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Os aparelhos intraorais (AIOs) de avanço mandibular, têm sido sugeridos como tratamentos alternativos aos intolerantes ou não aderentes à pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP), no entanto não há estudos que avaliem a efetividade de AIO em pacientes obesos grau III, população bastante afetada pela presença de SAOS. Por isso este ensaio clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar a melhora na qualidade de sono, qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e gravidade de SAOS, antes e após o uso de AIO, comparado com o uso da placa ajustável de silicone, em pacientes com grau III de obesidade. A amostra foi composta por quarente e cinco pacientes com AOS leve/moderada/severa, foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos paralelos: AIO e controle passivo (placa ajustável de silicone). Foram aplicados questionários relativos à qualidade de vida, presença de sonolência diurna excessiva e qualidade do sono e também foram submetidos a exames de polissonografia antes do início e depois de 45 dias de uso do tratamento. Não houve diferença significativa nas variáveis idade e medidas antropométricas entre grupos (p<0,001). Diferenças foram encontradas na qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e qualidade do sono, em favor do tratamento com AIO (p<0,001) e houve melhora significativa no índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) entre o baseline e pós-tratamento no grupo AIO (p<0,001). Pode-se concluir que o AIO proposto foi eficiente e pode ser considerado tratamento alternativo ou coadjuvante viável da SAOS em pacientes obesos grau III. / Intraoral appliances (AIOs) of mandibular advancement have been suggested as alternative treatments to those intolerant or non-adherent to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); however, there are no studies evaluating the effectiveness of AIO in grade III obese patients, population affected by the presence of OSAS. Therefore, this randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the improvement in sleep quality, quality of life, daytime sleepiness and OSAS severity, before and after the use of AIO, compared to the use of adjustable silicone plaques in patients with grade III of obesity. The sample consisted of forty-five patients with mild / moderate / severe OSA, were randomly divided into two parallel groups: AIO and passive control (adjustable silicone plaque). Questionnaires related to quality of life, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were applied and polysomnography examinations were also performed before and after 45 days of treatment. There was no significant difference in the variables age and anthropometric measurements between groups (p <0.001). Differences were found in quality of life, daytime drowsiness and sleep quality in favor of AIO treatment (p <0.001) and there was a significant improvement in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between the baseline and post-treatment in the AIO group (p <0.001). It can be concluded that the proposed AIO was efficient and could be considered a viable alternative or adjuvant treatment of OSAS in grade III obese patients.

Os aparelhos intraorais (AIOs) de avanço mandibular, têm sido sugeridos como tratamentos alternativos aos intolerantes ou não aderentes à pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP), no entanto não há estudos que avaliem a efetividade de AIO em pacientes obesos grau III, população bastante afetada pela presença de SAOS. Por isso este ensaio clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar a melhora na qualidade de sono, qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e gravidade de SAOS, antes e após o uso de AIO, comparado com o uso da placa ajustável de silicone, em pacientes com grau III de obesidade. A amostra foi composta por quarente e cinco pacientes com AOS leve/moderada/severa, foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos paralelos: AIO e controle passivo (placa ajustável de silicone). Foram aplicados questionários relativos à qualidade de vida, presença de sonolência diurna excessiva e qualidade do sono e também foram submetidos a exames de polissonografia antes do início e depois de 45 dias de uso do tratamento. Não houve diferença significativa nas variáveis idade e medidas antropométricas entre grupos (p<0,001). Diferenças foram encontradas na qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e qualidade do sono, em favor do tratamento com AIO (p<0,001) e houve melhora significativa no índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) entre o baseline e pós-tratamento no grupo AIO (p<0,001). Pode-se concluir que o AIO proposto foi eficiente e pode ser considerado tratamento alternativo ou coadjuvante viável da SAOS em pacientes obesos grau III. / Intraoral appliances (AIOs) of mandibular advancement have been suggested as alternative treatments to those intolerant or non-adherent to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); however, there are no studies evaluating the effectiveness of AIO in grade III obese patients, population affected by the presence of OSAS. Therefore, this randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the improvement in sleep quality, quality of life, daytime sleepiness and OSAS severity, before and after the use of AIO, compared to the use of adjustable silicone plaques in patients with grade III of obesity. The sample consisted of forty-five patients with mild / moderate / severe OSA, were randomly divided into two parallel groups: AIO and passive control (adjustable silicone plaque). Questionnaires related to quality of life, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were applied and polysomnography examinations were also performed before and after 45 days of treatment. There was no significant difference in the variables age and anthropometric measurements between groups (p <0.001). Differences were found in quality of life, daytime drowsiness and sleep quality in favor of AIO treatment (p <0.001) and there was a significant improvement in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between the baseline and post-treatment in the AIO group (p <0.001). It can be concluded that the proposed AIO was efficient and could be considered a viable alternative or adjuvant treatment of OSAS in grade III obese patients.

