Bygg- och anläggningsbranschen innebär en temporär arbetsmiljö där det krävs god kommunikation, förståelse och samordning för att minska säkerhetsrisker. Eftersom det saknas forskning om relationer inom branschen var syftet med studien att, utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv och med utgångspunkt i LMX-teorin, undersöka vilka faktorer som har betydelse för relationen mellan ledare och medarbetare inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen. Till intervjustudien medverkade 10 deltagare som arbetade inom olika yrkeskategorier. Den tematiska analysen resulterade i 7 faktorer som främjar samt hindrar utbytesrelationer: ledarens medmänsklighet för medarbetare, ledarens erfarenhet inom branschen, rättvis fördelning av resurser, att tillhöra en ingrupp som stärker företaget, bristfällig kommunikation, fysiskt och psykologiskt avstånd, samt skilda målsättningar. Resultatet visade att främjande faktorer skapade tillit, förtroende och förståelse för varandra, vilket ledde till ett bättre samarbete där medarbetarna ville agera för att gynna företaget. De hindrande faktorerna skapade osäkerhet kring förväntningarna på deras arbetsuppgifter och relation samt kunde försvåra deras samspel.

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24828号 / 理博第4977号 / 新制||理||1710(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 山本, 真也, 教授 平田, 聡, 教授 村山, 美穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Individuals' decisions to adopt an innovation can be influenced by the group identity of previous adopters or non-adopters in their social network. Previous research in innovation diffusion considered initial innovators and word-of-mouth imitator effects using analytical models. Simulations and agent-based models have been developed to address the heterogeneity of decision makers and the non-linearity of the process. A further refinement modeled adoption based on networks of social relationships between potential decision makers, analogous to the spread of disease on networks. In addition, adoption or non-adoption of some innovations has been characterized as a means of signaling identification with or aversion to a group. While identity signaling and outgroup aversion effects on adoption have been considered in a geo-spatial environment, this work extends these concepts to social network environments. The results show that adoption levels were significantly different in a network environment with outgroup effects present. Additionally, as outgroup and imitation factors increase, adoption levels decrease, and polarization increases in network environments. With group effects present, adoption was found to be higher when modularity and eigenvector centrality are high in a social network. Next, to test the model, Covid-19 vaccination adoption behavior was examined to find statistical evidence of the outgroup effect with groups defined by political affiliation. Finally, a model was developed to address gaps in the original model and evaluated with vaccine adoption data. In today's polarized social environment, understanding these effects is critical to the adoption of emerging innovations such as mitigating climate change, combating novel viruses, or decentralizing financial transactions. While innovators are often focused on solving technical challenges to advance adoption of an innovation, equal emphasis on understanding and solving social and potential outgroup effects will be needed to accurately project the rate of adoption and to achieve the desired outcome.

This study examined university academics?? valence for teaching and research, and the relationships between the valence and self-efficacy for teaching and research, with an Australian and a Chinese sample. In addition, the study also investigated modelling of research activity and Chinese university academics?? attributions, experience of western research activities, and ingroup and outgroup relationships between models and observers. Design and conduct of the research was guided by a theoretical framework. Several hypotheses were generated and tested, and research questions were answered. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used in this study. The quantitative analysis comprised exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and content analysis was used for free responses in the surveys and the interview data from the sample of Chinese academics. Within the context of the research, the results suggested that valence for academic work may be related to university academics?? cultural orientation and their self-efficacy for academic work. The study also suggested that observing modelling by others may have been related to the Chinese university academics?? self-efficacy for research. Effects of modelling and the Chinese academics?? attributions for models?? success in research appeared to be moderated by ingroup and outgroup relationships between the models and observers. Moreover, overseas experience was found to be the most important external attribution for Chinese models?? success in research.

This study examined university academics?? valence for teaching and research, and the relationships between the valence and self-efficacy for teaching and research, with an Australian and a Chinese sample. In addition, the study also investigated modelling of research activity and Chinese university academics?? attributions, experience of western research activities, and ingroup and outgroup relationships between models and observers. Design and conduct of the research was guided by a theoretical framework. Several hypotheses were generated and tested, and research questions were answered. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used in this study. The quantitative analysis comprised exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and content analysis was used for free responses in the surveys and the interview data from the sample of Chinese academics. Within the context of the research, the results suggested that valence for academic work may be related to university academics?? cultural orientation and their self-efficacy for academic work. The study also suggested that observing modelling by others may have been related to the Chinese university academics?? self-efficacy for research. Effects of modelling and the Chinese academics?? attributions for models?? success in research appeared to be moderated by ingroup and outgroup relationships between the models and observers. Moreover, overseas experience was found to be the most important external attribution for Chinese models?? success in research.

The present study aims to test my hypothesis that the language forms found in the Blocos Afro discourses in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil can be seen as expressions of Afro-Brazilian and/or Blocos Afro identity work and can also be seen as being, at least thematically, connected to the negritude movement. The study is based on samples created of Blocos Afro lyrics. As a selection of Blocos Afro I chose Ilê Ayiê, Cortejo Afro and Olodum, which are all well recognized and with a long tradition presenting themselves in Salvador. In total the analysis was made from 31942 words and/or 250 lyrics. A pilot was used to create a framework to select and identify expressions and language forms attested to be associated with the Afro-Brazilian identity. I relied on quantitative and qualitative approaches to the analyses. First, I categorized the expressions from the different lyrics by using a word cloud application which provides an overview of word frequency in a given corpus and can be used to underpin qualitative analyses. By using word cloud the frequency of words in the total corpus of 250 lyrics and particular lyrics was analyzed. Based on this analysis of the frequency of use of expression and language forms, I carried out a thematic analysis of the discourses and compared the themes to salient themes of negritude. The results show that the Afro-Brazilian identity in Salvador is thematically connected to the negritude movement and that the Afro-Blocos lyrics analyzed show identity work a strong ingroup perspective.

