No

Children are at a greater risk for abuse due to their small size and powerlessness. As pregnancies and births can be easily hidden, a child's death can be equally as unnoticeable. Often, these deaths are unknown until skeletal evidence is discovered. At this point, any incriminating evidence that may have been soft tissue in nature is gone or of no use, and all that remains is the skeleton. This is especially important in areas of the United States that are characterized by hot and humid climates, as in the Southeast, or in situations that mimic such conditions. These circumstances favor a faster rate of decomposition and thus quicker and earlier loss of soft tissue along with any of the important information it could provide about identification and time and manner of death. It is important for law enforcement agents and forensic anthropologists to be familiar with what the patterns of child abuse look like by being able to differentiate between intentional trauma from non-intentional trauma; this requires a basic knowledge of bone biology and healing rates in order to sequence injuries to aid in the determination of cause and manner of death. It also necessary to understand what other events can mimic child abuse such as disease. In addition to the skeletal evidence, the sociological risk factors that can increase the risk of child abuse must also be taken into consideration.

This essay include the osteological analysis of ten cremation burials from the burial ground of Vindförberg in Ore parish, Dalarna. The burial ground on Vindförberg was used between the years 100 and 550 AD. during the Iron age. Vindförberg is a hunting burial ground which is one of two burial practices that existed during this age in Dalarna. The hunting ground graves are located far from settlements and their origin is under debate. Theories about these graves say that they are either settlers from the south or hunting-gatherer groups from the north and west. The questions this essay is if it is possible to see the structure of the community the people behind the burial ground at Vindförberg had. This will be achieved with the help of age and sex determinations to study the relationship between the different graves at Vindförberg. In excess of previous question, it was also of interest to compare the result from Vindförberg with four other contemporary burial grounds to inquire similarities and differences. Of the 43 graves on the burial ground, ten were analyzed in this essay. A total weight and volume of nine kilograms and twelve liters was analyzed. Human, dog, bear, elk, beaver, and fish were the identified species from Vindförberg. Because of the very fragmented material, the determinations of age and sex proved difficult to estimate. This led to the discussion being more about the ancient people’s conception of the world and rituals as well to social structure.

<p>Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.Caroline Groth, Department of archaeology and osteology, Gotland University, 2010.Sura Gamla Kyrka – Analysis of pathological and skeletal changes in seven individuals.Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.</p> / Osteoporosis och osteoarthritis då och nu

