Two organophosphorus compounds, namely diethyloxymethyl-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPAC) and diethyl (2,2-diethoxyethyl) phosphonate (DPAC) were applied on cotton cellulose to impart non-carcinogenic and durable (in alkaline washing) flame retardant property to it. Some acidic catalysts, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), were successfully used to settle acetal linkage between cellulose and flame retardant (FR) compound. Appreciable limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 24% and 23.9% were achieved in case of the samples treated with FR compound DPAC along with the combined acidic catalyzing effect of NaH2PO4+H3PO4 and NaH2PO4+NH4H2PO4. A distinguishing outcome of total heat of combustion (THC) 3.27 KJ/g was revealed during pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) test of the treated sample. In respect of thermal degradation, low temperature dehydration in conjugation with sufficient amount of char residue (30.5%) was obtained in case of DOPAC treated sample. Consistently, the temperature of peak heat release rate (TPHRR) (325°C) of DPAC treated sample supported the expected low temperature pyrolysis in condensed phase mechanism. Subsequent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also reported inspiring weight retention% of the treated samples. Furthermore, for both of the flame retardant compounds, effect of different catalysts, considering both individual and combined, effect of solvents, and overall the optimization of the process parameters were studied in detail. / Program: Magisterutbildning i textilteknologi

"December 2004" / Includes bibliographical references. / 2 v. (various pagings) : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, Discipline of Chemistry, 2005

The use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) as solid sorbent in Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) extraction and preconcentration method was presented to determine some commonly used organophosphorus insecticides/OPIs in honey samples using a Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). OPIs are poisonous compounds used to kill insects and rodents by affecting their nervous system. The limit of detections obtained after MSPD extraction were 7.0 ng/g for Malathion, Malaoxon and Fenitrothion and 33.3 ng/g for Isomalathion. The recovery of the insecticides from spiked honey, ranged from 83.6% to 103.3% with % RSD ranged from 9.8% to 12.3% (n=3). The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration data varied from 0.9945 to 0.9987. Standard addition method was utilized to examine matrix-induced effects on analyte peaks, and to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The MSPD extraction was successfully applied for the analysis of four honey samples but no insecticide residues were detected.

The dominant organic phosphorus compound classes were characterized in marine samples using a new, high recovery method for isolating and concentrating bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) called combined electrodialysis+reverse osmosis (ED/RO). In contrast to earlier studies which use ultrafiltration (UF) to recover only the high molecular weight DOM, ED/RO is capable of isolating both low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) DOM. Samples were collected from a broad range of marine environments: along a transect incorporating coastal and offshore waters off the Southeastern United States, in Effingham Inlet, a Pacific fjord located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia and in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Results from phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) analysis reveals a similar abundance of P compound classes between samples, phosphate esters (80-85%), phosphonates (5-10%) and polyphosphates (8-13%). These samples contain significantly higher proportions of polyphosphate P and P esters and lower proportions of phosphonates than measured in previous studies using the UF method. The much higher levels of polyphosphate detected in our samples suggests that polyphosphate is present mainly in the LMW DOM fraction. Polyphosphates in DOM may be present as (or derived from) dissolved nucleotides or organismal polyphosphate bodies, or both. Low molecular weight P esters are likely composed of phosphoamino acids and small carbohydrates, like simple sugar phosphates and/or dissolved nucleotides. Phosphonates in DOM are more prevalent as HMW phosphonate compounds, which suggests that LMW phosphonates are more readily utilized in marine ecosystems. Overall, the investigation of DOM across a size spectrum that includes both the HMW and the LMW fractions reveals a new picture of phosphorus distribution, cycling and bioavailability.

Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, Discipline of Chemistry, 2005? / "December 2004" Includes bibliographical references.

