A presente pesquisa está centrada na interpretação das análises de palinofácies e de geoquímica orgânica realizadas em três perfis sedimentares (T1, T2 e T3) de zonas úmidas continentais influenciadas por diferentes regimes hidrológicos na faixa climática subtropical durante o Quaternário no sul do Brasil (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) com o principal objetivo de demonstrar a utilidade dessas análises para a obtenção de dados paleoclimáticos e paleoambientais. A análise de palinofácies realizada nos testemunhos T1-Mina do Museu (7.963 anos antes do presente - AP) e T2-Mina Modelo (9.542 anos AP), provenientes de Ametista do Sul, e no testemunho T3-Iraí (10.586 anos BP), proveniente de Iraí, revelou um amplo domínio do Grupo Fitoclasto. Os Palinomorfos são o segundo grupo dominante e o Grupo Produto Amorfo é o menos abundante. Esse tipo de análise foi particularmente eficaz para as interpretações dos eventos de precipitação e de sucessão vegetacional em Ametista do Sul, porque o isolamento hidrológico desses alagados efêmeros de altitude torna-os muito sensíveis aos efeitos climáticos. As flutuações na profundidade da água foram inferidas a partir das concentrações dos elementos autóctones (especialmente Botryoccocus e outras algas), que predominam nos intervalos basais e tendem a diminuir progressivamente em direção ao topo. Pseudoschizaea, por sua vez, parece atuar como um marcador biológico de intervalos de transição. O aumento da frequência e da variedade dos esporomorfos terrestres nas camadas mais superficiais indica um aumento da diversidade vegetal e está relacionado ao processo de evolução sucessional da área. Para Ametista do Sul, os resultados permitiram determinar que as oscilações nos padrões de umidade resultaram em um padrão intermitente do nível de água dos alagados, o qual pode representar um reflexo de mudanças climáticas regionais ou, talvez, de mudanças em escala global relacionadas com os “eventos Bond”. Em Iraí, a fração orgânica melhor representada é constituída por elementos derivados de plantas terrestres, uma característica típica da matéria orgânica preservada em turfeiras Esse tipo de ambiente úmido nunca chegou a secar completamente, uma vez que os teores de umidade eram subsidiados por diferentes fatores, tais como o nível do lençol freático, as inundações do Rio Uruguai e a água da chuva. A ocorrência muito baixa de algas, contudo, indica que a profundidade da água não era suficientemente espessa para o desenvolvimento da biomassa algálica, embora o ambiente anóxico e redutor também possa ter limitado a expansão deste grupo. Os parâmetros organogeoquímicos foram particularmente úteis para interpretações de eventos de anoxia e de mudanças nos regimes hidrológicos dos sedimentos turfosos. Os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e enxofre total (ST) são mais altos na porção basal do perfil, diminuindo em direção ao topo, e podem estar relacionados ao regime hidrológico ou à interferência antrópica na dinâmica da paisagem. O teor anômalo de enxofre observado em uma das amostras de Iraí pode ser devido a uma fonte externa e talvez relacionado com a presença de fontes termais na região. A presente pesquisa tem potencial como uma referência moderna capaz de ser aplicada na reconstrução de paleoambientes continentais análogos associados a regiões alagadas em cinturões subtropicais. / The present research focuses on the interpretation of the palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses performed on three sedimentary cores (T1, T2 and T3) from continental wetlands influenced by different hydrological regimes in the sub-tropical climatic belt during the Quaternary in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), with the main goal of demonstrating the usefulness of these analyses for obtaining paleoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data. Palynofacies analysis was performed for the cores T1-Mina do Museu (7963 years before present - BP) and T2-Mina Modelo (9542 years BP) from Ametista do Sul, and for the T3-Iraí core (10586 years BP) from Iraí and revealed a high dominance of the Phytoclast Group. The Palynomorph is the second most dominant group and the Amorphous Product is the least abundant group. This kind of analysis was particularly effective in the interpretations of rainfall events and vegetation succession in Ametista do Sul, because the hydrological isolation renders the ephemeral ponds at high altitude highly sensitive to climatic effects. The fluctuations in the water depth are inferred from the concentration of the autochthonous elements (especially Botryoccocus and other algae), which predominate in the basal intervals and tend to decrease progressively towards the top. Pseudoschizaea, in its turn, appears to act as a biological marker for transitional intervals. The increasing frequency and variety of the terrestrial sporomorphs in the topmost interval indicate an increased vegetal diversity and is most likely related to the process of successional evolution of the area. For Ametista do Sul, the results allowed to determine that the oscillations in the moisture pattern resulted in the intermittent feature of pond water level and this may reflect the regional climate changes or perhaps the global scale changes related to the Bond events. In Iraí, the better represented organic fraction consists of elements derived from terrestrial plants, a characteristic typical of organic matter preserved in peat bogs. This kind of wetland never dried completely, since the moisture content was subsidized by different factors, such as the groundwater, the flood events of the Uruguay River and the rainfall water. The very low occurrence of algae, however, indicates that the water was not deep enough for the development of algalic biomass, although the anoxic, reducing environment may also have limited the expansion of this group. The organic geochemistry parameters were particularly useful for interpretation of anoxia events and changes of hydrological regimes in the peaty sediment. The total organic carbon (TOC) and the total sulfur (TS) contents are higher in the basal portion of the profile, decreasing towards the top and could be linked to hydrologic regimes or to anthropogenic interference in the landscape dynamics. The anomalous TS content observed in one of the samples from Iraí might be due to an external source and perhaps related to the presence of thermal springs in the region. The present research has potential as a modern reference that can be applied in the reconstruction of past analogous continental paleoenvironments associated to wetland areas in subtropical belts.

