Thesis (Ed.D.)--Liberty University School of Education, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Previous research has shown that implementing graphic organizers and giving the needed instruction to use and study content information increases academic gain of students with learning disabilities. In the present study students actively engaged in using graphic organizers, which helped them demonstrate their learning on multiple choice questions. On the multiple choice test, the overall mean gain for the experimental group was 45%. The control group's overall mean gain on the multiple choice test was 30%. While the posttest scores for students in the graphic organizer group were significantly higher than posttest scores of students in the control group, few students mastered the material. On a short answer test in which students answered definition, compare and contrast questions, students in traditional instruction outperformed students who received graphic organizer instruction. On the short answer test the mean gain for the experimental group across question types was 17% and the mean gain for the control group was 21%. These results are discussed relative to the available research on graphic organizers.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender os processos de desorganização grupal verificados durante a Supervisão psicanalítica de um grupo de educadores sociais de crianças em situação de rua. Os grupos se constituem num movimento dialético de desestruturação, reestruturação e estruturação, no entanto, no grupo de educadores estudado se produziu um excesso de desorganizações e um intenso sofrimento psíquico. Entre as diversas formas possíveis de abordagem de um caso em pesquisa, optou-se pela construção de caso, privilegiando um olhar que parte da clínica, na qual entendemos fundar-se a descoberta psicanalítica em sua vocação de retroalimentação da teoria. A pesquisa privilegia três grandes eixos: o grupo, o mal-estar dos sujeitos agrupados na desorganização e a contribuição das instituições nesse mal-estar. Para alcançar seu objetivo, a pesquisa faz um percurso histórico iniciado com as formulações de Freud, sobre as motivações dos sujeitos para organizar um grupo, segue com a epistemologia dos grupos criada por Bion e a metapsicologia psicanalítica de grupo de Kaës, com seus organizadores psíquicos e socioculturais do agrupamento, que serviram de indicadores para a análise das desorganizações, a psicopatologia dos laços intersubjetivos, as funções metassociais das instituições e conclui com as contribuições da filosofia de Honneth (2008) sobre a patologia do social. Ao fim desse percurso, este estudo aponta as falhas das funções metassociais das instituições apoiadas na patologia do social, como promotoras do intenso sofrimento psíquico a seus membros pela impossibilidade de inclusão do pensamento nas práticas educativas, restando as desorganizações grupais como mecanismos de defesa e a dessubjetivação de cada um no laço institucional / The objective of this study is to understand the group disorganization processes that occured during psychoanalytic supervision of a group of social educators working with children who live on the streets. The groups constitute themselves in a dialectical movement of disintegration, restructuring and structuring, however, in the group of educators who were studied, an excess of disorganization and an intense psychological distress were produced. Among the many possible ways to approach a case study, it was decided to build the case by favoring a look coming from the clinic, in which we understand the psychoanalytic discovery is based on its feature of feedback theory. The research focuses on three main areas: the group, the malaise of individuals who are grouped in the disorganization and the contribution of institutions in this malaise. To achieve its goal, the research makes a historical journey that starts with Freud\'s formulations on the motivations of individuals to organize a group, follows with the epistemology of the groups created by Bion and the group psychoanalytic metapsychology of Kaës, with its psychic and socio-cultural organizers of grouping, which served as indicators for the analysis of disorganization, the psychopathology of intersubjective ties, the metasocial functions of the institutions and concludes with the contributions of philosophy of Honneth (2008) on the social pathology. At the end of this journey, this study points out the shortcomings of metasocial functions of the institutions supported by the social pathology, as promoters of intense psychological suffering to their members by the impossibility of inclusion of thought in educational practices, remaining the group disorganization as a defense mechanism and the desubjectivation of each one in the institutional tie