This thesis presents the results from a osteological analysis and a GIS-study aimed to examinedifferences in the located animal bones in different areas of the excavation site of Ajvde. The osteological material came from five excavated square meters on the site and was comparedwith osteological results from other researchers from different areas to create overview and try tosee differences between the areas. The GIS-study took data from all animal bone material excavated on the site, a total of about 2300kilos, and presented them in maps of spatial distribution for each layer (pictures 4, 5, 6 &amp; appendixpicture 1) to see if there were any clusters of activity and changes between the layers. The dating ofthe culture layer and the burial field (pictures 7 &amp; 8) were presented in maps to see if they could becorrelated with what was seen with the animal bones. Pictures of different shorelines were alsopresented (picture 9) to compare with the results that were seen in the changes of animal bones fromdifferent layers. The results of the GIS-study have shown that the activity on the site have moved over time alongthe hight differences of the land. The earlier layers show activity only on the higher elevation butlater moves down, and in the upper layers activity have been all over the excavated area. Clusters ofanimal bones were seen in the so called “black areas” of the sites (shown in picture 2) but also otherareas contained a lot of animal bones. The results of the osteological analysis have shown that there are differences in what species arefound in different areas. The most common are seal, wild boar/pig and fish. And the main differenceare shown between what are found within the black areas and outside. The bone material frominside the black areas are much more fragmented and contained more wild boar/pig bones, andoutside the black areas more bones from seal and fish were found in less fragmented condition (seepicture 10). The bone parts found from wild boar/pig were mostly cranium, teeth and bones fromthe feet, while there were all parts of the body found from seals. It is thereafter discussed that seal and fish may have been the common foods for the Ajvideinhabitants, which is also confirmed by C13-results, and the wild boar/pig may have been a morevaluable resource, not just as food at events like feasts, but also as material for tools. The black areas are discussed as maybe ritual areas for preparation for feasts in connection to burialceremonies, but this is something that needs more research to determine. The continuity of the blackareas are also discussed, but this also needs more research to know anything for certain. / Den här uppsatsen presenterar en sammanställning av osteologiska analyser och en GIS-studie medavsikten att undersöka skillnader i djurbensmaterialet på olika områden av utgrävningsytan påAjvide. Det osteologiska materialet kom från fem utgrävda kvadratmeter och jämfördes med andraosteologers resultat från andra områden på platsen för att skapa en översiktsbild av de olikaområdena och försöka se om det fanns skillnader. GIS-studien tog data från allt dokumenterat djurbensmaterial från utgrävningarna, totalt 2,3 ton, ochpresenterades i spridningskartor för varje lager (bild 4, 5 &amp; 6) för att se om det fannskoncentrationer av aktivitet och förändringar mellan lagren. Dateringar från kulturlagret ochgravarna (bild 7 &amp; 8) presenterades i kartor för att se de kunde kopplas samman med vad som sågs ispridningen av djurbensmaterialet. Strandlinjemodelleringar skapades också (bild 9) för att jämföramed resultaten från spridningskartorna över djurbensmaterialet. Resultatet från GIS-studien visade att aktiviteten på platsen har förflyttat sig över tid längs medhöjdskillnaderna i landskapet. De djupaste lagren visar enbart på aktivitet på de högre nivåerna,men i de övre lagren har detta förflyttats neråt och spritt sig över hela utgrävningsområdet. Storakoncetrationer av djurben kunde ses i de såkallade "svarta ytorna" men det fanns även mycketdjurben utanför dessa områden. De osteologiska resultaten visade att det fanns skillnader i vilka arter som påträffats på de olikaområdena. De vanligaste arterna var säl, svin och fisk. Den största skillnaden var vad som återfannsinom de svarta ytorna jämfört med utanför. Benmaterialet inom de svarta ytorna var mycket merfragmenterat och innehöll mer svinben, och utanför de svarta ytorna återfanns mer ben från säl ochfisk som även var betydligt mindre fragmenterade (se bild 10). Benelementen som återfanns frånsvin var mestadels kranium, tänder och fotben, medan samtliga kroppsdelar från säl påträffades. Det diskuteras därefter att säl och fisk kan ha varit den vardagliga födan för Ajvidebefolkningen,vilket också bekräftast av C13-resultat, och därmed enbart behandlats som matavfall, medan svinenkan varit en mer värdefull resurs, inte bara som mat vid exempelvis festmåltider, men även sommaterial till redskapstillverkning. De svarta ytorna diskuteras som möjliga platser för förberedelser för gravceremonier eller vid slaktvid festmåltider, men detta är något som behöver undersökas vidare för att avgöra. De svartaytornas kontinuitet och användning över tid diskuterades också, men behöver även det ytterligareundersökning och dateringar för att kartläggas.

Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.Caroline Groth, Department of archaeology and osteology, Gotland University, 2010.Sura Gamla Kyrka – Analysis of pathological and skeletal changes in seven individuals.Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life. / Osteoporosis och osteoarthritis då och nu

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 G73 / Master of Science

The main focus of this thesis is the study of the burned bones from Uppgarde, Vallstena, on the island of Gotland. Vallstena is a place where artifacts, graves and other activities are dated from the Stone Age to the Late Iron Age. This indicates that Vallstena was a place humans frequently used for a long period of time and a prominent remain is a Stone Ship Setting that once was placed here but when excavations were carried out in the 1970s only the depressions of the stones became visible. The purpose of this study is toco-analyse osteological and archaeological material found, to obtain a clearer image of the place and contribute to the existing research of this area. The goal study is to determine the nature of the activities seen in relationship to the analysis of the cremated bones found here and how they were connected to the surrounding landscape. The basis for this analysis is a combination of thorough examinations of the osteological material, archaeological features as well as relevant literature.

