This thesis has explored the context of police interviews with suspects of serious crimes. Focus group studies, a case study and additional interviews have shown several aspects of information flow, decision making, interviewing tactics, human rights and tacit knowledge as these interviews are planned, performed and evaluated. The informants, homicide investigators, describe their work as an information generating and information evaluating process. They apply a series of methods, e. g. different forms of tactics in the use of investigative information during the police interviews. Based on the informants’ description and the case study, their methods seem to have research evidence in general, where such is available. The informants specifically stress the important role of planning and evaluation. The investigative process generates a vast amount of situations where decision making is needed. In these, the bases for the decisions are mainly the information flow of the investigation, which tends to be obscure and in constant change. The investigators’ decision making is thereby exposed to the risk of confirmation bias. The informants express an ambition to work objectively and to presume the suspects’ innocence. However, this generates a psychological conflict, which might affect the human rights of the suspect in negative ways. The informants describe several ways to handle this conflict. The informants describe that they have several concerns when making decisions. These can be categorized as legal, organizational and tactical concerns. Taken together, legal rule conflicts and the organizational ambition to lead the investigators in a target oriented way using quantitative measures, result in strong incitements for investigations to be finalized when they are good enough, rather than when they are good. The informants describe their profession as one where it is possible to develop expertise and where tacit knowledge plays an important role. When previous research on tacit knowledge is combined with the interview results, there seems to be a level between the tacit and the explicit knowledge. I have called this low-key knowledge. This low-key knowledge can be verbalized in the proper context in communication among those initiated in the subject at hand. The low-key knowledge also seems to risk being over-voiced in certain contexts.

This research examined the impact of eyewitness identification decisions on student-investigators. Undergraduates played the role of police investigators and interviewed student-witnesses who in Studies 1 and 2 had been shown either a good or poor view of the perpetrator or in Study 3 viewed either a Caucasian or an Asian criminal, in a video-taped crime. Based on information obtained from the witness, student-investigators then chose a suspect from a database containing information about potential suspects and rated the probability that their suspect was the culprit. Investigators then administered a photo lineup to witnesses, and re-rated the probability that their suspect was guilty. Student-investigators were highly influenced by eyewitness identification decisions, typically overestimating the information gained from the identification decision (except under conditions that led witnesses to be very accurate), and generally did not differentiate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses.

This research examined the impact of eyewitness identification decisions on student-investigators. Undergraduates played the role of police investigators and interviewed student-witnesses who in Studies 1 and 2 had been shown either a good or poor view of the perpetrator or in Study 3 viewed either a Caucasian or an Asian criminal, in a video-taped crime. Based on information obtained from the witness, student-investigators then chose a suspect from a database containing information about potential suspects and rated the probability that their suspect was the culprit. Investigators then administered a photo lineup to witnesses, and re-rated the probability that their suspect was guilty. Student-investigators were highly influenced by eyewitness identification decisions, typically overestimating the information gained from the identification decision (except under conditions that led witnesses to be very accurate), and generally did not differentiate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Jose Favaro Carrasco.pdf: 635662 bytes, checksum: 665cff577b4ab5d224f911f3a01d761a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / This essay explains, in short, the Socratic thought left as a legacy to the world by the great philosopher Socrates (Athens, 470 or 469 BC - 399 BC), who, throughout his life, sacrificed his personal ambitions for the sake of their fellow citizens. Know thyself and I just know that I know nothing demonstrate his relentless yearning for wisdom, the greatest virtue, and being fair, the greatest happiness. This work makes us reflect about his own method in the search for truth/knowledge. We will see his influence in current police investigation methodologies, regarding the peculiarities applicable to each case and the terms of a criminal offense, in relation to the relevance of the work of the Judicial Police to identify authorship, circumstances of the crime, as well as its motivation, in order to enable the prosecution of the offenders / A presente dissertação explicita, em síntese, o pensamento socrático deixado como legado ao mundo pelo grande filósofo Sócrates (Atenas, 470 ou 469 a.C. 399 a.C.), o qual, ao longo de sua vida, sacrificou suas ambições pessoais pelo interesse de seus concidadãos. Conhece-te a ti mesmo e Somente sei que nada sei demonstram seu anseio incansável pela sabedoria que, para ele, era a maior virtude e, ser justo, a maior felicidade. A leitura do presente trabalho nos faz refletir acerca de seu método próprio na busca da verdade/conhecimento. Veremos sua influência nas metodologias de investigação policial atuais, respeitando-se as peculiaridades cabíveis a cada caso e as modalidades de infração penal, no que tange à relevância do trabalho da Polícia Judiciária para a identificação de autoria, condições do crime, bem como da sua motivação, a fim de possibilitar a condenação dos infratores