Syfte: Att utvärdera patientnyttan av behandling med apnébettskena vid obstruktivt sömnapnésyndrom (OSAS) på avdelningen för Orofacial smärta och käkfunktion på Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö Universitet, samt att undersöka vilka subjektiva och kliniska faktorer som kan förutsäga ett lyckat behandlingsutfall samt om behandlingsbiverkningar uppstår. Material och metod: I en retrospektiv kvalitetsstudie utvärderades 183 konsekutiva patientjournaler mellan 2017/01–2020/05. Data från journalerna granskades avseende subjektiva symtom och kliniska fynd för att kunna besvara på befintliga frågeställningar. Data inhämtades från ett standardiserat formulär och klinisk undersökning från baseline (n=183), 3 månader (n=143) samt 1 årsuppföljning (n=93). Datamaterialet analyserades i SPSS 27. Resultat: En god behandlingseffekt rapporterades av 66% vid 3 månaders och 64% vid 1 årsuppföljningen. En signifikant kvarstående förbättring av morgontrötthet (p&lt;0,000), dagtrötthet (p&lt;0,000) och sömnighet (p&lt;0,000) registrerades. Sömnighet graderades med Epworths sömnighetsskala. Antal uppvaknande per natt minskade (p&lt;0,000). Följsamheten var god, 71% använde skenan 6–7 nätter i veckan. Den vanligaste biverkningen var övergående smärta i tuggsystemet. Bettavvikelser i form av minskad vertikal och horisontell överbitning förekom hos 22 respektive 14 patienter vid 3 månaders uppföljningen. Inga predikterande faktorer för en positiv behandlingseffekt kunde registreras i denna studie. Slutsats: Majoriteten av patienter upplevde en god behandlingseffekt, hade minskad morgon och dagtrötthet och uppvisade en god följsamhet av att använda apnébettskenan. Inga prediktiva värden kunde identifieras för gott behandlingsutfall. Smärta och bettavvikelse rapporterades av var femte patient, minskad horisontell och/eller vertikal överbitning registrerades hos ungefär var 10:e patient / Aim: To evaluate the long-term effect of treatment with an oral appliance in patients withobstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) at the Department of Orofacial Pain and JawFunction, Faculty of odontology, Malmö University, and to investigate which subjective andclinical factors can predict a successful treatment outcome and whether side effects occur. Material and method: In a retrospective quality study, 183 consecutive patient records wereevaluated between 2017/01-2020/05. Data from the records were examined for subjectivesymptoms and clinical findings in order to answer stated questions. Data were obtained froma standardized inquiry and a clinical examination from baseline (n=183), 3 months (n=143)and a one-year follow-up (n=93). The data material was analysed with SPSS 27. Results: A good treatment effect was reported by 66% at 3 months and 64% at 1 year followup. A significant sustained improvement in morning sleepiness(p&lt;0.000), daytime sleepiness(p&lt;0.000), and sleepiness (p&lt;0.000) was recorded. Sleepiness was graded according to theEpworth sleep index. The number of awakenings per night decreased (p&lt;0.000). Compliancewas good, 71% of patients used the splint 6-7 nights a week. Most common dental sideeffects were transient pain in the masticatory system. Dental side-effects in the form ofreduced vertical and horizontal overbite occurred in 22 respectively 14 patients at the 3months follow up. No predictive factors could be found in this study. Conclusion: The majority of patients experienced a good treatment effect, had reducedmorning fatigue and daytime sleepiness and showed a good consistency of using an oralappliance. No predictive values could be identified for good treatment outcomes. Pain anddental changes were reported by one in five patients, decreased overbite and/or overjet wasrecorded in approximately one in 10 patients.

