L’étude scientifique des réseaux criminels démontre, de plus en plus, que leur structure est flexible et dynamique et que la thèse du contrôle ou de la centralisation des marchés criminels est discutable. Pourtant, devant la présence d’une organisation criminelle dite «traditionnelle» dans un marché criminel, autant la population que les milieux médiatiques, politiques, policiers et judiciaires, peuvent percevoir le marché comme étant contrôlé par cette organisation. Le fait de surévaluer la menace réelle de certains groupes criminels et de considérer que la centralisation des marchés criminels existent au détriment de la collaboration entre différents individus et groupes d’un réseau, peut notamment influencer les stratégies policières. D’une part, les autorités policières peuvent orienter leurs stratégies en tenant pour acquis que la structure dont s’est doté une présumée organisation criminelle se transpose dans le marché criminel dans lequel ses membres opèrent. D’autre part, cette organisation devient la première cible des autorités et les autres participants du réseau se voient accorder une moins grande importance dans les activités du marché. La recherche qui suit présente les résultats d’une analyse de réseau effectuée à partir des transcriptions de surveillances électroniques et physiques issues d’une importante opération policière visant la lutte aux motards criminalisés : l’opération Printemps 2001. À l’aide de ces données, un réseau de 349 individus a été créé. Bien que la cible principale de l’opération policière ait été l’organisation des Hell’s Angels, plus précisément, le chapitre Nomads et son club-école, les Rockers, d’autres groupes et d’autres individus ont été interceptés par les surveillances policières. Il ressort des analyses de la position occupée par l’ensemble des groupes et des individus identifiés, que les principales cibles des autorités policières n’étaient pas celles qui occupaient les positions les plus stratégiques pour être influentes et durer dans la portion du marché ciblée par l’opération. / The scientific study of criminal networks reveals that their structure is flexible and dynamic and that the thesis supporting the control or the centralization of the criminal markets are at the least debatable. Nevertheless when a «traditional» criminal organization is active in a criminal market, the people, the media, the politicians, the police force and the judiciary tend to perceive that the market is under the control of that organization. In over-evaluating the real threat posed by certain criminal groups and in considering that there is a centralization of the criminal markets held by a known criminal organization, police strategy is biased and underscores the importance and influence of other individuals or groups of persons within the criminal market. Police strategy is then oriented in thinking that the structure of a criminal organization is transposed in the criminal market wherein its members operate. Consequently, the organization becomes the main target of the authorities and giving less attention to the other actors in the activities of the market. The following research paper presents the results of a network analysis taking its main sources from transcripts of electronic and physical surveillance collected during an important police operation against criminal bikers in the Province of Québec, Canada, and known as Operation Springtime 2001. From these transcripts, a network of 349 individuals was created. Though, the Hells Angels organization and more precisely the Nomads Chapter and its farm team, the Rockers, were the main targets of the police operation, other groups and individuals were also intercepted by police surveillance. After analysis of the position occupied by all the groups and individual that were identified it became apparent that the main target of the police authorities were not those who held the most strategic positions to exercise influence and last in the market under examination by the operation Operation Springtime 2001.

