Approximately 5 to 14% of school age children are affected by mathematics learning disabilities. With the implementation of inclusion, many of these children are now being educated in the regular education class- room setting and may require additional support to be successful in algebra. Therefore, teachers need to know what interventions are available to them to facilitate the algebraic learning of students with mathemat- ics learning disabilities. This systematic literature review aims to identify, and critically analyze, interventions that could be used when teaching algebra to these students. The five included articles focused on interven- tions that can be used in algebra, specifically when solving equations. In the analysis of the five studies two types of interventions emerged: the concrete-representational-abstract model and graphic organizers. The concrete-representational-abstract model seems to show it can be used successfully in a variety of scenarios involving solving equations. The use of graphic organizers also seems to be helpful when teaching higher- level algebra content that may be difficult to represent concretely. This review discovered many practical implications for teachers. Namely, that the concrete-representational-abstract model of intervention is easy to implement, effective over short periods of time and appears to positively influence the achievement of all students in an inclusive classroom setting. The graphic organizer showed similar results in that it is easy to implement and appears to improve all students’ learning. This review provided a good starting point for teachers to identify interventions that could be useful in algebra; however, more research still needs to be done. Future research is suggested in inclusive classroom settings where the general education teacher is the instructor and also on higher-level algebra concepts.

The problem of this study was to determine whether the advance organizer would affect students' perception of instructor communication competence. The study also sought to determine any effect the organizer would have on student achievement.

O racismo e a discriminação racial são fenômenos enraizados à realidade brasileira, com vários aspectos, os quais não podem ser ignorados ou negligenciados. A perspectiva afetiva, ligada a dimensão dos valores, sentimentos e pensamentos associados em uma situação de racismo são aspectos explorados neste trabalho, utilizando a Teoria de Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento. Os participantes da pesquisa foram alunos de escolas estaduais da capital do estado. O principal instrumento de coleta consistiu de uma situação-problema narrativa em duas versões, desenvolvidas a partir de pesquisa piloto realizada anteriormente com jovens sobre a temática racial. Foram apresentadas as versões do conflito, para dois grupos de trinta jovens, cada uma das versões acompanhada por um grupo de cinco perguntas respondidas após a leitura do conflito. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar os Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento construídos pelos participantes ao analisarem um conflito racial. Não foram estabelecidas categorias a priori, tendo em vista o resultado da pesquisa não ser previsível. A primeira das questões pós leitura do conflito arguia os sujeitos sobre o que pensou da situação. As outras questões investigavam que sentimentos tiveram o agressor/ vítima durante do incidente, o que faria o respondente se fosse colega dos dois envolvidos e, por fim, o que faria se estivesse no lugar de Arnaldo, o Professor. Com estas perguntas buscamos extrair os elementos abstraídos e retidos como significativos, os significados e relações e / ou implicações entre eles. Com isso chegamos a extração de seis modelos. No modelo 1, pacificação, as respostas agrupadas tiveram como implicação entre elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos a reflexão sobre a inadequação do preconceito, com base no valor humano ou com base na legalidade. No modelo 2, agressão e revolta, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi punir o agressor por seu comportamento preconceituoso. No modelo 3, frustração, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi agressividade ou passividade, no caso do agressor e auto-punição no caso da vítima. No modelo 4, superioridade, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi o sentimento de superioridade como mote para a atitude do agressor. No modelo 5, conflito de valores, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi o conflito entre o valor respeito a propriedade e o valor respeito a pessoa. No modelo 6, Restrição de avanços sociais, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi a de o preconceito ser um impedimento de progressos no sentido de uma sociedade da paz, melhor para todos. Esses achados nos permitiram melhor vislumbrar os afetos envolvidos em um conflito racial, que tem efeito não apenas sobre os jovens negros, mas também sobre os brancos, que constroem sua identidade a sobre égide da branquitude/negritude. / Racism and racial discrimination are rooted phenomena to the Brazilian reality, with multiple aspects, which cannot be ignored or neglected. The affective perspective, linked to values, feelings and thoughts associated with a situation of racism dimension are aspects explored in this work by using the Theory of Organizing Models of Thought. The Survey participants were students of state schools in the state capital. The main collection instrument consisted of a problem situation narrative in two versions, developed from previously conducted pilot study with young people about racial themes. Versions of the conflict were presented to two group of thirty young people, each version accompanied by a group of five questions to answer after reading the conflict. The main objective of the research was identify the feelings/thoughts that emerge from the speeches of adolescents in resolving a racial conflict and subsequently identify the Organizers Models of Thought were applied when they analyze the conflict. Not a priori categories have been established, in view of the search result could not be anticipated. The first issue questioned what the subject thought about the situation, i.e. a position on the conflict. The other questions were the following content - feelings that had the first and second characters before the incident, what would do if a colleague of the two involved and what room would if you were in place of Arnaldo, the teacher. With these questions, we seek to extract the elements abstracted and retained as significant, their meanings and relationships and / or implications between them, reaching the extraction of several models before each instrument. So far, we have identified six models. In model 1, peacemaking, grouped answers has the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings attributed to reflection on the inadequacy of prejudice either based on human value or based on the law. In model 2, aggression and anger, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was punishing the offender for his biased behavior. In model 3, frustration, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was aggression or passivity, where the abuser and self-punishment if the victim. In model 4, superiority, the implication between the abstracted elements and assigned meanings was the feeling of superiority as a motto for the attitude of the offender. In model 5, conflict of values, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was the conflict between the value about the property and the value about the person. In model 6, Restraining social advances, the implication between the abstracted elements and assigned meanings was that prejudice be an impediment to progress towards a society of peace, the better for everyone. These findings have allowed us to better glimpse the affections involved in a racial conflict, which has an effect not only on young blacks, but also about the whites, who build their identity on the aegis of whiteness/blackness.

