Denial of service attacks (DoS) are a common threat to many online services. These attacks aim to overcome the availability of an online service with massive traffic from multiple sources. By spoofing legitimate users, an attacker floods a target system with a high quantity of packets or connections to crash its network resources, bandwidth, equipment, or servers. Packet filtering methods are the most known way to prevent these attacks via identifying and blocking the spoofed attack from reaching its target. In this project, the extent of the DoS attacks problem and attempts to prevent it are explored. The attacks categories and existing countermeasures based on preventing, detecting, and responding are reviewed. Henceforward, a neural network learning algorithms and statistical analysis are utilized into the designing of our proposed packet filtering system.

The period saw the founding of the first Swedish employers´ associations as a reaction to the preceding decades´ growth of industrial trade unions. Conflicting ideas fought about supremacy. Not only was the fight carried out across the social dividing line separating workers from the bourgeoisie, but also between groups on either side: hawks versus doves among employers; revolutionaries versus reformers among workers. The study uses an actor perspective, comparing three leading industrialists in their particular roles as employers. It analyzes the development of ideas over the period studied, using minutes from meetings, company memos, letters, speeches and newspapers as primary sources. In addition, it is action-orientated and analyzes major labour conflicts that were fought and agreements that were reached. It applies a split vision, taking into regard the contemporary views and actions of the labour unions. Its perspective moves between the individual, the company and the organizational levels, with the primary aim to see what changes in the traditional patriarchal employer policies that were considered and to what extent such changes were realized. A major result is the evidence of the irreconcilable views on the subject of strike breakers/loyal workers -- two conflicting terms for one phenomenon that indicate a gap between two different sets of values. Differing views among employers on how to relate to this gap caused frictions in the years 1906-09. The outcome of the general strike in 1909 ended in a harsh employer organizations policy for more than the two following decades. It was replaced by the mutual spirit, later known as the Swedish Model, materialized in the Saltsjöbaden general agreements of 1938.

Abstract In the year 2019 the vehicle workshops services returned to the Swedish Armed Forces. For six years they had been an integrated part of the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration and the business was set up in a corporate fashion. When returning to the Swedish Armed Forces the workshops will continue to use that corporate business model, and at the same time adjust to military setting and logic. Among other things, the workshops will be organized into military units, under the same conditions as all other parts of the Armed Forces. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and understand the meaning and consequences of the corporate and the military logic coexisting within the Vehicle Workshop Services units. A typology made specifically for this reason is used to depict the different configurations that occur when those two logic structures coexist. The study draws the conclusions that the dualistic relationship between the corporate and the military logic ends up in compromises that makes the goal and purpose of the organisation vague and the personnel involved experience a difference between how it is supposed to be functioning and how it actually does. Furthermore, the study states that the conditions for developing the Vehicle Workshop Services units into a strong and resilient organisation from a HR and symbolic perspective is less favourable. The Swedish Armed Forces need to address this actively to create a common understanding of the factors that are in play by all personnel involved in the matter. The study gives five hands on suggestions to mitigate those problems. Finally, some suggestions are given how to re-use the typology that was created for the study in other contexts.