Les travaux traditionnels sur le crime organisé indiquent que le statut d’un individu déterminerait son succès individuel. Des recherches alternatives sur les réseaux des organisations criminelles et de la réussite criminelle indiquent que le rang est moins important que la croyance générale et que les mesures de positionnement stratégique de réseau sont plus susceptibles de déterminer le succès criminel. Ce mémoire étudie les variations des gains criminels au sein de l’organisation de distribution illicite de stupéfiants des Hells Angels. Son objectif est de distinguer, à l’aide de données de comptabilité autorévélées, les éléments influençant ces différences dans le succès criminel en fonction du positionnement plus stratégique ou vulnérable d’un individu au sein de son réseau. Les résultats révèlent des moyennes de volume d’argent transigé beaucoup plus élevées que ce qui est généralement recensé. La distribution de ces capitaux est largement inégale. La disparité des chances liées à l’association criminelle se retrouve aussi dans la polarisation entre les individus fortement privilégiés et les autres qui ont une capacité de positionnement médiocre. Le croisement entre les positions et l’inégalité des gains présente que le positionnement de l’individu dans son réseau est un meilleur prédicteur de réussite criminelle que toute autre variable contextuelle ou de rang. Enfin et surtout, en contradiction avec la littérature, le fait d’atteindre de haut rang hiérarchique nuirait au succès criminel, les résultats montrant que cet état réduit l’accès au crédit, réduit les quantités de drogue par transaction et augmente le prix de la drogue à l’unité. / Traditional work on organized crime indicates that one’s status determines his individual success. Alternative research on criminal organization’s networks and criminal success however, reveal that the rank is less important than generally believed and that the measures of strategic positioning in a network are more likely to influence criminal achievement. This thesis examines income fluctuations within the Hells Angels Nomads, an illegal drug distribution organization in Québec. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the factors contributing to these differences in criminal success according to an offender’s strategic or vulnerable positioning within its network, using self-report account data. The results show that the average amount of money traded is much higher than what is usually identified in the literature and its distribution is largely uneven. The disparity of opportunity related to criminal association is also reflected in the polarization between highly privileged individuals and other individuals who have a poor positioning capacity. The interaction between position and earning inequalities demonstrates that the positioning of an individual in its network is a better predictor of success than rank or any other criminal context variable. Most importantly, and in opposition with the literature, achieving high rank would be detrimental to one’s criminal success. Results demonstrate that this state reduces access to credit, reduces the amount of drug per transaction and increases the price of drugs per unit.

Organized crime - Trafficking in human beings This thesis deals with the criminal offence of trafficking in human beings under Sec. 168 of the Czech Criminal Code. A trafficking in human being is not a frequent criminal offence but with its consequences belongs to the most dangerous crimes. After the Velvet revolution the relevance of this crime has raised subsequently and therefore the regulation of this crime requires particular attention. It is important to find new ways and improve current methods to be readier to detect and investigate the cases of trafficking in human beings. The aim of this thesis is to provide an analysis of legal regulation of trafficking in human beings, organized crimed and methods of investigation and some related issues such as problematic of the protection of the witness. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one deals shortly with the organized crime. It analyzes the term of the organized crime, because trafficking in human beings is usually committed by organized groups. I try to explain some basic terms related to this topic. The second one deals with the legal regulation of trafficking in human beings. The history, present and future of the legal regulation in the Czech Republic and in the other countries are described in this chapter. Then it is...