Le changement climatique requiert une adaptation de la gestion des extrêmes hydrologiques (crues et étiages). Nos recherches proposent un cadre d’analyse de l’effet du changement climatique sur ces extrêmes dans le bassin transnational de la Meuse, par un chaînage de modèles (atmosphérique – hydrologique - hydraulique) liant le gradient régional de pression à l’écoulement mesuré à l’exutoire d’un bassin. Le forçage climatique est obtenu par l’agrégation de données climatiques historiques et de données multi-modèles issues de l’expérience CMIP5. En forçant deux sous-bassins de la Meuse (situés en France et en Belgique) à l’aide d’une première estimation de la variabilité climatique potentielle, nous montrons que les indicateurs de crues et d’étiages ainsi que les débordements de rivière peuvent être fortement impactés par le changement climatique anthropique. Cette analyse de vulnérabilité constitue un outil pour tester la robustesse de stratégies d’adaptation au changement climatique / Climate change requires to adapt management of streamflow extremes (floods and low flows). Our researches provide a framework to analyze climate change effect on the streamflow extremes in the transnational Meuse river basin, through a modelling chain (atmospheric model – hydrological model – hydraulic model) linking the pressure gradient force to the flow at the outlet of a basin. The climate forcing is obtained by blending historical data and multi-model data for the CMIP5 experience. By forcing two sub-basins of the Meuse river (located in France and Belgium) with the potential climate variability, we show that flood and low flows indices as well as river overflowing might be strongly impacted by the anthropogenic climate change. This analysis of catchment vulnerability is a robust tool to test climate resiliency of adaptation strategies for water management

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVF.pdf: 3142723 bytes, checksum: d32fec625d6a407ea812f6bfdadc0c46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-28 / The main purpose of this work was to identify and to estimate the rainfall derived infiltration and inflow (IADP) into the sewer in a small city and to do an analysis of their influence on this collection system. This work was composed by field measurements on the sewage flowrate output and volume arriving to the Sewage Pumping Plant Station, simultaneously to the collection and measurement of rainfall on the corresponding same urban watershed area of the Borborema, in São Paulo State. The existing methodologies were divided in the follow steps: choosing and characterization of the working field; data collection of the sewage volume and flowrate; collection of the rainfall data; choosing and characterization of the data collected; employment of existing models and methodologies useful to the present available data, in order to derive the underground water infiltration rate and the overflow occurring in the sewage colletion network. The volumetric and percentile IADP were quantified. The constant unitary rate (TUC) was also estimated, by several ways. The results allowed obtaining mathematical formulations to derive the IADP and TUC of the Borborema s sewage network. Such mathematical formulations are suitable to be applied in urban areas of cities of a similar to that of Borborema. It was estimated that the IADP can generate flowrates 2,5 times greater than the sewage flows in dry weather and infiltration rates in the sewage network similar to those adopted for system design. The work allowed to estimate how complex are the infiltration and inflow of stormwater in the sewer network. The methodologies applied were quite simple and may be easily applied in other cities. / O objetivo precípuo desta pesquisa foi identificar e estimar a infiltração e o afluxo devidos da precipitação (IADP) na rede de esgoto sanitário em município de pequeno porte e efetuar uma análise da sua influência no sistema de esgotamento sanitário. Este trabalho foi realizado através da medição em campo de vazão e volume de esgoto sanitário a montante da EEE Estação Elevatória de Esgoto, simultaneamente com a coleta e medição da chuva precipitada na correspondente área urbanizada da bacia hidrográfica da cidade de Borborema/SP. As metodologias empregadas foram divididas nas seguintes fases: escolha e caracterização do local da pesquisa; coleta de dados de vazão e volume dos efluentes de esgotos sanitários e coleta de dados de precipitação de chuva no local do estudo; seleção e caracterização dos dados coletados; aplicação das metodologias e modelagens existentes possíveis de aplicar em função dos dados disponíveis, para a obtenção da taxa de infiltração das águas subterrâneas e da sobrecarga na rede de esgoto sanitário. Quantificou-se o IADP volumétrica e percentualmente. Calculou-se também a taxa unitária constante (TUC), sob diferentes formatos. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram a obtenção de equações matemáticas para avaliação da IADP e da TUC do sistema de esgoto da cidade de Borborema que possivelmente poderão ser aplicadas em áreas urbanizadas de outras cidades do mesmo porte. Estimou-se que a IADP pode gerar volumes 2,5 vezes maiores que o volume de esgotos em tempo seco, bem como taxas de infiltração na rede coletora próximas àquelas adotadas para cálculo da rede. O trabalho possibilitou avaliar quão complexos são a infiltração e o afluxo de águas de chuva na rede de esgoto sanitário. Os métodos empregados, tanto de coleta quanto de modelagem, foram muito simples e podem ser aplicados em outras cidades com certa facilidade.

