbols, leading to performance reduction of the coherent systems. In order to compensate for the PMD, we use adaptive linear PMD equalizers. Due to the dynamic and random nature of PMD, it is crucial for a system designer to efficiently simulate the PMD-induced outage probabilities of 10-5. Because of this stringent requirement, it is computationally costly to use the conventional Monte Carlo methods. To overcome this hurdle, Importance Sampling methods, such as the multicanonical Monte Carlo method have been applied in the past in order to efficiently reduce the simulation time required to estimate the statistics of these rare events. The multicanonical Monte Carlo method does not require any prior knowledge of which rare events contribute significantly to the PMD-induced outages. In essence, multicanonical Monte Carlo simulations adaptively bias the input random variables with a priori unknown weights. The PMD emulation model consists of a concatenation of birefringent sections, simulated based on MMC. The objective of this dissertation is to apply, for the first time, the multicanonical Monte Carlo method to accurately and efficiently evaluate the performance of adaptive, blind, feed-forward PMD equalizers employed in coherent polarization division multiplexed (PDM) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) systems in all order PMD emulation model. In the exclusive presence of PMD, we demonstrated that the half-symbol-period-spaced adaptive electronic equalizers, based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) equalizers perform slightly better than the decision directed least mean square (DD-LMS) counterparts at links with larger PMD values, whereas the opposite holds true for the low PMD regime. Due to their distinguishable performance in different regimes of the PMD, they provided an even better performance when running DD-LMS after a first round of CMA-based equalization than using either one of the equalization algorithms stand alone. Finally, the joint presence of PMD and intermediate frequency offset or PMD and random differential phase carrier shifts slightly worsened the performance of the coherent PDM QPSK systems, independently of the equalizer. Although these random differential carrier phase shifts are typically omitted in similar PMD studies in intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) systems, they should be taken into account in due to the phase sensitivity of the PDM QPSK coherent systems. / Οι οπτικές ίνες παρουσιάζουν διπλοθλαστικότητα, η οποία οφείλεται σε κατασκευαστικές ατέλειες των οπτικών ινών και σε εξωτερικούς παράγοντες. Η διπλοθλαστικότητα προκαλεί διασπορά μεταξύ των φασματικών συνιστωσών ενός διαμορφωμένου οπτικού σήματος. Κάθε φασματική συνιστώσα, ανάλογα με την πόλωσή της στην είσοδο της οπτικής ίνας, υφίσταται διαφορετική αλλαγή φάσης κατά τη διέλευσή της μέσα από την οπτική ίνα. Το φαινόμενο αυτό ονομάζεται διασπορά τρόπων πόλωσης. Η διασπορά τρόπων πόλωσης στην οπτική ίνα προκαλεί παραμόρφωση του οπτικού σήματος κι αλληλοπαρεμβολή συμβόλων στον οπτικό δέκτη, με αποτέλεσμα τη μείωση της απόδοσης ενός σύμφωνου οπτικού τηλεπικοινωνιακού συστήματος. Για την αντιμετώπιση του φαινομένου, χρησιμοποιούνται οι προσαρμοστικοί γραμμικοί εξισωτές διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Εξαιτίας της στατιστικής φύσης του φαινομένου, πιθανότητες διακοπής της λειτουργίας της τάξεως του 10-5 ενός σύμφωνου συστήματος, τετραδικής διαμόρφωσης φάσης με πολυπλεξία πόλωσης της τάξεως με εξισωτές διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, υπολογίστηκαν βάσει της πολυκανονικής Monte Carlo μεθόδου (MMC). Στην MMC μέθοδο. οι παράμετροι στην είσοδο του συστήματος κατευθύνονται, έτσι ώστε στην έξοδο, η (άγνωστη) συνάρτηση πυκνότητας πιθανότητας της παραμέτρου ελέγχου να υπολογίζεται με ακρίβεια ακόμα και στις ουρές της. Το πλεονέκτημα της ΜΜC, σε σχέση με τις μεθόδους δειγματοληψίας σημαντικότητας, είναι ότι δεν απαιτείται καμία γνώση για το ποιες περιοχές στην είσοδο πρέπει να δειγματοληφθούν, ώστε στην έξοδο να προκύψουν τα σπάνια εκείνα γεγονότα που μας ενδιαφέρουν. Με βάση την ΜΜC μέθοδο υλοποιήθηκε και το μοντέλο της ίνας, ως μια αλληλουχία διπλοθλαστικών πλακιδίων. Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής, είναι η αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης του ενός σύμφωνου συστήματος με χρήση των εξισωτών, συναρτήσει της πιθανότητας διακοπής της λειτουργίας του συστήματος. Για την περίπτωση της αποκλειστικής παρουσίας της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, ο εξισωτής ελαχίστου μέσου τετραγώνου (DD-LMS) έχει αποδοτικότερη λειτουργία, σε σχέση με τον εξισωτή σταθερής περιβάλλουσας (CMA), για χαμηλές τιμές της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, ενώ ο εξισωτής CMA κυριαρχεί στις περιοχές με μεγαλύτερες τιμές της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Η βέλτιστη λειτουργία του σύμφωνου συστήματος σε μια ευρύτερη περιοχή τιμών της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, επιτυγχάνεται με την χρήση ενός συνδυασμού των δύο εξισωτών CMA και LMS. Η αλληλεπίδραση της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης και της ενδιάμεσης συχνότητας επηρεάζει την απόδοση του σύμφωνου συστήματος, όπου ο εξισωτής CMA λειτουργεί αποδοτικότερα σε σχέση με τον εξισωτή DD-LMS, τόσο στις περιοχές χαμηλής όσο και υψηλής τιμής της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Επίσης, αν στο μοντέλο της ίνας, προσομοιώσουμε και τις τυχαίες διαφορικές ολισθήσεις της φέρουσας συχνότητας μεταξύ των πλακιδίων, λόγω της διπλοθλαστικότητας, τότε η επίδοση των εξισωτών ελαττώνεται. Επομένως, θα πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψιν για την ορθότερη αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης του σύμφωνου συστήματος.

Les guides d’ondes plasmoniques à rubans dielectriques (DLSPPW) sont récemment apparus comme une des solutions possible pour le transport de signaux optiques et électriques sur puce. Néanmoins, dans le contexte particulier des interconnections optiques, des fonctionalitées avancées telles que filtrage, commutation, et routage sont nécessaires afin de remplacer dans le futur les composants electroniques équivalents trop gourmands en énergie et aussi réduire leur empreinte. Après une présentation des intérêts et limitations de la technique de micro- scopie à fuite radiative, nous montrons plusieurs composants actifs utilisant pour diélectrique des polymères thermo-sensibles controlés électriquement par eet Joule. Par la suite nous démontrons la faisabilité de systèmes tout optique que ce soit par dopage du polymère par des nanoparticules metalliques ou par eet thermo-plasmonique d’un second mode plasmon permettant un échauement localisé de forme choisie. L’activation dynamique de nos composants thermo-optiques est réalisée grâce à un montage fibre-à-fibre créé spécialement nous permettant d’investiguer le temps de réponse d’un chauage plasmonique ainsi que la transmission de signal télécom. Des améliorations de performances du concept DLSPPW original sont proposées par l’ajout d’un mur métallique sur le côté du ruban de polymère. Ce système peut alors fonctionner comme un convertisseur de polarisation compacte et athermique / The Dielectric Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides (DLSPPWs) have recently emerged as a possible solution to carry both optical and electrical signals on- chip. However, in the particular context of optical interconnects, advanced functionalities such as filtering, switching, and routing are required in order to replace in the future the equivalent electronic components which are too much power consumer and also to reduce their footprints. After presenting the interest and limitation of the leakage radiation microscopy method used all along this work, we show several active devices using thermo-sensitive polymers as the dielectric load driven electrically by Joule heating. Then we demonstrate the feasibility of all-optical systems by either doping the dielectric with metallic nanoparticles or by plasmo-thermal eect of a second plasmonic mode providing a localized heating of controlled shape. The dynamic activation of our thermo- optical devices is performed using a homemade fiber-to-fiber setup which allows us to investigate the response time of a plasmo-thermal heating as well as true datacom transmission. Some improvements of the original DLSPPWs performances are proposed by adding a metallic wall on one side of the polymer ridge. This system can act as a compact and athermal polarization converter

No description available.