A população idosa possui alta prevalência de edentulismo e, conseqüentemente, é afetada por problemas a ele associados. A perda da dimensão vertical de oclusão (DVO) é um destes problemas que compromete o desempenho do sistema estomatognático. Logo, doenças relacionadas ao colapso da musculatura, como a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), tornam-se enfermidades relevantes para pacientes nesta faixa etária. Sendo assim, medidas terapêuticas eficazes e de baixo custo, como a utilização de um dispositivo intraoral (DIO) para liberação do fluxo aéreo, devem ser empregadas contribuindo para a qualidade do sono destes pacientes. A intenção deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade subjetiva e objetiva do aumento da DVO, em 19 pacientes idosos, portadores de próteses totais (PTs) bimaxilares, antes e depois da terapia com o dispositivo intraoral (DIO), especialmente desenvolvido para aumentar a DVO, sem provocar avanço mandibular. Para isso, questionários de rastreamento da qualidade do sono e polissonografias foram realizadas, em três momentos distintos: momento basal sem PTs, momento com PTs e momento com DIO. Concluiu-se que o DIO testado pode contribuir para uma melhor qualidade de sono dos pacientes e dos parceiros do sono, na medida em que levou à diminuição significativa do ronco e elevada preferência pelo uso do DIO para dormir. No entanto, a utilização do DIO, para esta amostra, não melhorou significativamente os parâmetros polissonográficos em relação ao momento basal (sem prótese) e, portanto, não pode ser indicado como tratamento para a SAOS. Assim sendo, novos estudos envolvendo análise do diâmetro da via aérea superior (VAS) e efeitos colaterais são necessários, para terapia de SAOS, em pacientes portadores de PTs bimaxilares. / There is a high prevalence of edentulism and problems associated to it in the elderly population. A decrease in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is one of such problems which hinder the stomatognathic system. Therefore, it is important to investigate disorders associated with the weakening of musculature, such as the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), in such patients. Therapeutic measures of low cost and high efficacy, such as intraoral devices (ID), are needed in order to remove the obstruction of airway flow and improve the patients sleep quality. The present study aimed to assess the subjective and objective effectiveness of an ID, specially designed to increase OVD avoiding mandibular protrusion, in 19 elderly patients who wore upper and lower full dentures (FD), before and after therapy. For this purpose, sleep quality was analyzed using questionnaires and polysomnography at three distinct moments: baseline without FDs, with FDs, and with ID. It was possible to conclude that the ID tested can contribute to the improvement of the quality of sleep in patients as well as in their partners, as it significantly decreased snoring; the participants referred that they preferred to use the ID to sleep. However, the use of ID in this sample of people did not significantly improve the parameters assessed in polysomnography, when compared to the baseline (without FDs) and, therefore, should not be used as treatment for OSAS. Thus, further studies are needed in order to better evaluate dimensions of the upper airways as well as side effects for OSAS therapy in patients who wear upper and lower FDs.

A população idosa possui alta prevalência de edentulismo e, conseqüentemente, é afetada por problemas a ele associados. A perda da dimensão vertical de oclusão (DVO) é um destes problemas que compromete o desempenho do sistema estomatognático. Logo, doenças relacionadas ao colapso da musculatura, como a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), tornam-se enfermidades relevantes para pacientes nesta faixa etária. Sendo assim, medidas terapêuticas eficazes e de baixo custo, como a utilização de um dispositivo intraoral (DIO) para liberação do fluxo aéreo, devem ser empregadas contribuindo para a qualidade do sono destes pacientes. A intenção deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade subjetiva e objetiva do aumento da DVO, em 19 pacientes idosos, portadores de próteses totais (PTs) bimaxilares, antes e depois da terapia com o dispositivo intraoral (DIO), especialmente desenvolvido para aumentar a DVO, sem provocar avanço mandibular. Para isso, questionários de rastreamento da qualidade do sono e polissonografias foram realizadas, em três momentos distintos: momento basal sem PTs, momento com PTs e momento com DIO. Concluiu-se que o DIO testado pode contribuir para uma melhor qualidade de sono dos pacientes e dos parceiros do sono, na medida em que levou à diminuição significativa do ronco e elevada preferência pelo uso do DIO para dormir. No entanto, a utilização do DIO, para esta amostra, não melhorou significativamente os parâmetros polissonográficos em relação ao momento basal (sem prótese) e, portanto, não pode ser indicado como tratamento para a SAOS. Assim sendo, novos estudos envolvendo análise do diâmetro da via aérea superior (VAS) e efeitos colaterais são necessários, para terapia de SAOS, em pacientes portadores de PTs bimaxilares. / There is a high prevalence of edentulism and problems associated to it in the elderly population. A decrease in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is one of such problems which hinder the stomatognathic system. Therefore, it is important to investigate disorders associated with the weakening of musculature, such as the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), in such patients. Therapeutic measures of low cost and high efficacy, such as intraoral devices (ID), are needed in order to remove the obstruction of airway flow and improve the patients sleep quality. The present study aimed to assess the subjective and objective effectiveness of an ID, specially designed to increase OVD avoiding mandibular protrusion, in 19 elderly patients who wore upper and lower full dentures (FD), before and after therapy. For this purpose, sleep quality was analyzed using questionnaires and polysomnography at three distinct moments: baseline without FDs, with FDs, and with ID. It was possible to conclude that the ID tested can contribute to the improvement of the quality of sleep in patients as well as in their partners, as it significantly decreased snoring; the participants referred that they preferred to use the ID to sleep. However, the use of ID in this sample of people did not significantly improve the parameters assessed in polysomnography, when compared to the baseline (without FDs) and, therefore, should not be used as treatment for OSAS. Thus, further studies are needed in order to better evaluate dimensions of the upper airways as well as side effects for OSAS therapy in patients who wear upper and lower FDs.