Herein is presented a comprehensive description of the postcranial skeleton and phylogenetic analysis of the Early Cretaceous titanosaurian Tapuiasaurus macedoi Zaher et al. 2011. Tapuiasaurus becomes a key-taxon due its completeness, shedding new lights on the first steps in the early titanosaur evolution. The new information gathered by this study reveals that the presacral vertebrae anatomy of Tapuiasaurus possesses the typical apomorphic lithostrotian morphology (e.g. single neural spines, absence of hyposphene-hypantrum complex and aliform processes), whereas the architecture of fore and hindlimbs retains plesiomorphic characters, such as the presence of manual phalanges, as well as a pes with greater phalangeal count (=10). Contrasting with previous studies, the phylogenetic analysis retrieved Tapuiasaurus as an early lithostrotian, sister-taxon of the group formed by Yongjinglong datangi, from the Early Cretaceous of China, plus a relictual unnamed taxon from the Late Cretaceous of Minas Gerais State, the same region that in which Tapuiasaurus comes. The new recognized clade that would represents one of the first lithostrotian irradiations around the world, providing additional data that will help elucidate dispersion patterns in the group. This study reveals that the stepwise acquisition of the typical titanosaurian characters possesses a mosaic pattern, in which the apomorphic anatomy presented by the advanced titanosaurians was acquired along the last part of the Late Cretaceous, probably in the post Turonian time-interval (89.8 My) / É apresentada aqui uma abrangente descrição do esqueleto pós-craniano e análise filogenética do titanossauro do Cretáceo Inferior Tapuiasaurus macedoi Zaher et al. 2011. Tapuiasaurus representa um táxon-chave devido à sua alta completude, lançando novas luzes nos primeiros passos na evolução dos titanossauros. As novas informações coletadas por este estudo revelam que a anatomia das vértebras pré-sacrais de Tapuiasaurus possui uma típica morfologia litoestrotiana apomórfica (e.g. espinhos neurais não divididos, ausência do complexo hiposfeno-hipantro e de processos aliformes), enquanto que a arquitetura dos membros anteriores e posteriores retém caracteres plesiomórficos, como a presença de falanges manuais, bem como um pé com alta contagem falangeana (=10). Contrariando estudos anteriores, a análise filogenética realizada recuperou Tapuiasaurus como um litoestrotia basal, táxon-irmão do grupo formado por Yongjinglong datangi, do Cretáceo Inferior da China, mais um táxon relictual não nomeado do Cretáceo Superior do Estado de Minas Gerais, a mesma região geográfica na qual Tapuiasaurus provém. O novo clado reconhecido representaria uma das primeiras irradiações de litoestrotios em todo o mundo, fornecendo dados adicionais que ajudarão a elucidar os padrões de dispersão do grupo. Este estudo revela que a aquisição dos caracteres titanossaurianos típicos foi gradual, possuindo um padrão de mosaico, no qual a anatomia apomórfica apresentada pelos titanossauros avançados foi adquirida ao longo da última parte do Cretáceo Superior, provavelmente a partir do intervalo pós-Turoniano (89,8 M)

Tre skelett från en kyrkogård daterad till Gotlands sen-vikingatid till tidig medeltid har analyserats avseende aktivitetsspår. Metoden som användes innebar observation av muskelutvecklingen tillsammans med förändringar i entesiterna som är fästen för muskler och ligament. Hittills har forskningen ägnat sig åt att studera dessa förändringar på ett kvantitativt sätt, genom att tilldela poäng till de olika förändringarna enligt hur utvecklade de är och sedan skapa en statistik. Men dessa metoder har fortfarande många begränsningar, eftersom det är väldigt få av dessa entesiter som har studerats. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka vilka muskler var utvecklade och utröna hur dessa rörde sig tillsammans för att återskapa ett rörelsemönster som kan hjälpa att skapa en teori om vilka aktiviteter individerna sysslade med (arbetsuppgifter, fritidssysslor, m.m.). Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av litteratur om aktivitetsspår, paleopatologi, fysioterapi och med referensmaterialet från Osteologilaboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet, Campus Gotland.