O racismo e a discriminação racial são fenômenos enraizados à realidade brasileira, com vários aspectos, os quais não podem ser ignorados ou negligenciados. A perspectiva afetiva, ligada a dimensão dos valores, sentimentos e pensamentos associados em uma situação de racismo são aspectos explorados neste trabalho, utilizando a Teoria de Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento. Os participantes da pesquisa foram alunos de escolas estaduais da capital do estado. O principal instrumento de coleta consistiu de uma situação-problema narrativa em duas versões, desenvolvidas a partir de pesquisa piloto realizada anteriormente com jovens sobre a temática racial. Foram apresentadas as versões do conflito, para dois grupos de trinta jovens, cada uma das versões acompanhada por um grupo de cinco perguntas respondidas após a leitura do conflito. O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar os Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento construídos pelos participantes ao analisarem um conflito racial. Não foram estabelecidas categorias a priori, tendo em vista o resultado da pesquisa não ser previsível. A primeira das questões pós leitura do conflito arguia os sujeitos sobre o que pensou da situação. As outras questões investigavam que sentimentos tiveram o agressor/ vítima durante do incidente, o que faria o respondente se fosse colega dos dois envolvidos e, por fim, o que faria se estivesse no lugar de Arnaldo, o Professor. Com estas perguntas buscamos extrair os elementos abstraídos e retidos como significativos, os significados e relações e / ou implicações entre eles. Com isso chegamos a extração de seis modelos. No modelo 1, pacificação, as respostas agrupadas tiveram como implicação entre elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos a reflexão sobre a inadequação do preconceito, com base no valor humano ou com base na legalidade. No modelo 2, agressão e revolta, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi punir o agressor por seu comportamento preconceituoso. No modelo 3, frustração, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi agressividade ou passividade, no caso do agressor e auto-punição no caso da vítima. No modelo 4, superioridade, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi o sentimento de superioridade como mote para a atitude do agressor. No modelo 5, conflito de valores, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi o conflito entre o valor respeito a propriedade e o valor respeito a pessoa. No modelo 6, Restrição de avanços sociais, a implicação entre os elementos abstraídos e significados atribuídos foi a de o preconceito ser um impedimento de progressos no sentido de uma sociedade da paz, melhor para todos. Esses achados nos permitiram melhor vislumbrar os afetos envolvidos em um conflito racial, que tem efeito não apenas sobre os jovens negros, mas também sobre os brancos, que constroem sua identidade a sobre égide da branquitude/negritude. / Racism and racial discrimination are rooted phenomena to the Brazilian reality, with multiple aspects, which cannot be ignored or neglected. The affective perspective, linked to values, feelings and thoughts associated with a situation of racism dimension are aspects explored in this work by using the Theory of Organizing Models of Thought. The Survey participants were students of state schools in the state capital. The main collection instrument consisted of a problem situation narrative in two versions, developed from previously conducted pilot study with young people about racial themes. Versions of the conflict were presented to two group of thirty young people, each version accompanied by a group of five questions to answer after reading the conflict. The main objective of the research was identify the feelings/thoughts that emerge from the speeches of adolescents in resolving a racial conflict and subsequently identify the Organizers Models of Thought were applied when they analyze the conflict. Not a priori categories have been established, in view of the search result could not be anticipated. The first issue questioned what the subject thought about the situation, i.e. a position on the conflict. The other questions were the following content - feelings that had the first and second characters before the incident, what would do if a colleague of the two involved and what room would if you were in place of Arnaldo, the teacher. With these questions, we seek to extract the elements abstracted and retained as significant, their meanings and relationships and / or implications between them, reaching the extraction of several models before each instrument. So far, we have identified six models. In model 1, peacemaking, grouped answers has the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings attributed to reflection on the inadequacy of prejudice either based on human value or based on the law. In model 2, aggression and anger, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was punishing the offender for his biased behavior. In model 3, frustration, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was aggression or passivity, where the abuser and self-punishment if the victim. In model 4, superiority, the implication between the abstracted elements and assigned meanings was the feeling of superiority as a motto for the attitude of the offender. In model 5, conflict of values, the implication between the abstracted elements and meanings was the conflict between the value about the property and the value about the person. In model 6, Restraining social advances, the implication between the abstracted elements and assigned meanings was that prejudice be an impediment to progress towards a society of peace, the better for everyone. These findings have allowed us to better glimpse the affections involved in a racial conflict, which has an effect not only on young blacks, but also about the whites, who build their identity on the aegis of whiteness/blackness.