CAPES / O agrotóxico organofosforado clorpirifós (CP) é considerado tóxico principalmente devido à inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Devido à ineficiência de tratamentos biológicos convencionais na degradação do CP e de seus metabólitos, processos avançados de oxidação vêm sendo estudados para possibilitar sua efetiva degradação. Este trabalho avaliou a degradação do CP (200 μg L-1) em água (0,2% de ACN) através da radiação UVC e do processo UV/H2O2, em escala de bancada, bem como a ecotoxicidade após os tratamentos aplicados. A partir das condições de pH e concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio adotados neste estudo (pH 5,2 e 12 mg L-1 H2O2) verificou-se que em ambos os tratamentos, mais de 97% do composto foi degradado após 20 minutos de tratamento por UV/H2O2 e após 60 minutos de tratamento por radiação UVC. Através do estudo cinético, verificou-se que a degradação do CP segue uma reação de pseudo-primeira ordem, sendo o valor da constante k para o processo UV/H2O2 calculada em 0,119 min-1, e 0,053 min-1 para o tratamento UVC, demonstrando que o processo avançado de oxidação é mais rápido na degradação do CP do que apenas a fotólise direta. Embora o CP tenha sido praticamente degradado, ensaios ecotoxicológicos demonstraram que após o tratamento, as soluções tratadas pelo processo UV/H2O2 apresentaram ecotoxicidade aguda maior do que as tratadas por radiação UVC. Em ensaios com Daphnia magna, a toxicidade se manteve em relação à toxicidade inicial da solução de CP para ambos os tratamentos, enquanto que em ensaios com Aedes aegypti, a ecotoxicidade reduziu 95% após tratamento por radiação UVC e 1,7% após tratamento por processo UV/H2O2. Lactuca sativa apresentou fitotoxicidade para as soluções tratadas por ambos os processos. Ensaios realizados com os três organismos com as amostras-controle das soluções (soluções dos reagentes, sem CP) demonstraram que a ecotoxicidade aguda e a fitotoxicidade das amostras tratadas pelo processo UV/H2O2 são provenientes de subprodutos da degradação da acetonitrila formados durante o tratamento. Quanto aos ensaios realizados com Danio rerio, foi observada mortalidade de todos os peixes expostos à amostra tratada por processo UV/H2O2, com e sem o agrotóxico. Solução de CP tratada por radiação UVC foi empregada em ensaio de genotoxicidade, porém não foi observado efeito genotóxico nos organismos expostos. Devido aos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que embora ambos os tratamentos tenham atingindo uma eficiência superior a 97% de degradação, a ecotoxicidade aguda e a fitotoxicidade do efluente tratado manteve-se após degradação por processo UV/H2O2 devido à formação de subprodutos de degradação da acetonitrila, mesmo esta tendo sido aplicada em baixas concentrações (0,2% v/v). / The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CP) is considered toxic mostly due to inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the genotoxic potential in living organisms, even at low concentrations. Due to the inefficiency of conventional biological treatments in the degradation of CP and its metabolites, advanced oxidation processes have been studied to enable their effective degradation. This study evaluated the degradation of CP (200 μg L-1) in aqueous solution (0,2% de ACN) by direct photolysis (UVC) and homogeneous process UV/H2O2 and the ecotoxicity before and after the treatments are applied. From the conditions of pH and concentration of hydrogen peroxide used in this study (pH 5.2 and 12 mg L-1 H2O2) it was found that in both treatments, over 97% of the compound was deteriorated after 20 minutes of treatment with UV/H2O2 and 60 minutes after UVC radiation. The kinetic study demonstrates that the degradation of CP following a pseudo-first reaction. The rate constants k was calculated in 0.119 min-1 for the UV/H2O2 process and 0,053 min-1 for the UVC radiation. However, bioassays tests showed that after the UV/H2O2 treatment, the solutions was considered more toxic than the solutions treated by UVC radiation. In tests with Daphnia magna, the toxicity has remained relative to the initial toxicity of CP solution for both treatments, while in Aedes aegypti assays the toxicity reduced 95% after treatment with UVC and 1.7% after treatment process by UV/H2O2. Lactuca sativa indicates phytotoxicity for both treatments. Tests carried out with the components of the solutions without CP, showed that acute ecotoxicity of the samples treated by UV/H2O2 process could be explain