Denna studies syfte var att identifiera vilka diskurser som blev synliga samt hur och om dessa diskurser bidrog till en process av andrefiering i Ulf Kristerssons nationaldagstal från år 2023. För att utföra studien användes två frågeställningar vars syfte var att identifiera diskurser som kan kopplas till andrefiering, samt hur dessa kan förstås utifrån en process av andrefiering. I mitt resultat och analys användes van Dijks kritiska diskursanalys och diskursstrukturer samt teorier om andrefiering och van Dijks “ingroup-outgroup-polarization”. I resultatet identifierades tre diskurser: diskurs om medborgarskap, diskurs om det svenska språket och diskurs om svenska värderingar, som kunde kopplas till en andrefiering. Ett “vi” och “dem” identifierades genom diskursstrukturer. “Viet” symboliserades med svenska värderingar, tolerans, normer och medborgarskap, till skillnad från “dem” som symboliserades som kriminella, lögnare och med avvikande värderingar. “De andra” målades upp som annorlunda “oss”. Slutsatsen i min studie är att det kunde identifieras en direkt men oftast indirekt andrefieringsprocess i Ulf Kristerssons nationaldagstal. / The purpose of this study was to identify which discourses became visible and how and if these discourses contributed to a process of otherization in Ulf Kristersson's National Day speech from the year 2023. To accomplish the study, two questions were used whose purpose was to identify discourses that can be linked to otherization, as well as how these can be understood based on a process of otherization. In my results and analysis I applied van Dijk's critical discourse analysis and discourse structures as well as theories of otherization and van Dijk's ingroup-outgroup polarization. In the result, three discourses were identified: discourse about citizenship, discourse about the Swedish language and discourse about Swedish values, which could be linked to an otherization. The study identified an "us" and "them" through discourse structures. “Us” was symbolized with Swedish values, tolerance, norms and citizenship, in contrast to "them" who were symbolized as criminals, liars and with deviant values. "The others" were portrayed as different from "us". The conclusion of my study is that the process of otherization in Ulf Kristersson's National Day speech was direct but mostly indirect.

<p>Intergroup relations are characterised by favourable and unfavourable biases. Towards one’s own group these biases are mostly favourable – ingroup favouritism. Research has, however, shown that outgroup favouritism, that is, the preference for a group to which the person does not belong, also permeates intergroup relations. Several theories such as social identity theory, social dominance theory, and system justification theory offer explanations of the dynamics of intergroup relations and biases. Despite not strictly being a theory of intergroup relations, right-wing authoritarianism also offers an explanation of intergroup bias by accounting for prejudice and ethnocentrism. Likewise, ideological conservatism has been shown to influence intergroup relations. </p><p>Based within these theories, this dissertation attempts to explain the social-psychological mechanisms regulating in- and outgroup favouritism. More specifically, Study I examines issues of power and legitimacy in relation to social perception and gender. Studies II and III examine the relationships between social psychological variables and affirmative action, which is aimed at diminishing inequalities between social groups. Together, the studies showed that gender plays a role in intergroup bias, both as an independent variable and as an object of social discrimination. Conservative ideologies predicted ingroup favouritism, but variably. Attitudes towards affirmative action were influenced by the way this issue is semantically framed. The results are discussed in relation to the theories of intergroup relations exposed above and the pertinent issue of attitude ambivalence in understanding outgroup favouritism.</p>

Intergroup relations are characterised by favourable and unfavourable biases. Towards one’s own group these biases are mostly favourable – ingroup favouritism. Research has, however, shown that outgroup favouritism, that is, the preference for a group to which the person does not belong, also permeates intergroup relations. Several theories such as social identity theory, social dominance theory, and system justification theory offer explanations of the dynamics of intergroup relations and biases. Despite not strictly being a theory of intergroup relations, right-wing authoritarianism also offers an explanation of intergroup bias by accounting for prejudice and ethnocentrism. Likewise, ideological conservatism has been shown to influence intergroup relations. Based within these theories, this dissertation attempts to explain the social-psychological mechanisms regulating in- and outgroup favouritism. More specifically, Study I examines issues of power and legitimacy in relation to social perception and gender. Studies II and III examine the relationships between social psychological variables and affirmative action, which is aimed at diminishing inequalities between social groups. Together, the studies showed that gender plays a role in intergroup bias, both as an independent variable and as an object of social discrimination. Conservative ideologies predicted ingroup favouritism, but variably. Attitudes towards affirmative action were influenced by the way this issue is semantically framed. The results are discussed in relation to the theories of intergroup relations exposed above and the pertinent issue of attitude ambivalence in understanding outgroup favouritism.

In this thesis, I will argue that the role different types of perceived threat play is fundamental for how people can become more hostile or violent. Scholars have previously studied how threat perceptions can lead to outgroup hostilities and violent attitudes. Sometimes they have distinguished between realistic threats, those pertaining to wellbeing, safety and economic resources, and symbolic threats, related to culture, identity and values. Yet, despite previous research, systematic experimental evidence is scarce. Therefore, this thesis has attempted to answer the question of how realistic and symbolic threat perceptions affect outgroup hostilities through a novel survey-experimental design (n = 97) making use of Amazon’s MTurk for recruitment. It found that those exposed to a realistically framed threat exhibit more pragmatist attitudes, whereas those exposed to a symbolically framed threat leaned towards more vicious responses, although these latter results lacked statistical significance. This thesis found no difference in violent attitudes for these two types of perceived threat. These findings are important as they teach us how people can become more hostile, and how we can be aware of how actors, such as politicians, can use threat framing to achieve certain objectives.