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This thesis consists of two studies together with a preliminary study, focusing on the issue of ingroup representation of the &uuml / lk&uuml / c&uuml / group. The first study, addressing the problems of stereotype content, stereotype accuracy, and stereotype consensus, was based on in-depth interviewing with twenty members of the &uuml / lk&uuml / c&uuml / group. It was hypothesized that the group members, when their social identities were salient, would locate the ingroup within a chronic way of looking at the world, namely the perceived context. The accuracy of stereotypes and the stereotype consensus commonly observed among group members depended upon the efficiency of this perceived context as an explanation. Moreover, the favorability of stereotype content also derived heavily from this perceived context. The second study, based on two hundreds &uuml / lk&uuml / c&uuml / group members, examined the effects of target group (ingroup, close outgroup, distant outgroup), type of attributes (favorable, unfavorable), comparative context (intragroup, intergroup with close outgroup, intergroup with distant outgroup, multigroup), and level of identification with the ingroup (high-identifiers, low-identifiers) on the perceptions of homogeneity. A number of hypotheses were tested and the following results were found: First, group members perceived the ingroup as more positively homogeneous than both the close and the distant outgroup. Moreover, the close outgroup was perceived as more positively homogeneous than the distant outgroup. In fact, the distant outgroup was perceived as negatively homogeneous. Second, group members perceived both the ingroup and the close outgroup as more positively homogeneous in terms of unfavorable attributes than in terms of favorable ones. On the contrary, they tended to perceive the distant outgroup as more negatively homogeneous in terms of favorable attributes than in terms of unfavorable ones. Third, the above perceptions were less accentuated in the intragroup context, while they were more accentuated in the multigroup context. Fourth, the above perceptions were more accentuated for the high-identifiers than for the low-identifiers. Apart from these main effects, a number of complicated interactions were also discovered and these results were discussed with reference to the relevant literature.

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Syfte: Studiens övergripande syfte var att bygga vidare på tidigare forskning genom att undersöka och studera hur indiska värdlandsmedborgarna (dvs. Host Country Nationals (HCN)) ser på svenska manliga och kvinnliga expats och hur deras uppfattningar påverkar utgruppskategorisering. Detta gjordes genom att testa Varma et al. (2011) modell för självkategorisering och om den var tillämplig även under andra kulturella betingelser än de som redan ingår i deras modell. Metod: Data inhämtades från 145 respondenter från två svenska multinationella organisationer (dvs. Multinational Enterprises (MNE)) belägna i södra Indien. Respondenterna svarade på en enkät som hade antingen en manlig eller kvinnlig profil, där de fick besvara påståenden om hur de skulle uppfatta expats och i vilken utsträckning de skulle vara villiga att ge den hypotetiska expat rollinformation och socialt stöd. Enkäten var utformad av Professor Varma och distribuerades till företag 1 som en webb-enkät och till företag 2 delade vi personligen ut enkäterna i Bangalore. Vi fick även möjligheten att samtala med expats på plats vilket gjordes för att få en djupare förståelse för våra resultat.  Resultat och slutsats: Som förutspåddes var kollektivism, etnocentrism, anpassning och lika värderingar negativt relaterade till utgruppskategorisering. Vidare var utgruppskategorisering negativt relaterat till socialt stöd och rollinformation. Däremot fann vi ett intressant fynd där indiska HCN inte skiljer mellan könen när det kommer till deras uppfattningar och utgruppskategorisering av expats.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Forskning bör undersöka hur HCN uppfattar sina indiska kvinnliga medarbetare jämfört med svenska kvinnliga medarbetare. För att vidare utforska om nationalitet går före kön i Indien. Vidare anser vi att fler kvalitativa studier bör göras kring HCN för att ta reda på om det finns ytterligare variabler som är med och påverkar HCNs kategorisering av expats. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie utvidgar den befintliga litteraturen kring kvinnliga expats samt hittat en ny variabel, anpassning, som är med och förklarar utgruppskategoriseringen. / Purpose: This study's overall aim is to build on recent research, by examining and investigate the Indian host country nationals (HCN) perception on Swedish male and female expats and how their beliefs affects outgroup categorization. This is done by testing Varma et al. (2011) model for self -categorization and if it is applicable in other cultural condition than those already included in their model Method: Data were collected from 145 respondents from two Swedish Multinational Enterprises (MNE) located in Southern India. Respondents answered a questionnaire that had either a male or female profile, where they had to answer assertion about how they would perceive the expat and to what extent they would be willing to give the hypothetical expat role information and social support. The questionnaire was designed by Professor Varma and was distributed to company 1 through a web survey and was handed out in person to company 2 in Bangalore. We also had the opportunity to talk with the expats in Bangalore which was done to get a deeper understanding of our results. Results and Conclusion: As we predicted collectivism, ethnocentrism, adjustment and similar values was negatively related to outgroup categorization. Furthermore, the outgroup categorization was negatively related to social support and role information. However, an interesting finding where that Indian HCN does not distinguish between the sexes when it comes to their perceptions and outgroup categorization of expats. Suggestions for future research: Research should examine how HCN perceive their Indian female employees compared with Swedish female employees. To further explore if the nationality comes before gender in India. Furthermore, we believe that more qualitative studies should be done about the HCN to find out if there are additional variables that influence HCNs categorization of expats. Orginality/value: This study extends the existing literature on female expats and we found a new variable, adjustment, which influence the outgroup categorization.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Linville's (1982) ingroup-outgroup complexity hypothesis through descriptive card sorts created by young, middle-aged, and older adults regarding their own and other age groups.