<p>This thesis tries to define factors that impact upon the feeling of exclusivity for users on travelorganizers websites. We have identified seven key factors that we believe impact this feeling andthose factors are newsletters, special offers/auxiliary services, registration/limited information,price, limited number of seats on a journey, deals for members and personal service. To researchthis we have conducted a questionnaire and performed interviews with people that are familiarwith travel organizers websites. To create an understanding for the results we have studied usercenteredweb design, affective design and the meaning of pictures. The results show that personalservice and price are important factors to make users feel that they get their requirements andwishes met. Newsletters and special offers/auxiliary services on the other hand are seen by mostas spam and do not impact the feeling of exclusivity because it is being sent to anyone who signsup for it.</p>

This thesis tries to define factors that impact upon the feeling of exclusivity for users on travelorganizers websites. We have identified seven key factors that we believe impact this feeling andthose factors are newsletters, special offers/auxiliary services, registration/limited information,price, limited number of seats on a journey, deals for members and personal service. To researchthis we have conducted a questionnaire and performed interviews with people that are familiarwith travel organizers websites. To create an understanding for the results we have studied usercenteredweb design, affective design and the meaning of pictures. The results show that personalservice and price are important factors to make users feel that they get their requirements andwishes met. Newsletters and special offers/auxiliary services on the other hand are seen by mostas spam and do not impact the feeling of exclusivity because it is being sent to anyone who signsup for it.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe atliekamas vartotojų elgsenos, renkantis kelionių organizatorių, vertinimas. Vartotojams, kuriems reikalingos turizmo paslaugos, į pagalbą skuba kelionių organizatoriai. Jie tenkina klientų poreikius, siūlydami visą kompleksą paslaugų, kurių organizavimas ir vartojimas turi specifinių bruožų. Kiekvieno vartotojo elgesys gali priklausyti nuo vidinių, išorinių bei kitų veiksnių, galinčių lemti galutinį pasirinkimą. Darbo tikslas – atlikti vartotojų elgsenos vertinimą renkantis kelionių organizatorių. Darbo objektas – vartotojų elgsena, renkantis kelionių organizatorių. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. išanalizuoti vartotojų elgsenos sampratą ir esmę; 2. ištirti vartotojų elgseną lemiančius veiksnius bei prekinio ženklo įtaką; 3. išanalizuoti kelionių organizatorių raidą, klasifikavimą ir veiklą; 4. išnagrinėti kelionių organizatorių siūlomas paslaugas; 5. atlikti vartotojų anketinę apklausą siekiant išsiaiškinti jų nuomonę apie kelionių organizatorių pasirinkimą įtakojančius veiksnius. Darbą sudaro: įvadas; 3 skyriai: : pirmame nagrinėjami – vartotojų elgsenos teoriniai aspektai, antrame – kelionių organizatoriai, jų veikla, klasifikavimas, raida bei teikiamos paslaugos (teoriniu aspektu), trečiame – tiriamos vartotojų nuomonės, renkantis kelionių organizatorių, išvados, rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas bei priedai. Tyrime dalyvavo 178 įvairaus amžiaus respondentai, kelionių organizatorių vartotojai. Išanalizavus gautus duomenis galima teigti, jog... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master‘s final work there is fulfilled consumer behaviour research, choosing a tour organizer. Tour organizers are always ready to help the customers needing tourism services. They satisfy the needs offering a set of services the arrangement and use of which feature some peculiarities. Each user’s behaviour can depend on internal, external and other factors, which can predetermine final selection. The purpose – to research of consumer behaviour, choosing a tour organizer. The object – consumer’s behaviour choosing tour organizer. The tasks: 1. To analyse consumer behaviour conception. 2. To analyse the main factors predetermining consumers behaviour. 3. To analyse development of tour organizer, classification and activities. 4. To analyse tour organizers offering services. 5. To analyse consumer types and features of their behaviour. The project consists of: introduction; 3 chapters theoretical aspects of consumers behaviour are analysed in the first chapter; tour organizer types, their activities, classification, development and offered services are (analysed theoretically) in the second chapter; consumers’ opinions in selecting tour organizer are analysed in the third chapter; findings; recommendations; literary list and supplements. There were 178 different age respondents, users of tour organizers participated in the research. After having analyzed the data obtained one can state that Lithuania’ best-known tour organizer is... [to full text]