by the generation of acetonitrile byproducts during treatment, possibly cyanide ions. For the tests performed with zebrafish it was observed mortality of all the organisms exposed to the sample treated by the UV/H2O2process and the blank sample. CP solutions without treatment and after UVC radiation degradation were used in genotoxicity assays, but were not observed genotoxic effects of these samples in the exposed organisms. Due to the results obtained, it was concluded that although both treatments have reached efficiency greater than 97% degradation, acute ecotoxicity of the treated effluent remained after degradation by UV/H2O2 process due to formation of by-products of acetonitrile, even it has been applied in low concentrations (0.2% v/v).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3121.pdf: 1512799 bytes, checksum: 42c9ef7778750b57451bc4c5d9615c17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Parasitosis in fishes is a relevant problem in aquaculture. Besides, the organophosphate trichlorfon (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate) is amongst the most used medicine in farming of fishes. Due to trichlorfon use in fish parasitosis control, including pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), in brazilian and worldwide aquaculture, it is necessary to study the effects of this organophosphorus compound related to toxicity and metabolic biochemical parameters. The aim of this work was to evaluate trichlorfon acute toxicity (LC(I)50;96h) to P. mesopotamicus and histopathological effects of this exposition; detect metabolic changes in juvenile pacu (P. mesopotamicus) exposed to trichlorfon sub-lethal concentration (10% LC (I) 50;96h); and evaluate metabolic changes after seven and 14 days of recovery. Estimated (LC (I)50;96h) of trichlorfon to alevin was 0.04mg/L; to juvenile fish was 0.07 mgL-1. Histological evaluation showed adaptive alterations, aiming to limit xenobiotic entrance; liver alterations aimed an increase in blood influx, consequently increasing detoxication; kidney alterations indicate excretion increase and skin presented cromatophore migration to superficial folds. After sub-lethal exposure, pacu presented a decrease in hemoglobin, after seven days recovery it was recorded a decrease in MCH and after 14 days recovery analysis showed a decrease in hematocrit. Metabolic alterations observed after sub-lethal expositions and recovery indicated efforts aiming to homeostatic maintenance trough energy production. Brain and muscle AChE activity decreased, regaining the control values after 14 day of recovery in xenobiotic free water. / As doenças causadas por parasitas em peixes são um problema relevante na aqüicultura. Assim, os organofosforados (OPs), incluindo o triclorfon [dimetil (2,2,2 tricloro- 1 hidroxietil) fosfonato] são utilizados para controle de ectoparasitos na aquicultura atual. Devido à utilização do triclorfon no controle de parasitoses em peixes, incluindo o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) na aqüicultura brasileira e mundial, justifica-se a necessidade de ampla abordagem de estudo deste organofosforado relacionada à sua toxicidade e efeitos nos parâmetros bioquímicos metabólicos. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: determinar a concentração letal (CL (I)50;96h) do triclorfon para o pacu e avaliar os efeitos histológicos desta exposição; determinar e avaliar suas respostas metabólicas após exposição sub-letal ao triclorfon (10% da CL (I)50;96h); e avaliar suas respostas metabólicas após recuperação de 7 e 14 dias. A CL (I)50;96h encontrada para alevinos de pacu foi de 0,04 mgL-1 de triclorfon, e para jovens foi de 0,07 mgL-1 de triclorfon. A avaliação histológica branquial revelou alterações adaptativas, visando diminuir a entrada do xenobiótico; no fígado houve alterações de aumento de fluxo sanguíneo, visando maior eficiência de desintoxicação; no rim as alterações foram indicativas de aumento de excreção e na pele houve migração de cromatóforos para as camadas mais superficiais. Após a exposição sub-letal, o pacu apresentou redução da hemoglobina total, enquanto que após a recuperação de 7 dias houve redução na HCM e após a recuperação de 14 dias ocorreu redução do hematócrito. As alterações metabólicas observadas nos três períodos analisados indicam esforços a fim de manutenção homeostática através de produção de energia. A atividade da AChE cerebral e muscular apresentou queda, sendo recuperada após os 14 dias em água livre do xenobiótico.