Every society consists of two main parts: ingroup (“ours”) and outgroup (“other”). The values of these groups are different and it causes the antithesis exits between these groups. It can develop into the intolerance towards the opposite group. The ingroup has a tendency to overestimate itself while the outgroup is underestimated. Such situation has a tendency to instigate the formation of the stereotypes of the outgroup. Sometimes some qualities of outgroup can be related with crimes in the eyes of ingroup members. One can distinguish two main types of the outgroups in the society of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the 17th century. The first group can be defined as infidels (Jewry, the Protestants, etc.) and the second – witches. Jewry became the out group because of the religious differences, traditions and behaviour features, etc. The intolerance towards the Jewry had could be stimulated by the existing economic competition. Usually the Jews had been blamed on economical crimes and swindles. Later the character of the accusations for the Jews had transformed. The image of swindling Jew had changed into the image of malevolent Jew, who harms To Christians purposely. The Jewry has been blamed having aim to pauperize the Christians. Later they had been blamed for beeing wishful to damage the Christian religion and to scorn it. Also the Jews had been accused for doing sacriledges, scorning the sacramental objects, stealing crucifixes, etc. Eventually the image of malevolent Jewry... [to full text]

Recent studies have shown that imagining contact with a member of a differing social group can reduce prejudice toward said group. This type of prejudice intervention, known as an imagined contact intervention, can be beneficial when direct contact with the outgroup is not feasible. This study adds to existing research on imagined contact interventions by replicating a simple version of the intervention by Husnu and Crisp (2010) and assessing attitudes toward an American Muslim out-group. This study extends the research of Husnu and Crisp (2010) by using American participants as opposed to British participants and also uses an online distribution for the intervention as opposed to a laboratory setting. The research question was: Will the imagined contact intervention significantly reduce prejudice toward the American Muslim out-group when compared to a control condition? Participants who reported socializing with the Muslim out-group less than three times in the past six months completed a form of the intervention online, responded to an out-group attitude index regarding the Muslim out-group, and completed demographics questions. In this study, there was no significant effect of the imagined contact intervention on out-group attitudes. Possible reasons for the intervention’s ineffectiveness, including the use of online distribution for the survey, are discussed along with directions for future research.

Avec cette recherche, nous étudions l’impact de l’ostracisme (sentiment d’exclusion sociale)sur la performance à plusieurs tâches stéréotypées selon si celui-ci provient de personnes demême sexe ou de personnes de sexe opposé. Plusieurs travaux ont pu montrer quel’ostracisme pouvait altérer la performance cognitive (Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002).Des recherches ont pu également montrer que le fait de réaliser une tâche en même temps queplusieurs personnes de sexe opposé pouvait entraîner une diminution de performance si cettetâche était négativement stéréotypée pour le sexe de la personne c ible (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev,2000). En référence à ces travaux, nous nous attendions à ce que l’ostracisme entraîne unediminution de performance et à ce que cet effet, pour une tâche négativement stéréotypée, soitd’autant plus fort que celui-ci provient de personnes de sexe opposé plutôt que de personnesde même sexe. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse à partir de 4 expériences : trois réalisées surdes échantillons féminin (avec une tâche numérique) et une sur un échantillon masculin (avecune tâche affective). Une analyse cumulée des expériences réalisées sur un échantillonféminin a également été proposée. Nous ne sommes finalement pas parvenus à valider notrehypothèse. Au contraire, nous avons pu constater que seul l’ostracisme de la part depersonnes de même sexe que soi entraînait une diminution de performances sur une tâchenégativement stéréotypée. Plusieurs pistes sont proposées pour interpréter ce résultat que nousavons pu mettre en évidence à plusieurs reprises. / With this research, we study the impact of ostracism (the feeling of social exclusion) onperformance on several stereotyped tasks, depending on the sex of the ostracism's source.Many researches showed that ostracism could lead to cognitive performance decrease(Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002). Some studies also pointed out that executing a task atthe same time as members of the opposite sex may cause a decrease in performance, if thetask is negatively stereotyped toward the targeted person (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000).According to those studies, we were expecting ostracism would lead to performance decrease,and also that this effect (for a negatively stereotyped task) would be more pronounced,coming from members of the opposite sex. We tested this hypothesis with 4 experiments: 3 onfemale samples (using numeric task) and one on male sample (using an affective task). Wealso proposed a cumulated analysis of experiments conducted on female samples. Eventually,we didn't validate our hypothesis. On the contrary, we observed that only ostracism fromsame-sex persons led to performance decrease on a negatively stereotyped task. We proposeda number of leads to interpret the result we repeatedly highlighted.

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