What does the prevalence of stress and burnout in community-based work reveal about the impacts of welfare state withdrawal? Drawing on the experiences of frontline community organizers in Toronto, this research argues that welfare state withdrawal is subsidized by a ‘Currency of Caring’ whereby frontline community organizers are expected to fill gaps in the social safety net, working to a point of burnout if necessary, because they care. This research investigates how funders operating within this context can promote health and wellness in community-based work. Broadly, research findings provide insights into how neoliberalism and welfare state withdrawal shape frontline community work in ways that exacerbate stress and burnout, and impede systemic change efforts. In addition, research findings describe the limitations and possibilities for funders to be allies in collective change efforts by being invested in the health and wellness of frontline community organizers.

What does the prevalence of stress and burnout in community-based work reveal about the impacts of welfare state withdrawal? Drawing on the experiences of frontline community organizers in Toronto, this research argues that welfare state withdrawal is subsidized by a ‘Currency of Caring’ whereby frontline community organizers are expected to fill gaps in the social safety net, working to a point of burnout if necessary, because they care. This research investigates how funders operating within this context can promote health and wellness in community-based work. Broadly, research findings provide insights into how neoliberalism and welfare state withdrawal shape frontline community work in ways that exacerbate stress and burnout, and impede systemic change efforts. In addition, research findings describe the limitations and possibilities for funders to be allies in collective change efforts by being invested in the health and wellness of frontline community organizers.

Les données issues de la littérature montrent que l’ajout d’aides visuelles (i.e., graphiques organisateurs, plans) à des documents multimédias améliore non seulement la mémorisation des étudiants mais également leur compréhension en représentant les informations essentielles du document ainsi que les relations hiérarchiques qu’elles entretiennent. De plus, de nombreux auteurs recommandent d’engager les apprenants dans le traitement profond des informations, par exemple, en leur demandant de générer eux-mêmes des aides visuelles. Actuellement, les quelques études s’étant intéressées à la comparaison de groupes où une aide visuelle est fournie avec le document (apprenant « passif ») à des groupes où l’aide est auto-générée (apprenant « actif ») rapportent des résultats contrastés, l’auto génération entraînant parfois des effets bénéfiques (hypothèse de génération) et parfois des effets néfastes (hypothèse de charge cognitive). Dans cette thèse, une série de cinq études a été réalisée afin d’étudier plus précisément les effets de l’auto-génération de graphiques organisateurs sur les performances d’apprentissage des étudiants. Les résultats de ces études répliquent les effets bénéfiques de l’ajout d’aides visuelles (graphiques ou plans) sur l’apprentissage. Cependant, des effets négatifs de l’auto-génération ont été quasi systématiquement obtenus démontrant ainsi la complexité de ce type d’activité. Ces effets n’étaient toutefois plus observés lorsque la génération du graphique était guidée dans nos dernières études (scaffolding, génération partielle) ce qui ouvre de nombreuses pistes de recherches. / The literature shows that adding visual aids (i.e., graphic organizers, outlines) to multimedia documents increases students’ memorization and comprehension by depicting the main ideas of the document and their interrelationship. Moreover, numerous authors recommend turning students into active learners in their learning and involving them in processing information deeply, by asking them to self-generate a visual aid. Nowadays, the few studies which have compared groups where a visual aid is given (“passive” learner) to groups where it is self-generated (active learner) yield contrasting results, showing either positive effects of self-generation (generative hypothesis) or detrimental ones (cognitive load hypothesis). In this dissertation, a series of five studies was conducted to precisely assess self-generation effects of graphic organizers on students’ learning performances. The results replicated the beneficial effects of adding visual aids (graphics or outlines) on learning. Yet, negative self-generation effects were almost always obtained. However, these effects disappeared when the self-generation of the organizer was guided (scaffolding, partial self-generation) which opens the way to further research.