A presente pesquisa está centrada na interpretação das análises de palinofácies e de geoquímica orgânica realizadas em três perfis sedimentares (T1, T2 e T3) de zonas úmidas continentais influenciadas por diferentes regimes hidrológicos na faixa climática subtropical durante o Quaternário no sul do Brasil (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) com o principal objetivo de demonstrar a utilidade dessas análises para a obtenção de dados paleoclimáticos e paleoambientais. A análise de palinofácies realizada nos testemunhos T1-Mina do Museu (7.963 anos antes do presente - AP) e T2-Mina Modelo (9.542 anos AP), provenientes de Ametista do Sul, e no testemunho T3-Iraí (10.586 anos BP), proveniente de Iraí, revelou um amplo domínio do Grupo Fitoclasto. Os Palinomorfos são o segundo grupo dominante e o Grupo Produto Amorfo é o menos abundante. Esse tipo de análise foi particularmente eficaz para as interpretações dos eventos de precipitação e de sucessão vegetacional em Ametista do Sul, porque o isolamento hidrológico desses alagados efêmeros de altitude torna-os muito sensíveis aos efeitos climáticos. As flutuações na profundidade da água foram inferidas a partir das concentrações dos elementos autóctones (especialmente Botryoccocus e outras algas), que predominam nos intervalos basais e tendem a diminuir progressivamente em direção ao topo. Pseudoschizaea, por sua vez, parece atuar como um marcador biológico de intervalos de transição. O aumento da frequência e da variedade dos esporomorfos terrestres nas camadas mais superficiais indica um aumento da diversidade vegetal e está relacionado ao processo de evolução sucessional da área. Para Ametista do Sul, os resultados permitiram determinar que as oscilações nos padrões de umidade resultaram em um padrão intermitente do nível de água dos alagados, o qual pode representar um reflexo de mudanças climáticas regionais ou, talvez, de mudanças em escala global relacionadas com os “eventos Bond”. Em Iraí, a fração orgânica melhor representada é constituída por elementos derivados de plantas terrestres, uma característica típica da matéria orgânica preservada em turfeiras Esse tipo de ambiente úmido nunca chegou a secar completamente, uma vez que os teores de umidade eram subsidiados por diferentes fatores, tais como o nível do lençol freático, as inundações do Rio Uruguai e a água da chuva. A ocorrência muito baixa de algas, contudo, indica que a profundidade da água não era suficientemente espessa para o desenvolvimento da biomassa algálica, embora o ambiente anóxico e redutor também possa ter limitado a expansão deste grupo. Os parâmetros organogeoquímicos foram particularmente úteis para interpretações de eventos de anoxia e de mudanças nos regimes hidrológicos dos sedimentos turfosos. Os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e enxofre total (ST) são mais altos na porção basal do perfil, diminuindo em direção ao topo, e podem estar relacionados ao regime hidrológico ou à interferência antrópica na dinâmica da paisagem. O teor anômalo de enxofre observado em uma das amostras de Iraí pode ser devido a uma fonte externa e talvez relacionado com a presença de fontes termais na região. A presente pesquisa tem potencial como uma referência moderna capaz de ser aplicada na reconstrução de paleoambientes continentais análogos associados a regiões alagadas em cinturões subtropicais. / The present research focuses on the interpretation of the palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses performed on three sedimentary cores (T1, T2 and T3) from continental wetlands influenced by different hydrological regimes in the sub-tropical climatic belt during the Quaternary in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), with the main goal of demonstrating the usefulness of these analyses for obtaining paleoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data. Palynofacies analysis was performed for the cores T1-Mina do Museu (7963 years before present - BP) and T2-Mina Modelo (9542 years BP) from Ametista do Sul, and for the T3-Iraí core (10586 years BP) from Iraí and revealed a high dominance of the Phytoclast Group. The Palynomorph is the second most dominant group and the Amorphous Product is the least abundant group. This kind of analysis was particularly effective in the interpretations of