Les chercheurs s’étant penchés sur les facteurs influençant la décision du suspect de confesser son crime ont mis en évidence que deux facteurs sont principalement influents : la force de la preuve (Des Lauriers-Varin et St-Yves, 2006; Moston et al., 1992) et la conduite de l’enquêteur (Holmberg et Christianson, 2002; Kebell et al., 2005). Par contre, les contradictions entre ces études ont apporté davantage de confusion que de réponses à la pratique. Cette étude vise donc à explorer l’incidence de ces deux facteurs sur l’inclination du suspect à confesser son crime et les possibles interactions entre eux. Pour ce faire, 50 enregistrements vidéo d’interrogatoires d’homicide furent visionnés et les données furent soumises à des analyses statistiques et qualitatives. Les résultats d’une régression logistique démontrent que la conduite de l’enquêteur est le facteur prédominant pour prédire l’obtention d’aveux du suspect en contrôlant pour l’effet des variables statiques et de la preuve. Également, les résultats mettent en évidence qu’en augmentant les attitudes et comportements associés à une conduite « positive », l’enquêteur augmentait les probabilités d’aveux du suspect. De plus, les résultats indiquent que l’augmentation du nombre d’éléments de preuves est associée à une plus grande démonstration de « rapport de force » de la part de l’enquêteur. Les résultats sont discutés en relation à l’effet des principaux facteurs sur les schémas et dynamiques prenant place entre l’enquêteur et le suspect. / The studiess on factors influencing a suspect’s decision to confess his crime during a police questioning, reveal that the strength of evidence (Moston et al., 1992 and Des Lauriers-Varin and St-Yves, 2006) and the detective’s behaviour (Holmberg et Christianson, 2002 et Kebell et al., 2005) are considered key factors. However, past studies show notable contradictions. The present work focuses on the role of the two aforementioned factors, in the suspect’s decision to confess a crime and the potential interaction effect among them. The data were obtained by visioning and analyzing 50 questionings of a suspect linked to a homicide investigation. The logistic regression’s results show that the detective’s behaviour is the predominant factor in obtaining a confession from a suspect. Theses results are maintained when both the characteristic of the suspect and the weight of evidence are controlled for. Moreover, our results suggest that a “positive” attitude from the detective’s part is associated with a greater propensity toward confessing. Also, the results indicate that the greater available evidence to support the case, will translate into more “dominant” style of questioning from the detectives. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of the different dynamics taking place between the detective and the suspect during the questioning.

Les chercheurs s’étant penchés sur les facteurs influençant la décision du suspect de confesser son crime ont mis en évidence que deux facteurs sont principalement influents : la force de la preuve (Des Lauriers-Varin et St-Yves, 2006; Moston et al., 1992) et la conduite de l’enquêteur (Holmberg et Christianson, 2002; Kebell et al., 2005). Par contre, les contradictions entre ces études ont apporté davantage de confusion que de réponses à la pratique. Cette étude vise donc à explorer l’incidence de ces deux facteurs sur l’inclination du suspect à confesser son crime et les possibles interactions entre eux. Pour ce faire, 50 enregistrements vidéo d’interrogatoires d’homicide furent visionnés et les données furent soumises à des analyses statistiques et qualitatives. Les résultats d’une régression logistique démontrent que la conduite de l’enquêteur est le facteur prédominant pour prédire l’obtention d’aveux du suspect en contrôlant pour l’effet des variables statiques et de la preuve. Également, les résultats mettent en évidence qu’en augmentant les attitudes et comportements associés à une conduite « positive », l’enquêteur augmentait les probabilités d’aveux du suspect. De plus, les résultats indiquent que l’augmentation du nombre d’éléments de preuves est associée à une plus grande démonstration de « rapport de force » de la part de l’enquêteur. Les résultats sont discutés en relation à l’effet des principaux facteurs sur les schémas et dynamiques prenant place entre l’enquêteur et le suspect. / The studiess on factors influencing a suspect’s decision to confess his crime during a police questioning, reveal that the strength of evidence (Moston et al., 1992 and Des Lauriers-Varin and St-Yves, 2006) and the detective’s behaviour (Holmberg et Christianson, 2002 et Kebell et al., 2005) are considered key factors. However, past studies show notable contradictions. The present work focuses on the role of the two aforementioned factors, in the suspect’s decision to confess a crime and the potential interaction effect among them. The data were obtained by visioning and analyzing 50 questionings of a suspect linked to a homicide investigation. The logistic regression’s results show that the detective’s behaviour is the predominant factor in obtaining a confession from a suspect. Theses results are maintained when both the characteristic of the suspect and the weight of evidence are controlled for. Moreover, our results suggest that a “positive” attitude from the detective’s part is associated with a greater propensity toward confessing. Also, the results indicate that the greater available evidence to support the case, will translate into more “dominant” style of questioning from the detectives. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of the different dynamics taking place between the detective and the suspect during the questioning.

