Institutional organizations are characterized by countless states and processes which take different values over time. This behaviour expressed by a change is a response to impulses and dynamics of external as well as internal environment. The changes may take different character, some of them can have a negative or almost destructive effect and therefore it is necessary to prevent such states. An adequate tool for reduction of these negative processes is management representing fundamental methods and activities for administration of an organization. Since the interpretation of the word management is broad, the main goal of the paper is to find such a concept of administration, which is not only a set of isolated activities, but puts facts into context. Such defined concept should adequately signalize possible changes of a state and evaluate them before they lead to cumulative and synergistic effects. A particular solution is seen in the autoregulation of an organization, which mainly on the principle of causal dependence and feedback can determine its further behaviour. This phenomenon may be considered common with open systems but for the purpose of this paper it is necessary to identify if it is possible to organize a system so that it is able to provide feedback expected and also if it is able to adapt the system in time. In order to fulfil the goals stated above some organisational principles have been formulated. They enable organizations to make use of autoregulation on the basis of available information of theoretical as well as practical nature. Then this concept is applied in a specific environment of an institutional organization and then it is verified if autoregulational mechanisms can effectively not only support and maintain a state of an organization if adequately arranged, but also activate a continuous process of a change, which have been demonstrated in practical applications.

Inom byggbranschen är det av vikt att hitta arbetssätt som på lång sikt sänker byggkostnaderna för att på så sätt kunna producera en vara som kräver mindre förbrukning av resurser men som även fortsätter vara konkurrenskraftig. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur medarbetarna vid Skanskas byggprojekt "Trädgårdarna" i Boglundsängen, Örebro kommun, arbetar för att minimera slöserier (icke värdeskapande aktiviteter). Syftet är även att identifiera vanliga slöserier som förekommer, både generellt på byggarbetsplatser men i synnerhet på byggprojektet "Trädgårdarna", samt att slutligen komma med förslag på åtgärder för att mini-mera dessa slöserier. Arbetet grundar sig på en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer och obser-vationer. När detta arbete skrevs var produktionen i ett tidigt stadie. Arbetets resultat påvisar att det finns både styrkor och brister gällande hur arbetet på "Trädgårdarna" fortskrider. Även fast produktionen i skrivandets stund inte har kommit så långt på projektet framkommer det av resultatet att personalen värdesätter ordning och reda och försöker upprätthålla detta genom olika tillvägagångssätt. Överlag arbetar personalen bra med att minska slöserier på arbets-platsen. De slöserier som har uppstått beror främst på brister i projekteringen och/eller produktionsplaneringen. För att minska slöserierna och upprätthålla ett effektivt arbetssätt är det av stor vikt att ha en genomarbetad projektering, genomföra arbetsberedningar på så många moment som möjligt, ha god ordning och reda på arbetsplatsen, ta tillvara på personalens kunskap och engagemang samt att utnyttja någon form av samordnad leverans för att minimera lagerhållningen och väntetiderna. / In the construction industry it is important to find ways of working that in the long term lowers construction costs so as to produce a product that requires less consumption of resources, but which also continues to be competitive. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how employees at Skanska's construction project "Trädgårdarna" in Boglundsängen, Örebro, work to minimize wastes (non value-adding activities). It also seeks to identify common wastes that occur, both generally on construction sites but in particular on the building project "Trädgårdarna", and finally to come up with suggestions on measures to minimize these wastes. This thesis is based on a qualitative method in the form of interviews and observations. When this thesis was written production was at an early stage. The results of this thesis demonstrate that there are both strengths and weaknesses regarding how work on "Trädgårdarna" is pro-gressing. Although the production was in an early stage, during the time of writing this thesis, the results show that the staff appreciates orderliness at their workplace and try to maintain this through different means. Overall, the staff work well to reduce wastage in the workplace. The wastes which have arisen primarily did so due to deficiencies in the design and/or production planning. To reduce the wastage rate and maintain an effective work it is of great importance to have a well-planned design, to implement work preparations as frequently as possible, to have an orderly workplace, to take advantage of the staff's knowledge and commitment and to use some form of coordinated delivery system to minimize inventory and waiting times.

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)