Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-28T12:19:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Mara Alexandre da Silva.pdf: 458810 bytes, checksum: 70a72dfd6d35926572affcb5392ec6f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T12:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Mara Alexandre da Silva.pdf: 458810 bytes, checksum: 70a72dfd6d35926572affcb5392ec6f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Organic production is an alternative for family farmers where practices to reduce costs and to preserve natural resources can add value to the product and improve quality of life. The weeds can cause losses in crops, by reduction of income, increase in pests and diseases, non uniformity in maturity and difficulties for harvesting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris) at different sowing densities regarding the incidence of weeds in organic production system. Two field experiments were conducted in the Agroecological Production Integrated System of 47 km in Serop?dica-RJ, in the years 2013 and 2014, in a randomized block design with four replications. In 2013 a 4x3 factorial was used, combining four cultivars (Ouro Negro, Manteig?o, Radiante and Apor?) and three densities (8, 13 and 18 plants m-1 linear). In 2014 a 2x3 factorial was used, between two cultivars (Manteig?o and Ouro Negro) and three treatments (13 plants m-1 with manual cleaning of weeds, 13 and 18 plants m-1 without cleaning). To obtain the desired plant population, 50% more seeds were sown in each treatment and plants were thinned 15 days after. Sampling was carried out at the flowering stage to assess biomass and nodulation of bean and biomass of weeds, and at physiological maturity to evaluate grain yield. In 2013, the largest shoot and root dry mass and number of nodules per plant occurred in the density of 8 plant m-1. Increased planting density reduced the number of pods per plant, with no effect of density on grain yield. The lower biomass of weeds was observed at densities of 13 and 18 plant m-1, and also for cutivars Manteig?o and Ouro Negro. In 2014, treatment with 13 plants m-1 with cleaning showed greater dry mass of shoots and roots per plant. At flowering, treatment with 13 plants m-1 showed higher dry matter and number of weeds. The cultivar Ouro Negro showed higher grain yield at density of 13 plants m-1 with cleaning, followed by 18 plants m-1, with no differences between treatments for cultivar Manteig?o. The treatment with 18 plants m-1 showed lower mass of weeds at bean flowering, similar to the treatment with 13 plants m-1 with cleaning. Plots with cultivar Manteig?o had the highest dry matter of weeds in the three density treatments. Grain yield did not differ significantly among cultivars, ranging in 2013 from 1310 kg ha-1 for Apor? and 1409 kg ha-1 for Manteig?o, and in 2014 of 1298 and 1419 kg ha-1 for Manteig?o and Ouro Negro. It is concluded that increasing plant density reduced the incidence of weeds and did not affect grain yield. It was also carried out a field trial in 2013 in family agricultural establishment in the city of Teresopolis-RJ, in order to encourage the cultivation of special beans and to experience economic and social strategies of reproduction. The experiment had a 4x2 factorial with four replications, using four cultivars (Apor?, Manteig?o, Radiante and Valente) and two treatments (with and without commercial inoculant with rhizobia). Grain yield of the four cultivars did not differ between the treatments in the absence and presence of seed inoculation with rhizobia / A produ??o org?nica constitui uma alternativa para a agricultura familiar, onde pr?ticas para diminuir os custos de produ??o e preserva??o dos recursos naturais agregariam valor ao produto e qualidade de vida. As plantas espont?neas podem causar perdas em cultivos, pela redu??o do rendimento, aumento de pragas e doen?as, desuniformidade na matura??o e dificuldades na colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) em diferentes densidades de semeadura, com rela??o ? incid?ncia de plantas espont?neas em sistema org?nico de produ??o. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica do km 47, em Serop?dica-RJ, nos anos de 2013 e 2014, em blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es. Em 2013 foi utilizado esquema fatorial 4x3, combinando quatro cultivares (Ouro Negro, Manteig?o, Radiante e Apor?) e tr?s densidades (8, 13 e 18 plantas m-1 linear) e em 2014 utilizou-se esquema fatorial 2x3, entre duas cultivares (Manteig?o e Ouro Negro) e tr?s tratamentos (densidade de 13 plantas m-1 com limpeza manual de plantas espont?neas, densidades de 13 e 18 plantas m-1 sem limpeza). Para obten??o da popula??o desejada, foram semeadas 50% mais sementes em cada tratamento, e 15 dias ap?s realizou-se desbaste. Foram efetuadas amostragens no est?dio de flora??o para avalia??o de biomassa e nodula??o do feijoeiro e da biomassa de plantas espont?neas, e na matura??o fisiol?gica para avalia??o do rendimento. Em 2013, a maior massa seca de parte a?rea e raiz e n?mero de n?dulos por planta ocorreu na densidade de 8 plantas m-1. O aumento da densidade de plantio reduziu o n?mero de vagens por planta, sem efeito da densidade na produtividade de gr?os. A menor massa de plantas espont?neas foi observada nas densidades de 13 e 18 plantas m-1, e com as cultivares Manteig?o e Ouro Negro. Em 2014, o tratamento com 13 plantas m-1 com limpeza apresentou maior massa seca de parte a?rea e raiz por planta. Na flora??o, o tratamento com 13 plantas m-1 sem limpeza apresentou maior massa seca e n?mero de espont?neas. A cultivar Ouro Negro apresentou maior produ??o de gr?os no tratamento de 13 plantas m-1 com limpeza, seguida por 18 plantas m-1, sem diferen?as entre tratamentos na cultivar Manteig?o. O tratamento com 18 plantas m-1 apresentou menor massa de espont?neas na flora??o do feijoeiro, similar a 13 plantas m- 1 com limpeza. A cultivar Manteig?o apresentou maior massa de espont?neas nos tr?s tratamentos. A produ??o de gr?os n?o diferiu significativamente entre as cultivares, variando em 2013 entre 1310 kg ha-1 para Apor? e 1409 kg ha-1 para Manteig?o, e em 2014 com 1298 e 1419 kg ha-1 para Manteig?o e Ouro Negro. Conclui-se que o aumento da densidade de plantio reduziu a incid?ncia de plantas espont?neas e n?o afetou a produtividade de gr?os do feijoeiro. Foi tamb?m conduzido um experimento de campo em 2013 em estabelecimento agr?cola familiar no munic?pio de Teres?polis-RJ, com o objetivo de incentivar o cultivo de feij?es especiais e vivenciar estrat?gias de reprodu??o econ?mica e social. O experimento tinha esquema fatorial 4x2 com quatro repeti??es, entre quatro cultivares (Apor?, Manteig?o, Radiante e Valente) e dois tratamentos (com e sem uso de inoculante comercial de riz?bio). A produ??o de gr?os das quatro cultivares n?o diferiu entre os tratamentos na aus?ncia e na presen?a de inocula??o de sementes com riz?bio.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Crop Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / Organic tomatoes are increasingly popular with larger market acceptance since organic farming uses limited or no artificial chemicals. Application of organic fertilisers such as cattle manure has potential to boost organic tomato productivity particularly under low input farming systems. However, information is required on the optimum level of manure application on different tomato cultivars to help emerging tomato farmers in South Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the relative response of yield and yield components among selected determinate and indeterminate tomato cultivars using different levels of cattle manure. Two separate field experiments were conducted at the University of Limpopo during 2007 and 2008 using a split plot design with three replications. Two sets of tomato cultivars were included in which one set consisted indeterminate types (Money Maker, Ox Heart and Sweetie) and the other determinates (Roma and Floradade). Cultivars were assigned as the main plot treatments with six rates of manure (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 in gram per plant) applied as the subplot treatments to each set. Results indicated significant interactions (P ≤ 0.01) between indeterminate tomato cultivars and levels of manure applied for fruit yield and fruit size in both experiments. Plant height showed variation from 78 to168 cm in Experiment I and 87 to 176 cm in Experiment II. During Experiment I fruit number varied from 23 to 91 per plant and 23 to 97 in Experiment II. Significant differences were detected among determinate cultivars on fruit yield varying from 7928 to 3 4705 kg per hectare during Experiment I and 3 169 to 2 9840 kg per hectare during Experiment II. Overall, the best level of manure for maximum fruit yield and greater fruit size was achieved at 40 g per plant in the indeterminate cultivar Sweetie. Conversely, the best level of manure for maximum fruit yield was achieved at 30 g per plant in determinate cultivar Roma. Thus, to achieve maximum yield, tomato growers could apply 600 and 800 kg per hectare manure on the determinate and indeterminate tomato cultivars, respectively. / the National Research Foundation (NRF)