[EN] The processing of radiofrequency signals using photonics means is a discipline that appeared almost at the same time as the laser and the optical fibre. Photonics offers the capability of managing broadband radiofrequency (RF) signals thanks to its low transmission attenuation, a variety of linear and non-linear phenomena and, recently, the potential to implement integrated photonic subsystems. These features open the door for the implementation of multiple functionalities including optical transportation, up and down frequency conversion, optical RF filtering, signal multiplexing, de-multiplexing, routing and switching, optical sampling, tone generation, delay control, beamforming and photonic generation of digital modulations, and even a combination of several of these functionalities. This thesis is focused on the application of vector processing in the optical domain to radiofrequency signals in two fields of application: optical beamforming, and photonic vector modulation and demodulation of digital quadrature amplitude modulations. The photonic vector control enables to adjust the amplitude and phase of the radiofrequency signals in the optical domain, which is the fundamental processing that is required in different applications such as beamforming networks for direct radiating array (DRA) antennas and multilevel quadrature modulation. The work described in this thesis include different techniques for implementing a photonic version of beamforming networks for direct radiating arrays (DRA) known as optical beamforming networks (OBFN), with the objectives of providing a precise control in terrestrial applications of broadband signals at very high frequencies above 40 GHz in communication antennas, optimizing the size and mass when compared with the electrical counterparts in space application, and presenting new photonic-based OBFN functionalities. Thus, two families of OBFNs are studied: fibre-based true time delay architectures and integrated networks. The first allow the control of broadband signals using dispersive optical fibres with wavelength division multiplexing techniques and advanced functionalities such as direction of arrival estimation in receiving architectures. In the second, passive OBFNs based on monolithically-integrated Optical Butler Matrices are studied, including an ultra-compact solution using optical heterodyne techniques in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material, and an alternative implementing a homodyne counterpart in germanium doped silica material. In this thesis, the application of photonic vector processing to the generation of quadrature digital modulations has also been investigated. Multilevel modulations are based on encoding digital information in discrete states of phase and amplitude of an electrical signal to enhance spectral efficiency, as for instance, in quadrature modulation. The signal process required for generating and demodulating this kind of signals involves vector processing (phase and amplitude control) and frequency conversion. Unlike the common electronic or digital implementation, in this thesis, different photonic based signal processing techniques are studied to produce digital modulation (photonic vector modulation, PVM) and demodulation (PVdM). These techniques are of particular interest in the case of broadband signals where the data rate required to be managed is in the order of gigabit per second, for applications like wireless backhauling of metro optical networks (known as fibre-to-the-air). The techniques described use optical dispersion in optical fibres, wavelength division multiplexing and photonic up/down conversion. Additionally, an optical heterodyne solution implemented monolithically in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is also described. / [ES] El procesamiento de señales de radiofrecuencia (RF) utilizando medios fotónicos es una disciplina que apareció casi al mismo tiempo que el láser y la fibra óptica. La fotónica ofrece la capacidad de manipular señales de radiofrecuencia de banda ancha, una baja atenuación, procesados basados en una amplia variedad de fenómenos lineales y no lineales y, recientemente, el potencial para implementar subsistemas fotónicos integrados. Estas características ofrecen un gran potencial para la implementación de múltiples funcionalidades incluyendo transporte óptico, conversión de frecuencia, filtrado óptico de RF, multiplexación y demultiplexación de señales, encaminamiento y conmutación, muestreo óptico, generación de tonos, líneas de retardo, conformación de haz en agrupaciones de antenas o generación fotónica de modulaciones digitales, e incluso una combinación de varias de estas funcionalidades. Esta tesis se centra en la aplicación del procesamiento vectorial en el dominio óptico de señales de radiofrecuencia en dos campos de aplicación: la conformación óptica de haces y la modulación y demodulación vectorial fotónica de señales digitales en cuadratura. El control fotónico vectorial permite manipular la amplitud y fase de las señales de radiofrecuencia en el dominio óptico, que es el procesamiento fundamental que se requiere en diferentes aplicaciones tales como las redes de conformación de haces para agrupaciones de antenas y en la modulación en cuadratura. El trabajo descrito en esta tesis incluye diferentes técnicas para implementar una versión fotónica de las redes de conformación de haces de en agrupaciones de antenas, conocidas como redes ópticas de conformación de haces (OBFN). Se estudian dos familias de redes: arquitecturas de retardo en fibra óptica y arquitecturas integradas. Las primeras permiten el control de señales de banda ancha utilizando fibras ópticas dispersivas con técnicas de multiplexado por división de longitud de onda