Syftet med vår studie var att synliggöra befintliga diskurser gällande våld i nära relation utifrån utredarnas resonerande inom polisen för att i nästa led synliggöra dess konsekvenser. Metoden som valdes var av kvalitativ karaktär, intervjuer hölls med tre utredare från en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Materialet bearbetades sedan med hjälp av en Foucault-inspirerad diskursanalys samt tidigare forskning som gjorts kring ämnet. Tre diskurser identifierades vilka var diskursen om könstillhörighet, normaliseringsprocessen och inställningen till teoretisk kunskap. Resultatet visar att utredarnas inställning till teoretisk kunskap är något som på flera olika sätt påverkar deras arbete vilket riskerar att leda till att utredarnas arbete bygger på otillförlitlig kunskap. / The purpose of our study was to identify existing discourses of violence in close relationships based on investigators' reasoning within the police in order to visualize its consequences in the next step. The method chosen was of a qualitative nature, interviews were held with three investigators from a medium-sized city in Sweden. The material was then processed using a discourse analysis inspired by Foucault, as well as previous research on the subject. Three discourses were identified which were the discourse of gender, the normalization process and the attitude to theoretical knowledge. The result of the study shows that the investigators' attitude towards theoretical knowledge is something that affects their work in different ways, which may adventure the fact that investigators' work is based on unreliable knowledge.

Orientadores: José Luis Sanfelice, Silvana Fernandes Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Florido_CarolineMaria_M.pdf: 19830020 bytes, checksum: 166a50958a6e7532d7c6b333d1bdd885 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A dissertação apresentada resultou de uma pesquisa que buscou analisar a história da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de São José do Rio Preto sob o olhar da intervenção da ditadura civil-militar em 1964. O estudo insere-se na linha de pesquisa de História das Instituições Escolares, dentro do Grupo de Pesquisa "História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR", do Programa de Pós-Graduação da FE/UNICAMP. A fonte primária de consulta e análise foi o Inquérito Policial Militar (IPM) aberto para averiguar atividades subversivas na Faculdade. Buscou-se interpretar porque a existência da faculdade foi considerada ameaçadora para os projetos das classes dominantes. A Faculdade de Filosofia, conhecida como FAFI, nasceu como proposta de "universidade" municipal em 1955 e iniciou suas atividades em 1957. Após inúmeras dificuldades de funcionamento foi estadualizada em 1959, sendo essa história contada por outros pesquisadores, que destacaram sua singularidade institucional. Durante o início dos anos 1960 era organizada em departamentos, com a participação dos estudantes nos órgãos colegiados e teve profícuo envolvimento de estudantes e professores com os movimentos sociais do período. Dentre esses movimentos destacam-se a Campanha em Defesa da Escola Pública, a defesa da Reforma Universitária e o Movimento de Cultura Popular, pela atuação local do Movimento Popular de Cultura (MPC) e do Grupo Universitário de Trabalho Artístico (GRUTA). No auge das práticas de difusão cultural e alfabetização, a ditadura interveio no projeto da instituição no dia 1º de abril de 1964 e professores e estudantes foram presos e processados, encerrando o ciclo de efervescência cultural. A atuação da FFCL de São José do Rio Preto na sociedade local foi restringida e esta se transformou, de fato, em um instituto isolado, carregando consigo ao longo dos anos a fama de "centro comunizador do interior paulista". Do IPM aberto na intervenção da faculdade foram extraídos relatos, documentos e testemunhos que montam um quebra-cabeça sobre a criação da instituição e de que forma ela se articulava com os debates político-pedagógicos e as propostas de reformas em âmbito estadual e nacional. Ao final, dentre algumas conclusões, acredita-se que a tentativa de questionamento da realidade pela concretização de uma "práxis educativa" sendo combatida pelos grupos locais que, oportunamente, com sua aproximação das alas conservadoras da polícia e exército, decidiram colocar um fim no projeto da instituição, teria sido o principal motivo para a intervenção. / Abstract: This dissertation resulted from a survey that found analyses the history of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of São José do Rio Preto (SP) under the view of the intervention of the civil-military dictatorship in 1964. The study builds on research of the History of School Institutions, within the research group "History, Society and Education in Brazil - HISTEDBR", postgraduate program of FE/UNICAMP. The primary source of query and analysis was the Military Police Investigation (IPM) open to investigate subversive activities in college. Looking for interpret the motive the existence of the college was considered threatening to the projects of the dominants classes. The Faculty of Philosophy, known as FAFI, was born as a proposal of "university municipal" in 1955 and began operations in 1957. After numerous operating difficulties was stating in 1959, being this story told by other researchers, who highlighted its uniqueness. During the early 1960 was organized into departments, with the participation of students in collegiate organisms and had fruitful involvement of students and teachers with the social movements of the period. Among these movements include the campaign in defense of the public school, the defense of University Reform and Movement of Popular Culture, by local action of Culture Popular Movement (MPC) and University Group of Artwork (GRUTA). At the height of the cultural diffusion and literacy practices, the dictatorship intervened in the institution's project on April 1 of 1964, when teachers and students were arrested and prosecuted, ending the cycle of cultural effervescence. The performance of FFCL of São José do Rio Preto in local society has been restricted and this became, in fact, a isolated institute, carrying you over the years the reputation of "comunizator center of São Paulo". IPM open when College intervention were extracted reports, documents and testimonies that assemble a puzzle about the creation of the institution and how she connected with the politicalpedagogical debates and proposals for statewide and national reforms. At the end, some conclusions, it is believed that the attempt of questioning of reality by achieving a "educative praxis" being fought by local groups that, in due course, with its conservative wing approach of the police and army, decided to put an end to the institution's project, it would have been the main reason for the intervention / Mestrado / Filosofia e História da Educação / Mestra em Educação