rainfall events and vegetation succession in Ametista do Sul, because the hydrological isolation renders the ephemeral ponds at high altitude highly sensitive to climatic effects. The fluctuations in the water depth are inferred from the concentration of the autochthonous elements (especially Botryoccocus and other algae), which predominate in the basal intervals and tend to decrease progressively towards the top. Pseudoschizaea, in its turn, appears to act as a biological marker for transitional intervals. The increasing frequency and variety of the terrestrial sporomorphs in the topmost interval indicate an increased vegetal diversity and is most likely related to the process of successional evolution of the area. For Ametista do Sul, the results allowed to determine that the oscillations in the moisture pattern resulted in the intermittent feature of pond water level and this may reflect the regional climate changes or perhaps the global scale changes related to the Bond events. In Iraí, the better represented organic fraction consists of elements derived from terrestrial plants, a characteristic typical of organic matter preserved in peat bogs. This kind of wetland never dried completely, since the moisture content was subsidized by different factors, such as the groundwater, the flood events of the Uruguay River and the rainfall water. The very low occurrence of algae, however, indicates that the water was not deep enough for the development of algalic biomass, although the anoxic, reducing environment may also have limited the expansion of this group. The organic geochemistry parameters were particularly useful for interpretation of anoxia events and changes of hydrological regimes in the peaty sediment. The total organic carbon (TOC) and the total sulfur (TS) contents are higher in the basal portion of the profile, decreasing towards the top and could be linked to hydrologic regimes or to anthropogenic interference in the landscape dynamics. The anomalous TS content observed in one of the samples from Iraí might be due to an external source and perhaps related to the presence of thermal springs in the region. The present research has potential as a modern reference that can be applied in the reconstruction of past analogous continental paleoenvironments associated to wetland areas in subtropical belts.

A presente pesquisa está centrada na interpretação das análises de palinofácies e de geoquímica orgânica realizadas em três perfis sedimentares (T1, T2 e T3) de zonas úmidas continentais influenciadas por diferentes regimes hidrológicos na faixa climática subtropical durante o Quaternário no sul do Brasil (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) com o principal objetivo de demonstrar a utilidade dessas análises para a obtenção de dados paleoclimáticos e paleoambientais. A análise de palinofácies realizada nos testemunhos T1-Mina do Museu (7.963 anos antes do presente - AP) e T2-Mina Modelo (9.542 anos AP), provenientes de Ametista do Sul, e no testemunho T3-Iraí (10.586 anos BP), proveniente de Iraí, revelou um amplo domínio do Grupo Fitoclasto. Os Palinomorfos são o segundo grupo dominante e o Grupo Produto Amorfo é o menos abundante. Esse tipo de análise foi particularmente eficaz para as interpretações dos eventos de precipitação e de sucessão vegetacional em Ametista do Sul, porque o isolamento hidrológico desses alagados efêmeros de altitude torna-os muito sensíveis aos efeitos climáticos. As flutuações na profundidade da água foram inferidas a partir das concentrações dos elementos autóctones (especialmente Botryoccocus e outras algas), que predominam nos intervalos basais e tendem a diminuir progressivamente em direção ao topo. Pseudoschizaea, por sua vez, parece atuar como um marcador biológico de intervalos de transição. O aumento da frequência e da variedade dos esporomorfos terrestres nas camadas mais superficiais indica um aumento da diversidade vegetal e está relacionado ao processo de evolução sucessional da área. Para Ametista do Sul, os resultados permitiram determinar que as oscilações nos padrões de umidade resultaram em um padrão intermitente do nível de água dos alagados, o qual pode representar um reflexo de mudanças climáticas regionais ou, talvez, de mudanças em escala global relacionadas com os “eventos Bond”. Em Iraí, a fração orgânica melhor representada é constituída por elementos derivados de plantas terrestres, uma característica típica da matéria orgânica preservada em turfeiras Esse tipo de ambiente úmido nunca chegou a secar completamente, uma vez que os teores de umidade eram subsidiados por diferentes fatores, tais como o nível do lençol freático, as inundações do Rio Uruguai e a água da chuva. A ocorrência muito baixa de algas, contudo, indica que a profundidade da água não era suficientemente espessa para o desenvolvimento da biomassa algálica, embora o ambiente anóxico e redutor também possa ter limitado a expansão deste grupo. Os parâmetros