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Roberto Ungaretti de Godoy.pdf: 1031128 bytes, checksum: 4a19828b9eaf2df445514cefb358c4a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-27 / This study is devoted to the elaboration of the evolution of Organized Crime in the national and international scenery and its main reflexes in our Country, based not only on the Brazilian Law, but also in the Foreign Law the Judicial Precedent, as well as the undoubtedly relevance of Treaties and Conventions linked to the subject. The Brazilian legislation does not consider the typical profile of a criminal organization, though the Brazilian Judicial ordainment has already consolidated in several laws which discipline, directly or indirectly the Organized Crime, once it is extremely important we should highlight the reception of the Brazilian Legal System of the Palermo Convention (United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime).Which has adapted a definition for the transnational Criminal Organization. In the course this study we would try to perform an analysis of several organizations, associations, mafias, gangs, among others identified in the word scenery with a focus in the Organized Crime in Brazil. It s important to highlight that each of the criminal groups has its own characteristics taking on account its constitution and its peculates in the modus operandi, making it impossible to draw a draw a hermetic profile of each one. This way the target of the present study is not a search for a typical definition of a would be criminal organization, but to show the main characteristics of Organized Crime in the current scenery, based on the history of development and in the act themselves performed by these groups. At last we haven t left aside the great discussion which involves the subject which are the reflexes of the actions performed by the criminal transnational organizations, as well as the question of which criminal law to use once the groups mentioned act simultaneously in several different countries / Este estudo dedica-se à elaboração da evolução do crime organizado no cenário nacional e internacional e seus principais reflexos no nosso País, amparado não só na legislação brasileira e comparada, na casuística, como também na indubitável relevância dos tratados e convenções pertinentes à matéria. A legislação Pátria não contempla a figura típica da organização criminosa, contudo, o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro consolidou-a em diversas leis que disciplinam direta ou indiretamente o crime organizado. Por ser de relevante importância, merece destaque a recepção pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro da Convenção de Palermo, (Convenção das Nações Unidas contra o Crime Organizado Transnacional), a qual adotou uma definição para a organização criminosa transnacional. No transcorrer desse estudo, será realizada uma análise comparativa entre as diversas organizações, associações, quadrilhas, máfias e outros grupos identificados no cenário mundial, com evidência à criminalidade organizada brasileira. Convém ressaltar que cada um dos grupos criminosos possui características próprias, levando-se em conta sua constituição e peculiaridades no modus operandi; dessa forma, torna-se impossível traçar um perfil hermético sobre cada um deles. O objetivo do presente estudo não se dirige à busca de uma definição típica do que seria organização criminosa, mas sim demonstrar suas principais características no cenário contemporâneo, com base no histórico, na evolução e nas próprias condutas praticadas por esses grupos. Não se pode desconsiderar a seriedade da matéria, diante dos reflexos das ações praticadas pelas organizações criminosas transnacionais, bem como a aplicação da Lei Penal, uma vez que muitos atuam, simultaneamente, em diferentes países

Bien que ni le crime de piraterie maritime ni sa répression ne soient récents, la résurgence de cette forme de criminalité séculaire mais renouvelée la présente sous des aspects inédits, nécessitant la réadaptation de l’arsenal juridique la régissant à sa réalité nouvelle. Son régime traditionnel dérogatoire aux règles classiques du droit de la mer et aux règles de compétence et de juridiction, a pu ainsi s’étoffer par de nouvelles règles intégrant et reflétant les modes contemporains de production normative de la société internationale, ainsi que l’action des structures et acteurs non-étatiques. N’étant cependant pas un problème juridique stricto sensu mais aussi bien le reflet d’une situation présentant des problématiques structurelles plus générales, il demeure évident que la lutte plus durable contre la piraterie nécessite l’adoption d’une approche « globale » ou « holistique », associant à court et à moyen termes un point de vue sécuritaire et judiciaire mais visant également et surtout, une sortie de crise pérenne allant au-delà de l’endiguement de cette menace transnationale. / Neither the crime of piracy nor its repression are recent. The upsurge of this ancient form of criminality underlines new aspects which call the readaptation of the legal rules governing its repression. In addition to its traditional regime, new rules were consequently developped, reflecting contemporary modes of normative production and incorporating the action of non-State structures and actors. Because piracy is not exclusively a legal issue but rather encompasses several broader structural problematics, the fight against piracy requires on the other hand a global and comprehensive approach. This approach associates short-term security and judicial aspects, as well as long-term strategies going beyong simply containing piracy as a transnational threat to maritime security to ensure further stability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Ferrer Teixeira.pdf: 1071592 bytes, checksum: 8eab21aa5feddffcfa01839afd12e9ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-23 / This text aims a wide-range study of the named passive corruption crime, stated on article 317 of the Brazilian Penal Code. The effective combat against