O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender os processos de desorganização grupal verificados durante a Supervisão psicanalítica de um grupo de educadores sociais de crianças em situação de rua. Os grupos se constituem num movimento dialético de desestruturação, reestruturação e estruturação, no entanto, no grupo de educadores estudado se produziu um excesso de desorganizações e um intenso sofrimento psíquico. Entre as diversas formas possíveis de abordagem de um caso em pesquisa, optou-se pela construção de caso, privilegiando um olhar que parte da clínica, na qual entendemos fundar-se a descoberta psicanalítica em sua vocação de retroalimentação da teoria. A pesquisa privilegia três grandes eixos: o grupo, o mal-estar dos sujeitos agrupados na desorganização e a contribuição das instituições nesse mal-estar. Para alcançar seu objetivo, a pesquisa faz um percurso histórico iniciado com as formulações de Freud, sobre as motivações dos sujeitos para organizar um grupo, segue com a epistemologia dos grupos criada por Bion e a metapsicologia psicanalítica de grupo de Kaës, com seus organizadores psíquicos e socioculturais do agrupamento, que serviram de indicadores para a análise das desorganizações, a psicopatologia dos laços intersubjetivos, as funções metassociais das instituições e conclui com as contribuições da filosofia de Honneth (2008) sobre a patologia do social. Ao fim desse percurso, este estudo aponta as falhas das funções metassociais das instituições apoiadas na patologia do social, como promotoras do intenso sofrimento psíquico a seus membros pela impossibilidade de inclusão do pensamento nas práticas educativas, restando as desorganizações grupais como mecanismos de defesa e a dessubjetivação de cada um no laço institucional / The objective of this study is to understand the group disorganization processes that occured during psychoanalytic supervision of a group of social educators working with children who live on the streets. The groups constitute themselves in a dialectical movement of disintegration, restructuring and structuring, however, in the group of educators who were studied, an excess of disorganization and an intense psychological distress were produced. Among the many possible ways to approach a case study, it was decided to build the case by favoring a look coming from the clinic, in which we understand the psychoanalytic discovery is based on its feature of feedback theory. The research focuses on three main areas: the group, the malaise of individuals who are grouped in the disorganization and the contribution of institutions in this malaise. To achieve its goal, the research makes a historical journey that starts with Freud\'s formulations on the motivations of individuals to organize a group, follows with the epistemology of the groups created by Bion and the group psychoanalytic metapsychology of Kaës, with its psychic and socio-cultural organizers of grouping, which served as indicators for the analysis of disorganization, the psychopathology of intersubjective ties, the metasocial functions of the institutions and concludes with the contributions of philosophy of Honneth (2008) on the social pathology. At the end of this journey, this study points out the shortcomings of metasocial functions of the institutions supported by the social pathology, as promoters of intense psychological suffering to their members by the impossibility of inclusion of thought in educational practices, remaining the group disorganization as a defense mechanism and the desubjectivation of each one in the institutional tie

The purpose of this study was to determine what difference, if any, exists between the implementation and use of Thinking Maps® and students' academic achievement in Reading and Mathematics as measured over time by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test® (FCAT). Thinking Maps® is a registered trademark of Thinking Maps, Inc. The data were examined after three years of Thinking Maps® implementation and instruction. The design of this study was quantitative, with a nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest design (Ary, Jacobs, & Razavieh, 2002) that examined the effects on student Reading and Mathematics FCAT scores in one middle school that implemented Thinking Maps® throughout all grade levels and core subjects for three years as compared to student Reading and Mathematics FCAT scores in a second middle school that did not implement the Thinking Maps® program throughout all grade levels and core subjects for three years. MANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to examine student FCAT scores. This study focused on one major question: Do students who have been instructed in the use of Thinking Maps® have higher academic achievement as measured by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test® (FCAT) than those that have not been instructed in the use of Thinking Maps®? Results of this study indicated that students who have been instructed in the use of Thinking Maps® do not have higher academic achievement as measured by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test® (FCAT) than those who have not been instructed in the use of Thinking Maps®. The researcher concluded that other methods of evaluating the implementation of Thinking Maps® and student achievement should be explored.

A significativa importância do processo de ensino aprendizagem acontece quando o professor como mediador procura reconstruir o conhecimento anterior através das reflexões dos seus alunos. O ensino tradicional resume-se na transmissão de conhecimentos já prontos e, ao aluno, é atribuído um papel passivo de receptor da informação. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com uma turma de alunos do Ensino Médio e teve como objetivo identificar as concepções prévias sobre o sistema respiratório e o tabagismo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as concepções dos alunos são superficiais, escassas e muito distantes de uma alfabetização científica. Essas inferências demonstraram que, possivelmente, os organizadores prévios não ancoraram o novo conhecimento e, portanto, faz-se necessário desenvolver atividades diferenciadas no ensino de biologia, tornando o aprendizado mais significativo. Diante desses resultados, desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta pedagógica “estilo mangá” baseada nas vivências dos alunos. / The relevant importance of the teaching and learning process happens when teacher as a mediator intends to reconstruct the previous knowledge through the students' reflexions. The traditional teaching has focused on transmission of ready knowledge in which the student has had only a passive role as an information receptor. This study presents results from a research with a group of Brazilian students from High-School level. The aim was to identify the previous conceptions about respiratory system and smoking habits. The results demonstrate that the students' conceptions are superficial, rare and far from scientific literacy. The inferences of this study show that possibly the advanced organizers do not link to the new knowledge and because of this it becomes necessary to develop different activities for biology teaching in order to turn the learning of this subject more meaningful. Based on these results, it was developed the pedagogical tool “manga style” from the students livings.