organogeoquímicos foram particularmente úteis para interpretações de eventos de anoxia e de mudanças nos regimes hidrológicos dos sedimentos turfosos. Os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e enxofre total (ST) são mais altos na porção basal do perfil, diminuindo em direção ao topo, e podem estar relacionados ao regime hidrológico ou à interferência antrópica na dinâmica da paisagem. O teor anômalo de enxofre observado em uma das amostras de Iraí pode ser devido a uma fonte externa e talvez relacionado com a presença de fontes termais na região. A presente pesquisa tem potencial como uma referência moderna capaz de ser aplicada na reconstrução de paleoambientes continentais análogos associados a regiões alagadas em cinturões subtropicais. / The present research focuses on the interpretation of the palynofacies and organic geochemistry analyses performed on three sedimentary cores (T1, T2 and T3) from continental wetlands influenced by different hydrological regimes in the sub-tropical climatic belt during the Quaternary in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), with the main goal of demonstrating the usefulness of these analyses for obtaining paleoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data. Palynofacies analysis was performed for the cores T1-Mina do Museu (7963 years before present - BP) and T2-Mina Modelo (9542 years BP) from Ametista do Sul, and for the T3-Iraí core (10586 years BP) from Iraí and revealed a high dominance of the Phytoclast Group. The Palynomorph is the second most dominant group and the Amorphous Product is the least abundant group. This kind of analysis was particularly effective in the interpretations of rainfall events and vegetation succession in Ametista do Sul, because the hydrological isolation renders the ephemeral ponds at high altitude highly sensitive to climatic effects. The fluctuations in the water depth are inferred from the concentration of the autochthonous elements (especially Botryoccocus and other algae), which predominate in the basal intervals and tend to decrease progressively towards the top. Pseudoschizaea, in its turn, appears to act as a biological marker for transitional intervals. The increasing frequency and variety of the terrestrial sporomorphs in the topmost interval indicate an increased vegetal diversity and is most likely related to the process of successional evolution of the area. For Ametista do Sul, the results allowed to determine that the oscillations in the moisture pattern resulted in the intermittent feature of pond water level and this may reflect the regional climate changes or perhaps the global scale changes related to the Bond events. In Iraí, the better represented organic fraction consists of elements derived from terrestrial plants, a characteristic typical of organic matter preserved in peat bogs. This kind of wetland never dried completely, since the moisture content was subsidized by different factors, such as the groundwater, the flood events of the Uruguay River and the rainfall water. The very low occurrence of algae, however, indicates that the water was not deep enough for the development of algalic biomass, although the anoxic, reducing environment may also have limited the expansion of this group. The organic geochemistry parameters were particularly useful for interpretation of anoxia events and changes of hydrological regimes in the peaty sediment. The total organic carbon (TOC) and the total sulfur (TS) contents are higher in the basal portion of the profile, decreasing towards the top and could be linked to hydrologic regimes or to anthropogenic interference in the landscape dynamics. The anomalous TS content observed in one of the samples from Iraí might be due to an external source and perhaps related to the presence of thermal springs in the region. The present research has potential as a modern reference that can be applied in the reconstruction of past analogous continental paleoenvironments associated to wetland areas in subtropical belts.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T13:58:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T16:59:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Flávio Geraldo Coelho Rocha - 2016.pdf: 4809831 bytes, checksum: e575d503488bc0e0cb8f1a1b3478d982 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In this work, in order to describe network traffic characteristics, such as long-range dependence among samples, self-similarity and multiscale behavior, we propose a Multifractal Adaptive Model based on a multiscale cascade in the Wavelet Domain. We compare the proposed model performance with those of other models presented in the literature. It is also proposed an envelope process for the network traffic that takes into account parameters of the Multifractal Adaptive Model. Furthermore, we derive an equation in order to estimate the buffer overflow probability for both a simplified communication system with a single