Försäkringsmarknaden står inför förändringar, där digitalisering, kundbehov och konkurrenssituation är exempel på dessa förändringar. Dessa förändringar upplevs till viss del redan nu, men de spås påverka marknaden i stor utsträckning inom den närmsta tiden. Innovation blir ett verktyg för organisationer att använda sig av för att möta dessa förändringar. Forskning från 1900-talets början har definierat innovationsteorier som i stor utsträckning baserats på tillverkande industrier, där forskning gällande innovation inom tjänstesektorn är begränsad. Forskare brottas med begreppet innovation, där senare forskning visar på att innovationsarbete skiljer sig mellan organisationer, där organisationens unika karaktärsdrag påverkar förutsättningarna för innovationsarbete. Syftet med denna studie är att studera innovationsarbete i tjänsteföretag genom att undersöka medarbetares föreställningar om innovation samt synen på förutsättningarna för innovation i ett försäkringsbolag. Syftet är vidare att utifrån tidigare forskning diskutera hur bolaget kan organisera kring innovation. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och har tillämpat en tolkande ansats. Fallstudien som utförts baseras på den studerade organisationen och det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom 28 intervjuer med anställda utspridda över flera enheter och avdelningar i organisationen. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med hjälp av en empiristyrd tematisk analysmetod, där resultatet visar på att innovation är ett multi-dimensionellt begrepp som måste utvärderas utifrån organisationens egna förutsättningar för att kunna användas som verktyg att möta framtida förändringar. Föreställningar och förutsättningar för innovation i en organisation påverkar innovationsarbete både positivt och negativt, där slutsatsen dras att innovationsarbete i den studerade organisationen bland annat skulle gynnas av en uttalad strategi, en målsättning, ett syfte, anpassade processer, tillägnade resurser och kompetensutveckling. Det skulle öka möjligheterna för framgångsrikt innovationsarbete i den studerade organisationen. / The insurance industry undergoes a transformation, where digitalization, customer behavior and competition are examples of changes happening on the market. These changes are to some extent already happening, however they are expected to affect the market to a larger extent in the nearest future. Innovation becomes a tool for organizations to use in order to meet these changes. Previous research from the 20:th century has defined innovation theories mainly based on the manufacturing industry, where research regarding the service industry is limited. Researchers are struggling with the innovation concept, where later research indicate that innovation efforts differ among organizations where the unique characteristics of the organization studied affects the conditions for innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate innovation efforts in service organizations by examining employee perceptions of innovation and further the conditions for innovation in an insurance company. The purpose is furthermore to discuss how the company can organize for innovation with regards to previous research. The thesis is performed as a qualitative study and has applied an interpretative approach. The case study that was performed is based on the studied organization and the empirical material has been collected through 28 interviews with employees scattered among the organization. The empirical material has been analyzed through a thematic analysis, where the results show that innovation is a multi-dimensional concept which has to be evaluated from the studied organizations point of view in order for innovation to work as a tool to meet future challenges. Perceptions of and conditions for innovation in an organization affects innovation both positively and negatively, where the conclusion is drawn that innovation efforts in the studied organization are favored by a pronounced strategy, an objective, a purpose, suitable processes, dedicated resources and competence development. This would increase the possibilities for successful innovation efforts in the studied organization.

L’établissement distinct est devenu un concept incontournable dans la vie des entreprises et une notion récurrente dans les textes légaux et la jurisprudence. Dans l’hypothèse la plus simple, l’entreprise n’est dotée que d’une seule unité de travail, constituée d’activités et de personnels réunis en un même lieu. L’entreprise et l’établissement unique se confondent alors. Mais dès lors qu’elle développe un effectif important et que sa structure complexe impose la mise en place d’une organisation adaptée, elle se démembre et se divise en établissements. L’établissement distinct devient alors un centre d’activité de l’entreprise géographiquement ou matériellement isolé. Le droit du travail tente de saisir l’établissement distinct dans de multiples dimensions et n’adopte pas la même approche selon l’utilité que sa reconnaissance peut apporter dans l’entreprise. L’objet de cette recherche est de saisir la multiplicité des réalités que recouvre l’établissement distinct et d’éclaircir la manière dont le législateur et les tribunaux tendent à l’optimiser en fonction du rôle qui lui est assigné. Concomitamment, il est question de vérifier l’opportunité d’opérer un recentrage des rapports du droit du travail au niveau de l’établissement plutôt qu’au niveau de l’entreprise et les conséquences qui en résultent. / The separate establishment has become an unavoidable concept in the life of the companies and a recurring notion in the legal texts and the jurisprudence. In the simplest case, the company has only one work unit, consisting of activities and personnel in one place. The enterprise and the single establishment are then merged. But since it develops a large workforce and its complex structure requires the establishment of a suitable organization, it is dismembered and divided into establishments. The separate establishment then becomes a center of activity of the company geographically or materially isolated. Labor law attempts to seize the distinct establishment in multiple dimensions and does not adopt the same approach depending on the utility that its recognition can bring to the company. The purpose of this research is to grasp the multiplicity of realities encompassed by the distinct institution and to clarify how the legislature and the courts tend to optimize it according to the role assigned to it. Concomitantly, it is a question of verifying the desirability of refocusing the relations of labor law at the level of the establishment rather than at the level of the enterprise and the resulting consequences.

The Master's Thesis deals with manager´s key competences and their importance in the context of present entrepreneurial environment. It provides the idea of manager´s key competences level in the company. It includes proposals and recommendations to increase efficiency of manager´s work by improving concerete key competences.