<p>Botanical pesticides are agricultural pest management agents which are based on plant extracts. In modern times these have been used as alternatives to synthetic chemicals in organic pest management. The practice of using plant materials against field and storage pests however has a long history in many indigenous and traditional farming communities across the world. During February and March 2009 a field study was conducted in Babati district in Manyara region, Tanzania to investigate the local use of botanical pesticides. The results from the field study were subsequently analyzed and contextualized in Nicanor Perlas model The Seven Dimensions of Sustainable Agriculture which was used as a framework theory. The analysis indicates that there are a variety of thresholds for the use of botanical pesticides in sustainable agriculture in Babati district besides the more obvious practical aspects. The latter parts of the paper discuss the differences between reductionist and holistic, indigenous and scientific ways of achieving knowledge with regard to plant based pesticides. The study concludes that ecological pest management is a holistic method based on the synergy of a variety of farming practices. Indigenous knowledge which is holistic, site-specific and experience based has therefore much to offer modern endeavours to practice a more sustainable agriculture and pest management strategies which consider the welfare of both humanity and the environment.</p>

Botanical pesticides are agricultural pest management agents which are based on plant extracts. In modern times these have been used as alternatives to synthetic chemicals in organic pest management. The practice of using plant materials against field and storage pests however has a long history in many indigenous and traditional farming communities across the world. During February and March 2009 a field study was conducted in Babati district in Manyara region, Tanzania to investigate the local use of botanical pesticides. The results from the field study were subsequently analyzed and contextualized in Nicanor Perlas model The Seven Dimensions of Sustainable Agriculture which was used as a framework theory. The analysis indicates that there are a variety of thresholds for the use of botanical pesticides in sustainable agriculture in Babati district besides the more obvious practical aspects. The latter parts of the paper discuss the differences between reductionist and holistic, indigenous and scientific ways of achieving knowledge with regard to plant based pesticides. The study concludes that ecological pest management is a holistic method based on the synergy of a variety of farming practices. Indigenous knowledge which is holistic, site-specific and experience based has therefore much to offer modern endeavours to practice a more sustainable agriculture and pest management strategies which consider the welfare of both humanity and the environment.

Die vorliegende Broschüre gehört zu einer Trilogie im Rahmen des Dialogprozesses »Landwirtschaft in Sachsen hat Zukunft«, der im Jahr 2007 von Akteuren aus den verschiedensten Bereichen der sächsischen Landwirtschaft mit Vertretern der Forschung und der Verwaltung ins Leben gerufen wurde. Ziel war es, Strategien zu finden, wie sich Unternehmen der Branche an absehbare Veränderungen von natürlichen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen anpassen können. In acht Fachforen erfolgte über eine Analyse von bestehenden Rahmenbedingungen die Ableitung von Handlungserfordernissen für den einzelnen Betrieb, aber auch für Politik und branchenübergreifend den gesamten Sektor. Verschiedene Lösungsmöglichkeiten wurden im Rahmen von Projekten gesucht. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit bis 2012 werden in den drei Broschüren vorgestellt.