Objectif: Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil (TRS) sont courants pendant la grossesse et sont associés à des conséquences néfastes pour la santé de la mère et du fœtus. Ceux-ci peuvent être causés par des changements dans l'équilibre sympathovagal (ESV), qui peuvent être estimés par des analyses de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC). Le but de l'étude est d'évaluer la VFC chez les femmes enceintes souffrant d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS) à l’aide d’enregistrements polysomnographiques (PSG) à trois moments. Matériel et méthode: Dix-sept femmes enceintes diagnostiquées avec une AOS légère à modérée ont effectué des PSGs: au 2e trimestre (PSG1), au 3e trimestre, traitées avec une orthèse d’avancement mandibulaire (OAM) titrée (PSG2) et 3-6 mois post-partum (PSG3). Les données ont été analysées par conditions en intervalles cumulés de 5 minutes d’état de base (Baseline) et en intervalles cumulés de 3 minutes avant le début des événements d'AOS (Event) pour chaque stade du sommeil (NREM2, NREM3, REM) au cours de la nuit. Résultats: Le ESV (rapport de puissance spectrale basses fréquences / hautes fréquences) était statistiquement significatif pour toutes les PSGs cumulatifs par conditions (stades de sommeil Baseline p <0,01 et stades de sommeil Event p <0,01; REM> NREM2> NREM3). Une diminution significative de l'indice d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH) a été observée à PSG2 (PSG1 vs PSG2; p < 0,01). À l'analyse post hoc, à PSG2 uniquement, l'activité parasympathique (puissance spectrale des hautes fréquences normalisées (% HF normalisé)) en condition Event diminue significativement dans les stades de sommeil NREM2 (p = 0,01) et NREM3 (p <0,01) par rapport au % HF normalisé en condition Baseline pour les mêmes stades de sommeil. Conclusions: Bien que l’IAH soit réduit avec le traitement de l’OAM pendant la grossesse, l’influence du système nerveux autonome sur les évènements respiratoires semble modérée. / Purpose: Sleep breathing disorders are common during pregnancy and are associated with adverse consequences for the health of the mother and the fetus. These can be caused by changes in sympatho-vagal balance (SVB), which can be estimated through heart rate variability (HRV) analyses. The aim of the study is to assess the HRV in pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at three time points. Methods: Seventeen pregnant women diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA performed 3 polysomnographic recordings (PSG): in the second trimester (PSG1), in the third trimester treated with a titrated oral appliance (OA) (PSG2) and 3-6 months post-partum. Data were analyzed in cumulative 5 minutes baseline interval samples (Baseline) and in cumulative 3 minutes interval samples before the onset of the OSA events (Event) for each sleep stages (NREM2, NREM3, REM) over the course of the night. Results: SVB (Low-/High-Frequency power ratio) was statistically significant for all cumulative PSGs per samples (Baseline sleep stages p < 0.01 and Event sleep stages p < 0.01 ; REM > NREM2 > NREM3). Significant diminution of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was observed at PSG2 (PSG1 vs PSG2; p < 0,01). In post hoc analysis, at PSG2 only, Event parasympathetic activity (Normalized High-Frequency % (Normalized HF %)) decreases significantly in NREM2 (p = 0.01) and NREM3 (p < 0.01) when compared to respective Baseline Normalized HF %. Conclusions: Results suggest normal shifts in SVB across sleep stages. Although AHI is reduced with the treatment of OA during pregnancy, the influence of the autonomic nervous system on respiratory events seems to remain mild.