server, single queue and finite buffer, and to a wireless network multiuser scenario based on OFDM technology. To this end, we consider the service curve of the round-robin scheduling algorithm of the OFDM network. Taking into account the envelope process and the service curve we obtain, through the Network Calculus theory, the maximum delay experienced by users of the OFDM network. Moreover, assuming a similar network scenario to an LTE network, we propose a joint channel-aware and queue-aware resource scheduling algorithm. Based on the presented scheduler, we propose a minimum service curve for the LTE user and through this we propose an approach to accomplish maximum delay guarantee. / Neste trabalho, com o objetivo de descrever características do tráfego de redes, tais como longa-dependência entre amostras, autossimilaridade e comportamento multiescala, propõe-se um Modelo Multifractal Adaptativo baseado em uma cascata multiescala no domínio Wavelet. O desempenho do modelo proposto é comparado a outros modelos presentes na literatura. Também é proposto um processo envelope para o tráfego de redes que leva em consideração parâmetros do Modelo Multifractal Adaptativo proposto. Além disso, deduz-se uma equação para o cálculo da probabilidade de transbordo do buffer, tanto para um sistema de comunicação simplificado com servidor único, fila única e buffer finito, quanto para um ambiente multiusuário de rede sem fio baseado na tecnologia OFDM. Para tanto, utiliza-se a curva de serviço do escalonador round-robin da rede OFDM. Utilizando-se do processo envelope e da curva de serviço, obtém-se por meio do Cálculo de Rede a estimativa para o retardo máximo experimentado pelos usuários da rede OFDM. Em seguida, assume-se um ambiente de rede similar ao de uma rede LTE e propõe-se para essa rede um escalonador de recursos sensível às condições do canal de comunicação e à probabilidade de transbordo do buffer. Com base no escalonador apresentado, propõe-se uma curva de serviço mínima para o usuário da rede LTE e por meio dessa, propõe-se uma abordagem para garantia de retardo.

La modélisation à l’aide de l’approche RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) a été menée en trois dimensions, en considérant les régimes permanent et non permanent, dans le but de simuler les écoulements au niveau des jonctions, bifurcations et déversoirs d’orage. A travers ces trois exemples d’étude, plusieurs stratégies de modélisation (différentes combinaison lois de paroi/modèles de turbulence, différents algorithmes de couplage pression/vitesse, différents schémas de discrétisation spatiale, différentes conditions aux limites, différents types et tailles de maille, etc.) ont été testées et évaluées à l’aide de plusieurs indicateurs de performance (de type RMS –Root Mean Square) en s’appuyant sur les données de vitesses (vitesses moyennes in situ et champs de vitesses obtenus par PIV en laboratoire), hauteurs d’eau, débits (répartition de débits en bifurcation en laboratoire ou débits déversés in situ). Les résultats obtenus sont transposables aux autres cas de singularités et ouvrages spéciaux rencontrés en réseau d’assainissement et montrent que : i) les résultats des simulations 3D sont sensibles à la rugosité, aux conditions limites de hauteur et de vitesse ; ii) dans les trois cas d’étude, les schémas de discrétisation du second ordre et l’algorithme de couplage pression/vitesse PISO sont appropriés ; ii) la loi de paroi scalable couplée aux modèles de turbulence de type k-ε pour le cas des jonctions (avec un débit latéral inférieur ou égal au débit principal) ou des déversoirs semblent convenir, tandis que le modèle de turbulence RSM associé à la loi de paroi enhanced ou scalable permet de mieux représenter les écoulements à travers les bifurcations ou au niveau des jonctions lorsque le débit latéral est dominant. Sur la base de ces résultats, une méthodologie de modélisation plus générale définie en six étapes et fondée sur le guide proposée par Jakeman et al. (2006) a été mise au point. La méthodologie ainsi définie a été utilisée pour i) améliorer l’instrumentation du déversoir OTHU (Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine) situé à Ecully, à partir de la simulation de sa courbe de fonctionnement et en fournissant les incertitudes sur les débits déversés obtenus ; ii) simuler l’implémentation des capteurs débitmétriques à l’aval d’une jonction. Elle a permis de concevoir et de dimensionner un nouveau dispositif de maîtrise des flux d’eau et de polluants déversés (technologie DSM – dispositif de surveillance et de maîtrise des flux déversés au milieu naturel). Ce dispositif a fait l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet international. Enfin, la mise en œuvre de cette méthodologie a été à l’origine de la découverte d’une nouvelle structure d’écoulement dans la branche latérale d’une bifurcation à 90°. L’analyse des résultats des simulations des écoulements mettant en évidence cette