y funcionalidades avanzadas tales como la estimación del ángulo de llegada de la señal en la antena receptora. En la segunda, se estudian redes de conformación pasivas basadas en Matrices de Butler ópticas integradas, incluyendo una solución ultra-compacta utilizando técnicas ópticas heterodinas en silicio sobre aislante (SOI), y una alternativa homodina en sílice dopado con germanio. En esta tesis, también se han investigado técnicas de procesado vectorial fotónico para la generación de modulaciones digitales en cuadratura. Las modulaciones multinivel codifican la información digital en estados discretos de fase y amplitud de una señal eléctrica para aumentar su eficiencia espectral, como por ejemplo la modulación en cuadratura. El procesado necesario para generar y demodular este tipo de señales implica el procesamiento vectorial (control de amplitud y fase) y la conversión de frecuencia. A diferencia de la implementación electrónica o digital convencional, en esta tesis se estudian diferentes técnicas de procesado fotónico tanto para la generación de modulaciones digitales (modulación vectorial fotónica, PVM) como para su demodulación (PVdM). Esto es de particular interés en el caso de señales de banda ancha, donde la velocidad de datos requerida es del orden de gigabits por segundo, para aplicaciones como backhaul inalámbrico de redes ópticas metropolitanas (conocida como fibra hasta el aire). Las técnicas descritas se basan en explotar la dispersión cromática de la fibra óptica, la multiplexación por división de longitud de onda y la conversión en frecuencia. Además, se presenta una solución heterodina implementada monolíticamente en un circuito integrado fotónico (PIC). / [CA] El processament de senyals de radiofreqüència (RF) utilitzant mitjans fotònics és una disciplina que va aparèixer gairebé al mateix temps que el làser i la fibra òptica. La fotònica ofereix la capacitat de manipular senyals de radiofreqüència de banda ampla, una baixa atenuació, processats basats en una àmplia varietat de fenòmens lineals i no lineals i, recentment, el potencial per implementar subsistemes fotònics integrats. Aquestes característiques ofereixen un gran potencial per a la implementació de múltiples funcionalitats incloent transport òptic, conversió de freqüència, filtrat òptic de RF, multiplexació i demultiplexació de senyals, encaminament i commutació, mostreig òptic, generació de tons, línies de retard, conformació de feix en agrupacions d'antenes i la generació fotònica de modulacions digitals, i fins i tot una combinació de diverses d'aquestes funcionalitats. Aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació del processament vectorial en el domini òptic de senyals de radiofreqüència en dos camps d'aplicació: la conformació òptica de feixos i la modulació i demodulació vectorial fotònica de senyals digitals en quadratura. El control fotònic vectorial permet manipular l'amplitud i la fase dels senyals de radiofreqüència en el domini òptic, que és el processament fonamental que es requereix en diferents aplicacions com ara les xarxes de conformació de feixos per agrupacions d'antenes i en modulació multinivell. El treball descrit en aquesta tesi inclou diferents tècniques per implementar una versió fotònica de les xarxes de conformació de feixos en agrupacions d'antenes, conegudes com a xarxes òptiques de conformació de feixos (OBFN), amb els objectius de proporcionar un control precís en aplicacions terrestres de senyals de banda ampla a freqüències molt altes per sobre de 40 GHz en antenes de comunicacions, optimitzant la mida i el pes quan es compara amb els homòlegs elèctrics en aplicacions espacials, i la presentació de noves funcionalitats fotòniques per agrupacions d'antenes. Per tant, s'estudien dues famílies de OBFNs: arquitectures de retard en fibra òptica i arquitectures integrades. Les primeres permeten el control de senyals de banda ampla utilitzant fibres òptiques dispersives amb tècniques de multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona i funcionalitats avançades com ara l'estimació de l'angle d'arribada del senyal a l'antena receptora. A la segona, s'estudien xarxes de conformació passives basades en Matrius de Butler òptiques en fotònica integrada, incloent una solució ultra-compacta utilitzant tècniques òptiques heterodinas en silici sobre aïllant (SOI), i una alternativa homodina en sílice dopat amb germani. D'altra banda, també s'ha investigat en aquesta tesi tècniques de processament vectorial fotònic per a la generació de modulacions digitals en quadratura. Les modulacions multinivell codifiquen la informació digital en estats discrets de fase i amplitud d'un senyal elèctric per augmentar la seva eficiència espectral, com ara la modulació en quadratura. El processat necessari per generar i desmodular aquest tipus de senyals implica el processament vectorial (control d'amplitud i fase) i la conversió de freqüència. A diferència de la implementació electrònica o digital convencional, en aquesta tesi s'estudien diferents tècniques de processament fotònic tant per a la generació de modulacions digitals (modulació vectorial fotònica, PVM) com per la seva demodulació (PVdM). Això és de particular interès en el cas de senyals de banda ampla, on la velocitat de dades requerida és de l'ordre de gigabits per segon, per a aplicacions com backhaul sense fils de xarxes òptiques metropolitanes (coneguda com fibra fins l'aire). Les tècniques descrites es basen en explotar la dispersió cromàtica de la fibra òptica, la multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona i la conversió en freqüència. A més, es prese / Piqueras Ruipérez, MÁ. (2016). Photonic Vector Processing Techniques for Radiofrequency Signals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63264