CAPES / O agrotóxico organofosforado clorpirifós (CP) é considerado tóxico principalmente devido à inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Devido à ineficiência de tratamentos biológicos convencionais na degradação do CP e de seus metabólitos, processos avançados de oxidação vêm sendo estudados para possibilitar sua efetiva degradação. Este trabalho avaliou a degradação do CP (200 μg L-1) em água (0,2% de ACN) através da radiação UVC e do processo UV/H2O2, em escala de bancada, bem como a ecotoxicidade após os tratamentos aplicados. A partir das condições de pH e concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio adotados neste estudo (pH 5,2 e 12 mg L-1 H2O2) verificou-se que em ambos os tratamentos, mais de 97% do composto foi degradado após 20 minutos de tratamento por UV/H2O2 e após 60 minutos de tratamento por radiação UVC. Através do estudo cinético, verificou-se que a degradação do CP segue uma reação de pseudo-primeira ordem, sendo o valor da constante k para o processo UV/H2O2 calculada em 0,119 min-1, e 0,053 min-1 para o tratamento UVC, demonstrando que o processo avançado de oxidação é mais rápido na degradação do CP do que apenas a fotólise direta. Embora o CP tenha sido praticamente degradado, ensaios ecotoxicológicos demonstraram que após o tratamento, as soluções tratadas pelo processo UV/H2O2 apresentaram ecotoxicidade aguda maior do que as tratadas por radiação UVC. Em ensaios com Daphnia magna, a toxicidade se manteve em relação à toxicidade inicial da solução de CP para ambos os tratamentos, enquanto que em ensaios com Aedes aegypti, a ecotoxicidade reduziu 95% após tratamento por radiação UVC e 1,7% após tratamento por processo UV/H2O2. Lactuca sativa apresentou fitotoxicidade para as soluções tratadas por ambos os processos. Ensaios realizados com os três organismos com as amostras-controle das soluções (soluções dos reagentes, sem CP) demonstraram que a ecotoxicidade aguda e a fitotoxicidade das amostras tratadas pelo processo UV/H2O2 são provenientes de subprodutos da degradação da acetonitrila formados durante o tratamento. Quanto aos ensaios realizados com Danio rerio, foi observada mortalidade de todos os peixes expostos à amostra tratada por processo UV/H2O2, com e sem o agrotóxico. Solução de CP tratada por radiação UVC foi empregada em ensaio de genotoxicidade, porém não foi observado efeito genotóxico nos organismos expostos. Devido aos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que embora ambos os tratamentos tenham atingindo uma eficiência superior a 97% de degradação, a ecotoxicidade aguda e a fitotoxicidade do efluente tratado manteve-se após degradação por processo UV/H2O2 devido à formação de subprodutos de degradação da acetonitrila, mesmo esta tendo sido aplicada em baixas concentrações (0,2% v/v). / The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CP) is considered toxic mostly due to inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the genotoxic potential in living organisms, even at low concentrations. Due to the inefficiency of conventional biological treatments in the degradation of CP and its metabolites, advanced oxidation processes have been studied to enable their effective degradation. This study evaluated the degradation of CP (200 μg L-1) in aqueous solution (0,2% de ACN) by direct photolysis (UVC) and homogeneous process UV/H2O2 and the ecotoxicity before and after the treatments are applied. From the conditions of pH and concentration of hydrogen peroxide used in this study (pH 5.2 and 12 mg L-1 H2O2) it was found that in both treatments, over 97% of the compound was deteriorated after 20 minutes of treatment with UV/H2O2 and 60 minutes after UVC radiation. The kinetic study demonstrates that the degradation of CP following a pseudo-first reaction. The rate constants k was calculated in 0.119 min-1 for the UV/H2O2 process and 0,053 min-1 for the UVC radiation. However, bioassays tests showed that after the UV/H2O2 treatment, the solutions was considered more toxic than the solutions treated by UVC radiation. In tests with Daphnia magna, the toxicity has remained relative to the initial toxicity of CP solution for both treatments, while in Aedes aegypti assays the toxicity reduced 95% after treatment with UVC and 1.7% after treatment process by UV/H2O2. Lactuca sativa indicates phytotoxicity for both treatments. Tests carried out with the components of the solutions without CP, showed that acute ecotoxicity of the samples treated by UV/H2O2 process could be explain by the generation of acetonitrile byproducts during treatment, possibly cyanide ions. For the tests performed with zebrafish it was observed mortality of all the organisms exposed to the sample treated by the UV/H2O2process and the blank sample. CP solutions without treatment and after UVC radiation degradation were used in genotoxicity assays, but were not observed genotoxic effects of these samples in the exposed organisms. Due to the results obtained, it was concluded that although both treatments have reached efficiency greater than 97% degradation, acute ecotoxicity of the treated effluent remained after degradation by UV/H2O2 process due to formation of by-products of acetonitrile, even it has been applied in low concentrations (0.2% v/v).