passive corruption crime is a challenge faced by the State. Thereby, the law community should examine this subject in order to properly apply the law as well as to search, within the legislation, meanings to this goal. The concept of corruption, the historic origins of the legal definition, its fundaments and elements, as its description, passive and active subjects, illegal benefit/bribe, qualified and privileged figures forms, among others aspects are analyzed. The study also refers to the relation between passive corruption and other crimes against public administration stated on the Penal Code, and with crimes established outside the codified legislation. Finally, it analyses the application of the laws n. 8.429/92, n. 9.034/95 and n. 9.613/98, as an effort against public administration crimes , in special against passive corruption . By examining national and foreign doctrine and jurisprudence, this work presents as result the analysis of the article 317 s main aspects and its possible relations with the laws n. 8.429/92, n. 9.034/95 and n. 9.613/98 / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo do crime de corrupção passiva, previsto no artigo 317 do Código Penal. O combate efetivo à corrupção passiva é um enorme desafio que se impõe ao Estado, cabendo ao operador do direito estudar o assunto com a finalidade de bem aplicar o dispositivo e também para buscar, no ordenamento jurídico, instrumentos legais disponíveis para essa missão. Em exame o referido artigo, são analisados o conceito de corrupção, as origens históricas do tipo penal, seu fundamento jurídico e ainda seus elementos, tais como núcleo, sujeitos ativo e passivo, conceito de vantagem indevida e as figuras qualificada e privilegiada dos parágrafos, entre outros aspectos. O estudo trata também da relação entre a corrupção passiva e alguns dos outros crimes previstos no Código Penal, pertencentes ao mesmo gênero dos crimes contra a administração pública, e ainda da relação o entre artigo 317 do Código Penal e outros tipos similares fixados na legislação. Por fim, examina a possibilidade de aplicação de dispositivos das Leis n. 8.429/92, n. 9.034/95 e n. 9.613/98, em reforço ao amplo combate que se deve opor aos crimes praticados contra a administração pública, em especial à corrupção passiva. A partir do exame da doutrina nacional e estrangeira e da jurisprudência, este trabalho apresenta como resultado a análise de aspectos do artigo 317 do Código Penal e das possíveis relações que se podem estabelecer entre o tipo e algumas das principais disposições das Leis n. 8.429/92, n. 9.034/95 e n. 9.613/98

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Sergio Cordeiro Piedade.pdf: 864222 bytes, checksum: d3582818ffd5715d01a1141977d6da40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-19 / This paper aims to make a critical analysis of the punitive system, with a focus on criminal organizations. Nowadays we break free from the paradigm of rude crimes which makes us draw a new perspective to the Criminal Law, in the conception of a democratic state, where the criminal response must be considered for the organized crime, faceless, transnational, which often presents tentacles within the apparatus of the state itself and is an affront to democracy. Within this context, we will analyze the evolution of different forms of state and the dimensions of fundamental guarantees, with discussions about the importance of the constitutional principles of criminal law not only related to limiting, but also in the basis and in the legitimating of a current criminal justice system, in which threats do not come only from the state, like in the past, but from a diffuse criminality. The State must act within this perspective to ensure the fundamental guarantees not only of the agent who violated the criminal standard, but also of society. The double sided proportionality principle, especially in the aspect of the prohibition of poor protection emerges as an instrument of materialization of human dignity , so that it is not allowed for them to violate the fundamental rights in their collective bias, with a failure protection of the highest values of a society in order to ensure a harmonious coexistence in society, through an efficient crime policy that preserves the democratic healthiness and credibility of republican institutions / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma análise crítica do sistema punitivo, com foco nas organizações criminosas. Hodiernamente rompemos com o paradigma do crime artesanal o que impõe traçarmos uma nova perspectiva para o Direito Penal, dentro da concepção de um Estado Democrático de Direito, onde a resposta penal precisa ser pensada para uma criminalidade organizada, sem rosto, transnacional, que, muitas vezes, encontra-se com tentáculos dentro do aparato do próprio Estado e representa uma afronta à democracia. Dentro desse contexto, será analisada a evolução das diferentes formas de Estado e as dimensões das garantias fundamentais, com a discussão acerca da importância dos princípios constitucionais do Direito Penal não somente na limitação, mas também na fundamentação e na legitimação de um sistema penal atual, no qual as ameaças não partem, como no passado, exclusivamente do Estado, mas de uma criminalidade difusa. O Estado, dentro desta perspectiva, deve agir para assegurar as garantias fundamentais do agente que violou a norma penal, mas também da sociedade. A dupla face do princípio da proporcionalidade, notadamente na vertente da proibição da proteção deficiente, surge como um instrumento de materialização da dignidade da pessoa humana de índole social, de modo a não permitir que se vulnerem os direitos fundamentais em seu viés coletivo, com uma insuficiência de proteção aos valores mais caros de uma sociedade, visando assegurar uma convivência harmônica em sociedade, mediante uma política criminal eficiente que preserve a higidez democrática e a credibilidade das instituições republicanas