Seductive details (SDs) are interesting, but not necessarily relevant, information that may be included in text to capture students’ attention. Unfortunately, including such details often hinders learning. Schraw (1998) differentiated between context-independent (i.e., interesting without surrounding context) and context-dependent (i.e., interesting only in light of surrounding context) SDs. In the first study, 388 undergraduate students read six paragraphs describing Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages (i.e., target material). Participants in four groups also read one of two biographical paragraphs. The biographical paragraphs contained SDs about Freud that were either context-dependent or -independent to the target material and presented before (primacy) or after (recency) the target-material paragraphs or not at all (Control). After reading, students took a quiz. Quiz performance was not influenced by the type of SDs but rather its placement relative to the target text. Students in the primacy conditions performed worse than students in the recency and control conditions. Thus, both types of SDs reduced learning when they were presented at the beginning of the text. Study 2 examined a potential interaction between SDs and a graphic organizer (GO). GOs are designed to help learners make connections among ideas in the text by visually representing the concepts to be learned (Ausubel, 1960; Robinson & Kiewra, 1995). In Study 2, 207 undergraduate students read the same target material from Study 1. Depending on condition, the participants also read the context-dependent biographical paragraph (SD only), read a GO that linked the SDs to the target material (GO only), read both (GO + SD), or only read the target material (Control). After reading, students took a quiz. Participants in the GO only group and the Control group performed significantly better on the quiz items than participants in the SD only group. There was no significant difference between the Control group and the GO + SD group. Results from both studies suggest that the GO mitigated the seductive details effect but did not reverse it. There is evidence for both the diversion hypothesis (priming inappropriate schema) and the distraction hypothesis (focusing the reader’s attention on the SDs as opposed to the target material).

In recent years, there has been a growth of using visuals and vocabulary in mathematics and mathematics classes. The purpose of this Master’s Report is to illuminate research done in the realm of mathematics education related to the increasing use of visuals and visual devices as models for mathematical concepts, as well as visuals for quick reference or “short cuts.” Also discussed is mathematics vocabulary, the words most likely seen on mathematics exams, standardized state tests, and overall, any vocabulary most likely to trigger problem solving strategies and solutions. Trends such as “word walls” and “graphic organizers,” as well as vocabulary strategies aimed at oral, visual, and kinesthetic learners have all emerged in the classroom. Other strategies implemented and researched include student mathematics journals, student created mathematics dictionaries, children’s literature, graphic organizers, and written explanations of open ended word problems. All proved to enhance students’ mathematical vocabulary, increase comprehension and increase ability in communication of mathematical ideas. Furthermore, the use of visual models has emerged in mathematics courses in order to promote more mathematical understanding. “Proofs without words” and patterns and pictures are growing in their use to explain mathematical concepts and ideas. Visual devices that help students arrive at probable answers also have grown in their implementation in the classroom and beyond. Overall, has the increased use of visuals and vocabulary in both mathematics education and mathematics in general improved the mathematical understanding of our society? What research, if any, has been done to document the effects of word walls, graphic organizers, and etcetera? The research will show that, yes, an overwhelming amount of data shows that the implementation of such visual and vocabulary strategies can improve the mathematical understanding of those exposed to the strategies and devices. / text

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida globalisering kan sättas i sammanhang till existerande problem med barnsexturism samt att undersöka hur svenska researrangörer arbetar med att ta socialt ansvar i sina verksamheter för att förebygga och stoppa barnsexturism. Studien utgår från tidigare forskning i ämnet samt två teorier om globalisering och CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility Vi har i denna studie använt ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt. Vi har utfört två kortare intervjuer, en med ECPAT Sverige och en med Ving. Vi har även genomfört textanalyser på noga utvalt material från ECPAT Sverige, Apollo, Fritidsresor och Ving. Resultatet av studien visar på att det kan finnas en relation mellan globaliseringen och problemen med barnsexturism. Ökat resande och Internets uppkomst har varit starkt bidragande faktorer till problemet. Researrangörerna; Apollo, Fritidsresor och Ving arbetar med att ta socialt ansvar och att förebygga problemet med barnsexturism genom att bland annat föra ett samarbete med ECPAT Sverige samt att följa uppförandekoder. / The purpose with this essay is to examine whether globalization can be put in context to the existing problems with child sex tourism and to examine how Swedish travel organizers work with social responsibility to prevent and stop child sex tourism. This study is based on previous research on the subject and two theories about globalization and CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility. We have used a qualitative approach in this study. We have done two shorter interviews, one with ECPAT Sverige and one with Ving. We have also done a textual analysis on carefully selected information from ECPAT Sverige, Apollo, Fritidsresor and Ving. The results of the study show that there may be a connection between globalization and the problem with child sex tourism. Increased travel and the emergence of Internet have been major contributing factors to the problem. The travel organizers; Apollo, Fritidsresor and Ving works with social responsibility and are preventing the problem with child sex tourism, for example by a collaboration with ECPAT Sverige and by complying with codes of conduct.