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T17:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_MarciaCristina_D.pdf: 1282171 bytes, checksum: b6fcf8f3ba4709b8f115eb5ced83bcf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Entre os ectoparasitos dos animais bovinos, o carrapato ¿ Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) - continua sendo uma das principais causas das perdas econômicas na pecuária do Estado de São Paulo. A situação atual do controle do carrapato caracteriza-se por uma crise na produção de novas moléculas de parasiticidas e o desenvolvimento acelerado da resistência dos parasitas aos produtos usados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o perfil de sensibilidade do carrapato B. microplus nas fazendas localizadas em alguns municípios do Vale do Ribeira e no município de Pindamonhangaba e propor um sistema de tratamento carrapaticida com base na infestação de paternóginas. Foram realizados testes de larvas - LPT (larval packet test) adotado pela FAO - teste de imersão com a fêmea adulta e o levantamento sobre as práticas de controle adotadas nas duas regiões. Os resultados de resistência para as fazendas de Pindamonhangaba mostraram que, para cipermetrina 15,4% das fazendas foram classificadas como sensível; 7,7% com resistência nível I; 69,2% com resistência nível II e 7,7% com resistência nível III. Para a deltametrina 23% sensível; 38,5% com resistência nível II e 38,5% com resistência nível III. Para o organofosforado clorpirifós 54% mostraram-se sensível; 38,4% com resistência nível I e 7,6% com resistência nível II. A região do Vale do Ribeira apresenta uma média de eficácia inferior a 20% para os piretróides; eficácia entre 49% e 72% para as associações piretróides e organofosforados; 66,83% para o amitraz e acima de 90% para as associações entre os organosfosforados. Para o teste de larvas a cipermetrina apresentou uma porcentagem de 42,85% de amostras sensível; 14,3% com resistência nível I e 42,85% com resistência nível II. Deltametrina, 50% sensível; 25% com resistência nível II e 25% com resistência nível III. O organofosforado clorpirifós mostrou uma porcentagem de 50% de amostras sensível; 25% com resistência nível I e 25% com resistência nível II. Constatouse, para as duas regiões estudadas, a falta de conhecimento dos principais grupos químicos usados no controle dos carrapatos. O produto amitraz é o mais usado e a maioria das fazendas usam o método de pulverização na aplicação dos carrapaticidas. Experimento realizado no ano de 2001 a 2003 num sítio localizado no município de Ibiúna mostrou que a avaliação de infestação de paternóginas do carrapato B. microplus na área do úbere ou escroto e baixo períneo é um critério que pode ser empregado para se determinar a aplicação de carrapaticidas. Quando se realiza a aplicação de carrapaticidas nos animais infestados com bastante paternóginas diminui a infestação de larvas no campo. Testes de bioensaios, usando fêmeas adultas, realizados num intervalo de três meses, e teste de larvas no período de seis meses servem como orientação para o proprietário na avaliação da sensibilidade dos carrapatos aos produtos químicos / Abstract: The cattle tick - Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) ¿ is one of the principal causes of economic losses in the cattle farms in São Paulo state. The current situation of the tick control is characterized by a crisis in the production of new molecules with acaricidal properties and by an increasing in the parasites resistance to the products used to control them. The current study aimed to verifying the sensibility profile of tick B. microplus in farms located in the municipalities of Vale do Ribeira and in the region of Pindamonhangaba, and propose a tick control treatment system based on nymph infestation. The resistance diagnosis tests have been carried by the larval bioassay (Larval packet test), adult immersion test and the survey of the tick control practices applied in both regions. The results for the farms at Pindamonhangaba show that to Cypermethrin 15,4% of the farms were classified as sensible, 7,7% resistance level I, 69,2% resistance level II and 7,7% resistance level III. To deltamethrin 23% were considered sensible, 38,5% Resistance level II, and 38,5% resistance level III. To organophosphate chlorpyriphos 54% presented a sensible frame, 38,4% resistance level I and 7,6% resistance level II. The Vale do Ribeira region presents an average efficacy lower than 20% for all pyrethroids; efficacy between 49% and 72% to associations with pyrethroids and organophosphates; 66,83% to amitraz, and over 90% to organophosphates associations. For the larval test, the cypermethrin presented a percentage of 42,85% from samples sensible; 14,3% resistance level I and 42,85% resistance level II. Deltamethrin, 50% sensible; 25% resistance level II and 25% resistance level III. The organophosphate chlorpyriphos presented a percentage of 50% from samples sensible; 25% resistance level I and 25% resistance level II. It has been proved, that for both regions under this study, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the main chemical groups used in the tick control. The amitraz is the most used and most farms apply the pulverization method when performing the tick control. An experiment taken from 2001 to 2003 in a little farm located in the municipality of Ibiúna has shown the evaluation in the infestation of tick B. microplus in the udder area or escrotum and low perineum is a good criteria to be applied in order to determine the application of anti-ticks. When the application of anti-ticks is undertaken on infested animals full of pathenogens, the field larvae infestation is diminished. Bioassay, using engorged female ticks, undertaken at three months intervals and larval packet test undertaken at six months intervals serve as orientation for the owners for the evaluation of ticks¿ sensibility to the chemical products / Doutorado / Entomologia / Doutor em Parasitologia