nouvelle structure a montré qu’il était possible de prédire l’apparition de cette dernière à partir du rapport d’aspect et du nombre de Froude. / The understanding of sewer flows behaviour is a key component for better urban drainage monitoring and management. However, these flows are conveyed across singularities (such as bends, drops, deviations, etc.) and special structures (combined sewer overflows –CSOs–, channels junction, dividing flow structures, etc.). These singularities and specific structures exhibit complex geometries, leading to open channel turbulent, three-dimensional and multiphase (pollutants and storm and sewer waters) flows. Using three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) platform allows a better understanding of mechanisms of contaminants transport through these structures and singularities, leading to a better sewer monitoring. In this thesis, 3D-RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) modelling approach under steady-state conditions is used in order to study flows within CSOs, junctions and bifurcations. Through these three structures, several modelling strategies (wall law/turbulence model combination, velocity/pressure coupling algorithm, spatial discretisation schemes, boundary conditions, computational mesh –shape and size of cells–, etc.) are tested and evaluated thanks to performance indicators (such as RMS –Root Mean Square– indicators) based on velocities (in situ mean velocities and PIV velocity fields obtained in laboratory), water depths and discharge (discharge repartition for bifurcation in laboratory or in situ overflow discharge, for CSOs). Results deriving from these tests are transposable to other singularities or special structures encountered in sewer network and suggest that: i) simulated CFD results are sensitive to the roughness coefficient; ii) for the three studied structures, second-order discretisation schemes and SIMPLE or PISO velocity/pressure coupling algorithm are appropriate; iii) scalable wall function associated to the group of k-ε turbulence model for junction flows (with a lateral inflow lower or equal to the main inflow) or for CSOs is appropriate, whereas RSM turbulence model associated to enhanced wall function allows a better representation of bifurcation flows or junctions flows when the lateral inflow is greater than the main inflow. Based on these results and on Jakeman et al. (2006) guideline, a six steps-methodology focused on the using of RANS approach modelling has been proposed. This six steps-methodology is used in order to i) enhance the monitoring of an OTHU (Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine) CSO located at Ecully accounting for uncertainties on overflow discharge values ;ii) simulate the performance of flowmeters downstream of a junction, defining the best location for these sensors. This methodology is used to design the new overflow discharge measurement device. This device is an international patent. Finally, the application of the methodology led to point out a new flow structure, occurring in the downstream lateral branch of a 90° bifurcation.

L’évaluation du débit en réseaux hydrauliques à surface libre est une problématique actuelle sur le plan scientifique, à forts enjeux technologiques, économiques et écologiques. Dans cette thèse, de nouvelles méthodologies d’instrumentation, basées sur une synergie entre mesures non intrusives de hauteur d’eau et modélisation numérique ont été développées. Celles-ci s’appliquent d’une part à des collecteurs dont le fonctionnement hydraulique est complexe et, d’autre part, à des ouvrages non-standard (Venturi, déversoirs d’orage). Ce travail de thèse multidisciplinaire vise une meilleure compréhension de l’écoulement pour en déduire des relations Q=f(hi) plus robustes, spécifiques à chaque site et associées à leurs incertitudes; mais également l’identification de possibles modifications du site de mesure afin d’améliorer l’estimation du débit. Au final, l’applicabilité des méthodologies développées a été éprouvée au travers de plusieurs études sur sites réels. / The evaluation of the flow rate in free surface water systems is a current scientific problem, related to high technological, economical and ecological issues. In this study, new methods of instrumentation based on a synergy between non-intrusive water level measurements and numerical modeling have been developed. These methods are applied first to sewer pipes with complex hydraulic conditions then to non-standard hydraulic structures (Venturi flumes, Combined Sewer Overflows). This multidisciplinary work aims at a better understanding of the flow to identify more robust site-specific Q=f(hi) relationships related to their uncertainties. It also aims at the identification of possible modification of the measurement site in order to improve the flow rate evaluation. Finally, the applicability of the developed methodologies has been tested through several real site studies.