There is a demand for new recommendations for pulse seeding rates that will meet the needs of organic farmers. This study was conducted to determine the impact of seeding rate on N2 fixation and N accumulation in lentil and pea and to examine the impact of different seeding rates of lentil and pea on the productivity and N-uptake (i.e., N benefit) in a subsequent wheat crop.<p> The study was performed between 2005 and 2007. Two sites were selected each year of the two-year experiment on certified organic farms in central Saskatchewan. At each location, lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> L.) cultivar CDC Sovereign and field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) cultivar CDC Mozart were each seeded at five different rates. Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) cultivar AC Elsa was sown as a non-fixing reference crop at a plant population density of 250 seeds m-2. In the following year, wheat was sown to assess the effect of the pulse seeding rate treatments on the succeeding crop.<p> The pulse crop seeding rates significantly affected the quantity of N2 fixed of lentil and field pea, although %Ndfa (80 to 88% and 79 to 85% for lentil and pea, respectively) typically was unaffected by seeding rate. Yield parameters of following wheat crop were not affected by the seeding rates of the previous pulses. Typically, N contributions increased with increasing seeding rates of both lentil and pea, but there was no detectable difference in N uptake by the following wheat grown on the both pulse stubble. The different seeding rates of organically grown lentil and field pea have impacts on the amount of N2 fixed and N contribution to the soil. However, the differences in N remaining in the soil at different seeding rates of the pulse crops were not detectable in the following wheat crop and the soil N in the following year.

There are no seeding rates established for organic production of field pea and lentil in Saskatchewan and organic producers must rely upon rates recommended for conventional production of these crops. These seeding rates may not be suitable for organic production as the two systems differ in the use of inputs and in pest management. The objectives of this study were to determine an optimal seeding rate for organic production of field pea and lentil in Saskatchewan considering a number of factors, including yield, weed suppression, soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, soil water storage, colonization of crop roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant P uptake, and profitability. A field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal seeding rates of field pea and lentil. Field pea seeding rates were 10, 25, 62, 156 and 250 plants m-2 and lentil seeding rates were 15, 38, 94, 235 and 375 plants m-2. Sites were established at Vonda, Vanscoy and Delisle, SK using a randomized complete block designs with summerfallow and green manure treatments included for each crop. Seed yield increased with increasing seeding rate for both crops, up to 1725 kg ha-1 for field pea and 1290 kg ha-1 for lentil. Weed biomass at physiological maturity decreased with increasing seeding rate for both crops. In field pea, weeds were reduced in weight by 68%, while lentil reduced weed biomass by 59% between the lowest and highest seeding rates. <p>Post-harvest soil phosphate-P levels did not change consistently between treatments, indicating that there was no trend in soil P concentration with seeding rate. Post-harvest soil inorganic N, however, was higher for the summerfallow and green manure treatments than for the seeding rate treatments in both crops. Inorganic N was higher at some sites for the highest two seeding rates in field pea. Soil water storage following harvest was not affected by treatment.<p>Colonization of crop roots by AMF increased for lentil with increasing seeding rate, but the same trend was not observed in field pea. A growth chamber experiment to study the rate of colonization of field pea between 10 and 50 d after emergence did not show any differences in AMF colonization between seeding rates. Colonization levels were high (70 to 85%) for both crops in both the field and growth chamber. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and seeding rate had no effect on plant P concentration for either field pea or lentil. Both crops became increasingly profitable as seeding rate increased. Field pea reached a maximum return at 200 plants m-2 and lentil return increased to the highest seeding rate of 375 plants m-2. Organic farmers should increase seeding rates of these crops to increase returns and provide better weed suppression.

In der Broschüre steht die praxisorientierte Anwendung der Humusbilanzierung im Mittelpunkt. Für ein breites Standortspektrum werden Humusbilanzen für einzelne Fruchtarten und Fruchtfolgen von Marktfrucht- und Futterbaubetrieben unterschiedlicher Intensität berechnet.