<p>Enthusiasm for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has declined in recent years, partly because of a lower success rate over time and partly because of adverse effects. In more severe cases, the patients are generally treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, many patients do not satisfactorily tolerate CPAP as a result of frequent side-effects. Consequently, there is a need for an alternative treatment. Reports on the beneficial effects of mandibular advancement appliances in the treatment of mild-to-moderate OSA exist in the form of short–term evaluations.</p><p>One of the aims of the present thesis was to compare treatment effects with a mandibular advancement appliance and UPPP in patients with OSA with follow-up after one and four years. Ninety-five male patients with confirmed mild-to-moderate OSA (apnea index, AI >5 and <25) were randomised to treatment with a dental appliance or UPPP. Sleep studies were performed before and one and four years after intervention. According to the criteria for normalisation (AI<5 and apnea hypopnea index, AHI<10), 78% of the patients in the dental appliance group and 51% of the patients in the UPPP group had normalised after one year (p<0.05). Still after four years of treatment, 63% of the patients in the dental appliance group and 33% of the patients in the UPPP group were normalised. The dental appliance group had a higher normalisation rate than the UPPP group, but the efficacy was partly invalidated by the compliance rate of 62%.</p><p>Quality of life assessments in the dimensions of vitality, contentment and sleep improved in both groups at the one-year follow-up after treatment. There was no difference between the groups in terms of vitality and sleep. The UPPP group, however, reported a higher degree of contentment than the dental appliance group, even though the somnographic values were superior in the latter group. </p><p>Another aim was to conduct a randomised study to test the hypothesis that severe OSA patients will benefit from more pronounced mandibular advancement (MA) compared with a shorter advancement. Eighty-six males with severe OSA (AI>20) were randomly allocated to either 75% or 50% MA for a six-month treatment period. Treatment with a more pronounced mandibular advancement yielded a 20% higher normalisation rate than a shorter advancement. A mean normalisation rate of 45% was found for patients in this category with few side-effects, good patient satisfaction and a compliance of 92% after 6 months. </p><p>The overall conclusion is that dental appliance treatment is effective in patients with mild to moderate OSA and even for patients with severe OSA. The efficacy in terms of normalisation in patients with mild to moderate OSA was higher after the dental appliance treatment with a 50% degree of advancement than after the UPPP treatment. However, severe OSA patients might benefit from more pronounced advancement (75%) compared with a shorter degree of advancement (50%). QOL improved significantly after both dental appliance and UPPP treatment. </p>

Enthusiasm for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has declined in recent years, partly because of a lower success rate over time and partly because of adverse effects. In more severe cases, the patients are generally treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, many patients do not satisfactorily tolerate CPAP as a result of frequent side-effects. Consequently, there is a need for an alternative treatment. Reports on the beneficial effects of mandibular advancement appliances in the treatment of mild-to-moderate OSA exist in the form of short–term evaluations. One of the aims of the present thesis was to compare treatment effects with a mandibular advancement appliance and UPPP in patients with OSA with follow-up after one and four years. Ninety-five male patients with confirmed mild-to-moderate OSA (apnea index, AI &gt;5 and &lt;25) were randomised to treatment with a dental appliance or UPPP. Sleep studies were performed before and one and four years after intervention. According to the criteria for normalisation (AI&lt;5 and apnea hypopnea index, AHI&lt;10), 78% of the patients in the dental appliance group and 51% of the patients in the UPPP group had normalised after one year (p&lt;0.05). Still after four years of treatment, 63% of the patients in the dental appliance group and 33% of the patients in the UPPP group were normalised. The dental appliance group had a higher normalisation rate than the UPPP group, but the efficacy was partly invalidated by the compliance rate of 62%. Quality of life assessments in the dimensions of vitality, contentment and sleep improved in both groups at the one-year follow-up after treatment. There was no difference between the groups in terms of vitality and sleep. The UPPP group, however, reported a higher degree of contentment than the dental appliance group, even though the somnographic values were superior in the latter group. Another aim was to conduct a randomised study to test the hypothesis that severe OSA patients will benefit from more pronounced mandibular advancement (MA) compared with a shorter advancement. Eighty-six males with severe OSA (AI&gt;20) were randomly allocated to either 75% or 50% MA for a six-month treatment period. Treatment with a more pronounced mandibular advancement yielded a 20% higher normalisation rate than a shorter advancement. A mean normalisation rate of 45% was found for patients in this category with few side-effects, good patient satisfaction and a compliance of 92% after 6 months. The overall conclusion is that dental appliance treatment is effective in patients with mild to moderate OSA and even for patients with severe OSA. The efficacy in terms of normalisation in patients with mild to moderate OSA was higher after the dental appliance treatment with a 50% degree of advancement than after the UPPP treatment. However, severe OSA patients might benefit from more pronounced advancement (75%) compared with a shorter degree of advancement (50%). QOL improved significantly after both dental appliance and UPPP treatment.