This diploma thesis entitled Accounting and Tax Frauds from Comparative Perspective of Czech and American Law and Practice analyses accounting frauds and tax frauds in the Czech Republic with added comparative aspects from the US. The purpose of the thesis divided to 6 chapters is to provide a complex and comprehensive analysis from the perspective of accounting, legal and justice system and police investigation and to propose original policy solutions how to improve combating this sophisticated economic criminal activities. This thesis is grounded in an interdisciplinary context and applies economics, taxes, accounting, law, criminology and forensic science. It also combines theoretical background with practical case study analysis. Stemming from the case study analysis and the comparative perspectives from the US, this thesis proposes practical solutions proposals for the police work. One of the common features of both Czech and the US system is the essential role of experts. The added value of this thesis includes 10 different proposals in the legislative, institutional, informational and practical police area, such as establishing special police unit tasked with accounting and audit frauds, protection of whistleblowers, more severe punishments, uniform tax software and electronic evidence, better coordination between police and the tax authorities, improving the education of policemen in the economic, tax and accounting area, cooperation with academia and police internships of economics students and also enhanced international cooperation. One cross-cutting finding is the absolute necessity of close and long-term cooperation and coordination between police, judiciary, tax authorities and academia, sharing knowledge, information and know-how and critically analysing recent trends and practical issues. That is the only way how to effectively improve the fight against this complex white-collar crime.

Domestic violence is classified as a widespread and a serious problem in society. The aim of the study was to look into possible challenges and factors of success experienced by employees within the Police Authority and the importance of victim participation in the investigation process of cases related to domestic violence in several police areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six different investigators at the investigation section focused on domestic violence at the Police Authority. The material was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis and linked to previous research as well as the theory of normalization of violence. The result showed challenges such as a lack of resources, where more investigators, child interrogators, IT forensics and administrative staff are desired to be able to meet the high workload. Further identified challenges are linked to confidentiality between authorities and other actors. The victim's participation in the investigation process is considered to be decisive unless other evidence is available in order to conduct an effective investigation and obtain a conviction in the case. / Våld i nära relationer klassas som ett omfattande och allvarligt samhällsproblem. Syftet med studien var att undersöka eventuella utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som upplevdes av anställda inom Polismyndigheten samt vilken betydelse offrens medverkan har i utredningsprocessen av ärenden gällande våld i nära relationer i flera polisområden. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex olika utredare på utredningssektionen BINR (brott i nära relation) hos Polismyndigheten. Materialet analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och kopplades till tidigare forskning samt teorin om normaliseringsprocessen. Resultatet visade på utmaningar i form av främst resursbrist, där fler utredare, barnförhörsledare samt specialkompetenser såsom IT-forensiker och administrativ personal önskades för att kunna möta den höga arbetsbelastningen. Vidare identifierades utmaningar kopplat till sekretess mellan myndigheter och andra aktörer. Offrets medverkan i utredningsprocessen ansågs vara avgörande om inte annan stödbevisning fanns, för att kunna bedriva en effektiv utredning och få en fällande dom i ärendet.