Revenue Management (RM) is the practice of managing perishable assets by control-ling their availability and/or prices with an objective to maximize the total revenue. Seat inventory allocation falls in the purview of quantity-based RM. The liberalization of the aviation sector and the subsequent entrance of the low-cost carriers saw an ever-increasing customer base for the airline industry. Given the large number of buyers, firms were free to decide the price at which they would sell tickets. The low-cost carriers started to follow a third degree price discrimination and segmentation of the market, charging a higher price to the market with a relatively inelastic demand. Although a lot of work has been done in the area of seat inventory allocation under a monopolistic market scenario, we realized that not a lot of work had been done in a competitive market scenario. This thesis considers the problem of seat inventory allocation and pricing in a duopoly where each of the competing airlines have two fare-classes. We consider the possibility that the same fare-class may be priced differently by the two competing airlines and allow for the over flow of passengers between the airlines in the same fare-class. In the first part of our work, we develop a non-linear mathematical model for setting the booking limits for one of the two competing air-lines such that the revenue earned is maximized. We consider over flow of passengers from one airline to another in the same fare-class in response to a price differential and compare the results obtained from our model with the standard Expected Marginal Seat Revenue (EMSR) model under a monopolistic scenario. The results show that our model gives higher revenues than that obtained from the EMSR model. In the second part of our work, we consider a non-cooperative game between two competing airlines with price cutting as the strategy to increase their demand. Through numerical computations, we identify the pure strategy Nash equilibrium. From the results, we conclude that Nash equilibrium is achieved only when both the airlines follow the same pricing strategy indicating that individual price cutting will not be beneficial. This also indicates that unless the competitors enter into a cooperative coalition with each other, they would not benefit from deep discount offers. In the third and final part, we prove theoretically the existence of pure strategy Nash equilibrium in a two airline, two fare-class problem with price sensitive over flow of customers in the same fare-class that was computationally analysed earlier. The strategy / strategies at which Nash equilibrium is achieved are identified. We show that Nash equilibrium is only achieved when both the airlines price identically. Hence, our thesis concludes that differential pricing does not hold any significance for the competing airlines from an operational perspective.

En santé publique, de nouveaux programmes de surveillance et de gestion sont à proposer notamment pour les masses d'eaux fortement affectées par l'urbanisation et les rejets urbains par temps de pluie. Les niveaux, les réservoirs et les sources de contamination microbiologique des milieux aquatiques doivent être évalués et identifiés, et leur incidence sur la dissémination des bactéries pathogènes et les risques d'exposition des populations humaines comprises. Parmi les agents pathogènes retrouvés dans les milieux hydriques, Pseudomonas aeruginosa représentent une préoccupation sanitaire majeure. A partir de deux sites expérimentaux, les objectifs de ce travail de thèse furent de définir la contribution des rejets d'eaux usées sur la prévalence de P. aeruginosa dans les cours d'eau récepteurs et d'étudier l'écologie des formes introduites dont ces habitats incluant leur dynamique spatiotemporelle. Les sédiments, les biofilms de surface (périphyton) et les végétaux aquatiques submergés, permettraient leur survie voire la multiplication de certains génotypes de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La répartition des indicateurs de contaminations fécales et de la bactérie pathogène Aeromonas caviae ont également été étudiée. Il a été mis en évidence que les forces hydrauliques, le morpho-dynamisme de la rivière et les variations saisonnières étaient des facteurs structurants de la répartition des contaminants microbiens analysés. La dangerosité des souches isolées a été évaluée et montré que toutes les souches avaient un potentiel de virulence élevée. Ceci s'est confirmé par la détection de clones épidémiques majeurs au sein de la collection dont des souches apparentées aux clones PA14 ou C. Les capacités métaboliques de ces souches ont été étudiées dont leur antibio-résistance / In Public Health, new monitoring and management programs are needed, especially for the aquatic environments strongly affected by urbanization and urban wet weather discharges. The levels, reservoirs and sources of microbiological contamination of the aquatic environment should be assessed and identified, and their impact on the spread of pathogenic bacteria and the risk of exposure of human populations understood. Among the pathogens found in water environments, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of major health concern. From two experimental sites, the objectives of this work were to define the contribution of wastewater discharges on the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in receiving watercourses and study the ecology of the introduced forms, including their spatiotemporal dynamic and preferential habitats. Sediments, surface biofilms (periphyton) and the submerged aquatic vegetations appeared to favour the survival or growth of some genotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The distribution of fecal indicator bacteria and of Aeromonas caviae were also studied. It was highlighted that hydraulic forces, the morpho-dynamics of the river and the seasonal vaiations were determinant factors in the distribution of the analyzed microbial contaminants. The health hazard of the clones found in these systems was estimated through indirect molecular approaches. It was shown that all Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains had a high virulence potential and that some were related to the PA14 and C clones which are spread worldwide and pathogenic