La ricerca ha l’obiettivo di esaminare modelli etnici nella criminalità organizzata, esplorando, in particolare, caratteristiche strutturali del crimine e il ruolo dell’etnicità nel mercato della droga in Italia. La tesi si sviluppa in due livelli di analisi, macro e micro. Il livello macro esamina le tendenze della criminalità degli italiani e stranieri nel mercato della droga in Italia, attraverso l'esame dei dati ufficiali sugli autori di reato riportati all’Autorità giudiziaria in Italia per violazione della legge sugli stupefacenti, dal 1991 al 2008. Il livello micro esamina la struttura di una rete criminale composta da italiani e stranieri coinvolti in una serie di attività illegali relative al traffico e spaccio di stupefacenti scoperte in Italia (Operazione Luna Blu), attraverso l’esame delle comunicazioni (intercettazioni telefoniche ed ambientali) incluse nel caso studio. L'analisi di rete (SNA) ha permesso di ricostruire la struttura della rete criminale, identificare il ruolo dell’etnicità nei processi di traffico e spaccio di stupefacenti riportati nel caso studio, e verificare ipotesi relative a modelli etnici nella criminalità organizzata nel mercato della droga. / The research aims to provide a further understanding of ethnic patterns in organized crime, accounting for the structure of crime and ethnic features therein, with a specific focus on the Italian drug market. The research is developed in a two-level analysis. The macro level of analysis provides a general understanding of patterns of ethnic involvement in the drug market in Italy through the examination of official data on drug crimes and offenders reported to the Judicial Authority in Italy, from 1991 to 2008. This is to examine trends in the degree and type of involvement of Italians and foreigners in the Italian drug market over time. The micro level of analysis provides a further elaboration on the structure of crime and ethnic patterns in organized crime in the Italian drug market. It illustrates the structure of a criminal network composed by Italian and foreigner offenders involved in a series of drug distribution operations targeted in Italy (“Operation Luna Blu” case), through the examination of intercepted communication data (wiretaps and electronic surveillance records) included in the case study. Social network analysis (SNA) is applied at this level of analysis as the analytical framework to reconstruct the criminal network structure, identify organizational patterns along ethnic lines, and test hypotheses related to ethnic patterns of interaction amongst Luna Blu network participants.

L’étude scientifique des réseaux criminels démontre, de plus en plus, que leur structure est flexible et dynamique et que la thèse du contrôle ou de la centralisation des marchés criminels est discutable. Pourtant, devant la présence d’une organisation criminelle dite «traditionnelle» dans un marché criminel, autant la population que les milieux médiatiques, politiques, policiers et judiciaires, peuvent percevoir le marché comme étant contrôlé par cette organisation. Le fait de surévaluer la menace réelle de certains groupes criminels et de considérer que la centralisation des marchés criminels existent au détriment de la collaboration entre différents individus et groupes d’un réseau, peut notamment influencer les stratégies policières. D’une part, les autorités policières peuvent orienter leurs stratégies en tenant pour acquis que la structure dont s’est doté une présumée organisation criminelle se transpose dans le marché criminel dans lequel ses membres opèrent. D’autre part, cette organisation devient la première cible des autorités et les autres participants du réseau se voient accorder une moins grande importance dans les activités du marché. La recherche qui suit présente les résultats d’une analyse de réseau effectuée à partir des transcriptions de surveillances électroniques et physiques issues d’une importante opération policière visant la lutte aux motards criminalisés : l’opération Printemps 2001. À l’aide de ces données, un réseau de 349 individus a été créé. Bien que la cible principale de l’opération policière ait été l’organisation des Hell’s Angels, plus précisément, le chapitre Nomads et son club-école, les Rockers, d’autres groupes et d’autres individus ont été interceptés par les surveillances policières. Il ressort des analyses de la position occupée par l’ensemble des groupes et des individus identifiés, que les principales cibles des autorités policières n’étaient pas celles qui occupaient les positions les plus stratégiques pour être influentes et durer dans la portion du marché