Les neurotoxiques organophosphorés (NOPs) sont des inhibiteurs irréversibles de l’acétylcholinestérase, une enzyme jouant un rôle clé dans la transmission de l’influx nerveux. Une intoxication par ces substances provoque de graves symptômes pouvant aboutir au décès des sujets empoisonnés. Bien qu’interdits par une convention internationale ratifiée par 190 pays, le contexte géopolitique actuel ravive la hantise d’une menace chimique contre des populations civiles, renouvelant l’intérêt de développer de nouveaux remèdes contre une intoxication aux NOP. A l’heure actuelle, les antidotes utilisés contre ces intoxications sont les mono- et bis- pyridinium aldoximes portant une ou deux charge(s) positive(s) permanente(s), qui présentent de nombreuses limitations, dont leur très faible capacité à traverser la barrière hémato-encéphalique et à réactiver efficacement les AChEs inhibées par les NOP dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Par ailleurs, leur efficacité est très dépendante de la nature du NOP utilisé, et il n’existe pas, aujourd’hui, de réactivateur universel. Dans ce contexte, le développement de nouveaux réactivateurs efficaces est un réel défi. Au cours de cette thèse, l’optimisation de la synthèse de cinq réactivateurs non chargés incorporant une amine cyclique en tant que ligand du site périphérique et la 3-hydroxypyridine aldoxime en tant que fonction réactivatrice a été développée pour évaluation in vivo. Dans cette continuité, vingt-et-un réactivateurs non chargés inédits comportant un ligand aminé du site périphérique de l’enzyme associée à la même fonction réactivatrice 3-hydroxypyridine aldoxime ont été conçus, synthétisés et testés sur l’AChE humaine inhibée par différents NOPs mais aussi sur les récepteurs nicotiniques. Certains d’entre eux ont été testés in vivo sur la souris. Parmi les réactivateurs synthétisés, certains possèdent des efficacités de réactivation identiques, voire meilleures que les oximes de référence utilisées de nos jours tout en ayant un effet antagoniste des récepteurs nicotiniques ouvrant ainsi la voie aux réactivateurs dits « Multi-cibles ». Avec comme objectif de traverser la barrière hémato-encéphalique en utilisant les transporteurs GLUTs présents sur les cellules endothéliales constituant cette barrière, quatre réactivateurs incorporant un motif carbohydrate ont été resynthétisés et évalués in vivo et in vitro. Enfin, de nouvelles fonctions réactivatrices constituées d’un motif thiadiazole-aldoxime et naphtaldoxime ont été étudiées ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles familles de réactivateurs et, pour la dernière fonction, remettant en cause le cahier des charges utilisé jusqu’alors pour la conception de nouveaux réactivateurs. / Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA) are irreversibly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, a key enzyme in the central nervos system playing a pivotal role in neurotransmission. OPNA poisoning induces to serious symptoms that can lead to death by respiratory failure. Despite an international convention prohibiting the use of chemical weapons, the current geopolitical context is reviving the fear of a chemical threat against civilian populations, and has renewed the interest of developing new remedies for OPNA poisoning. Nowadays, medical countermeasure used against OPNA intoxications are based on mono- and bis-pyridinium aldoximes carrying one or two permanent positive charge(s), which present many limitations, including their very low capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and to reactivate effectively ChEs nhibited by NOPs in the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, their effectiveness is highly dependent on the nature of the NOP used, therefore, there is no universal reactivator. In this context, the development of new effective reactivators is a real challenge. In this PhD, an optimized synthetic access to five uncharged reactivators incorporating a cyclic amine as peripheral site ligand and 3-hydroxypyridine aldoxime as reactivating function was developed for in vivo evaluation. Following up on this, twenty-one new uncharged reactivators bearing unprecedented cyclic amines as peripheral site ligand associated with our reactivating function were designed, synthetized and evaluated for reactivation on human AChE inhibited by several NOPs but also in vivo on mice and as antagonists on nicotinic receptors in vitro. Among these reactivators, some have identical or better reactivation efficiencies than the reference oximes used today while having a nicotinic receptor antagonist effect ; thus, paving the way for « Multi-target » reactivators. Aiming at an active BBB crossing using the GLUTs receptors, four reactivators including a carbohydrate moiety have been resynthetized and biologically evaluated. Last but not least, new reactivator functions consisting of a thiadazole-aldoxime and naphtaldoxime moieties have been studied, paving the way to new families of uncharged reactivators and, especially for the last function, calling into question design specifications of new reactivators.