The purpose of this research was to investigate how sustainable agriculture is being conceptualized and implemented in Saskatchewan. Zero tillage, organic farming, and the discourses surrounding them were examined as theoretical and practical responses to sustainable agriculture. Characteristics of 33 organic and 33 zero tillage farming systems located throughout the soil climatic zones of southern Saskatchewan were compared, as well as farmers' perceptions of sustainable agriculture and factors influencing their management decisions. The analysis was extended beyond the local level by examining the links between major socio-political forces shaping agriculture and farmers' perceptions and choices. Central to this analysis is an examination of the role of informal and formal knowledge systems in the development of sustainable agriculture, and how relations of power affect the knowledge that is being produced and ultimately the direction of change in agriculture. Interdisciplinary and exploratory approaches were used to identify and examine a range of emergent issues. The data gathered was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. This study revealed commonalities between zero tillage and organic farmers' basic views on sustainable agriculture, and important differences in the ways these two groups of farmers translated these ideas into practice. Most farmers defined sustainability at the farm-level, focusing on land stewardship and the preservation of the family farm. Farmers adopted zero tillage because of specific environmental, economic and labour advantages, whereas organic farming was adopted for a combination of environmental, health, economic, philosophical/spiritual and labour factors. In general, zero tillage and organic farming systems differed in size, in production and management operations, in land tenure, and in the use of purchased inputs and labour. Zero tillage farms tended to be large, capital-intensive, specialized cropping operations, with a significant proportion of rented land and non-family hired labour. Organic farms were moderate-sized, diversified crop and livestock operations that substituted biological and cultural practices for purchased (agrochemical) inputs, had a high degree of ownership, and relied more upon labour exchange. These characteristics create distinct environmental, economic and social advantages and disadvantages. Zero tillage, compatible with the dominant agricultural paradigm and the industrial model, continues to be promoted by agricultural institutions and agribusiness as the best solution to farm-level sustainability. Interest in organic agriculture and the alternative agricultural paradigm is increasing, however, due to the current crisis in the farm economy and changes in consumers' perceptions and choices.

There are no seeding rates established for organic production of field pea and lentil in Saskatchewan and organic producers must rely upon rates recommended for conventional production of these crops. These seeding rates may not be suitable for organic production as the two systems differ in the use of inputs and in pest management. The objectives of this study were to determine an optimal seeding rate for organic production of field pea and lentil in Saskatchewan considering a number of factors, including yield, weed suppression, soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, soil water storage, colonization of crop roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant P uptake, and profitability. A field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal seeding rates of field pea and lentil. Field pea seeding rates were 10, 25, 62, 156 and 250 plants m-2 and lentil seeding rates were 15, 38, 94, 235 and 375 plants m-2. Sites were established at Vonda, Vanscoy and Delisle, SK using a randomized complete block designs with summerfallow and green manure treatments included for each crop. Seed yield increased with increasing seeding rate for both crops, up to 1725 kg ha-1 for field pea and 1290 kg ha-1 for lentil. Weed biomass at physiological maturity decreased with increasing seeding rate for both crops. In field pea, weeds were reduced in weight by 68%, while lentil reduced weed biomass by 59% between the lowest and highest seeding rates. <p>Post-harvest soil phosphate-P levels did not change consistently between treatments, indicating that there was no trend in soil P concentration with seeding rate. Post-harvest soil inorganic N, however, was higher for the summerfallow and green manure treatments than for the seeding rate treatments in both crops. Inorganic N was higher at some sites for the highest two seeding rates in field pea. Soil water storage following harvest was not affected by treatment.<p>Colonization of crop roots by AMF increased for lentil with increasing seeding rate, but the same trend was not observed in field pea. A growth chamber experiment to study the rate of colonization of field pea between 10 and 50 d after emergence did not show any differences in AMF colonization between seeding rates. Colonization levels were high (70 to 85%) for both crops in both the field and growth chamber. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and seeding rate had no effect on plant P concentration for either field pea or lentil. Both crops became increasingly profitable as seeding rate increased. Field pea reached a maximum return at 200 plants m-2 and lentil return increased to the highest seeding rate of 375 plants m-2. Organic farmers should increase seeding rates of these crops to increase returns and provide better weed suppression.