ciblée par l’opération. / The scientific study of criminal networks reveals that their structure is flexible and dynamic and that the thesis supporting the control or the centralization of the criminal markets are at the least debatable. Nevertheless when a «traditional» criminal organization is active in a criminal market, the people, the media, the politicians, the police force and the judiciary tend to perceive that the market is under the control of that organization. In over-evaluating the real threat posed by certain criminal groups and in considering that there is a centralization of the criminal markets held by a known criminal organization, police strategy is biased and underscores the importance and influence of other individuals or groups of persons within the criminal market. Police strategy is then oriented in thinking that the structure of a criminal organization is transposed in the criminal market wherein its members operate. Consequently, the organization becomes the main target of the authorities and giving less attention to the other actors in the activities of the market. The following research paper presents the results of a network analysis taking its main sources from transcripts of electronic and physical surveillance collected during an important police operation against criminal bikers in the Province of Québec, Canada, and known as Operation Springtime 2001. From these transcripts, a network of 349 individuals was created. Though, the Hells Angels organization and more precisely the Nomads Chapter and its farm team, the Rockers, were the main targets of the police operation, other groups and individuals were also intercepted by police surveillance. After analysis of the position occupied by all the groups and individual that were identified it became apparent that the main target of the police authorities were not those who held the most strategic positions to exercise influence and last in the market under examination by the operation Operation Springtime 2001.

Il existe des associations entre les bars de danse érotique et les activités illicites, dans les écrits journalistiques et scientifiques. Nous avons vérifié ces associations en menant une description des crimes et déviances associés aux bars de danse érotique. Puis, nous avons tenté d’expliquer l’organisation et la structure de ces crimes, en nous appuyant sur l’approche du crime organisant et la théorie de l’écosystème du crime, de Felson (2006). Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été conduits avec dix femmes danseuses, une femme shooter girl, un propriétaire, un portier et deux clients. Une analyse thématique à deux niveaux a montré que les délits se rapportent aux stupéfiants, à la prostitution, au proxénétisme, aux déviances, et à divers actes de violence. Des distinctions importantes, quant au contrôle selon les établissements sont notées. La structure et l’organisation des crimes peuvent s’expliquer par une logique propre aux relations symbiotiques et interdépendantes, tel que le suggère la théorie de l’écosystème du crime de Felson. Ainsi, la structure des délits peut prendre une forme mutualiste ou parasitaire. L’interrelation propre au neutralisme explique l’organisation générale de ces délits. Le milieu criminogène de la danse érotique offre de multiples opportunités, qui seront saisies par les acteurs motivés, en vue de réaliser un bénéfice personnel. Deux constats étonnants : les données suggèrent que l’implication des organisations criminelles est relativement limitée; et les conséquences occasionnées par les activités du milieu présentent un caractère inquiétant, particulièrement pour les femmes. Des efforts en matière de prévention situationnelle seraient appropriés pour réduire les opportunités. / Erotic dance clubs are perceived as being linked to numerous illegal activities. In this study, we describe crimes associated with erotic dance bars in Quebec, focusing on criminal and deviant acts, and aiming to establish their level of organization and structure. This analysis is guided by two theoretical frameworks: the organizing crime approach and Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem theory. Fieldwork was undertaken by conducting guided interviews with ten female dancers, a shooter girl, a club owner, a doorman and two patrons. A thematic analysis was conducted at two levels. Findings illustrate that crime in such settings are generally linked to the consumption and sale of narcotics, prostitution and pimping, deviances, and various crimes of violence. The analysis also revealed that control mechanisms and management varied greatly across clubs. The structure and organization of crime could be understood, in Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem terms, as symbiotic and interdependent relationships between mutualistic and parasitic parties. Overall, the criminogenic environment of erotic dance clubs, offers many opportunities to be seized by individuals motivated to make personal gain. Additional findings suggest that the involvement of criminal group is relatively limited; and the consequences caused by various legitimate and unlawful activities pose a great deal of concerns, in particular for women. In such contexts, situational prevention measures would be adequate to reduce opportunities.