Författarna till uppsatsen hade i sin kliniska erfarenhet liknande upplevelser kring en bristfällig adressering av trauma i patienters historia samt en känsla av ökande antal ADHD-diagnoser. Tankar och funderingar uppstod kring om det förelåg samband mellan dessa tillstånd och hur trauma används i den kliniska verkligheten. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka upplevelsen av klinisk utredning gällande trauma och ADHD hos psykologer verksamma på BUP, samt undersöka om psykologer på BUP upplever ett eventuellt samband mellan trauma och ADHD samt om trauma förbises inom klinisk utredning till förmån för ADHD. Inom ramen för dessa frågor genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med psykologer verksamma på BUP vid olika regioner i Sverige. Den insamlade datan bearbetades genom tematisk analys. Resultatet redovisas genom de tre huvudteman som identifierats: Vad är trauma egentligen?; Symtomöverlapp; Att hitta eller inte hitta trauma, det är frågan. Det framkom att trauma är brett och svårdefinierat, underdiagnostiserat sett till de manualer som finns tillgängliga och tenderar att undvikas i kliniskt arbete. Resultatet visade också att ADHD troligtvis är både över- och underdiagnostiserat och är en diagnos där det inte råder samstämmighet kring etiologi. Det är också tydligt att de två tillstånden har ett omfattande symtomöverlapp och att differentieringen mellan dem är mycket problematisk. Slutsatser som dras utifrån resultatet innefattar att psykologer vid BUP dels upplever att trauma förbises vid klinisk utredning och dels att ADHD felaktigt kan tillskrivas i vissa kontexter när trauma föreligger som primär problembild för patienten. / The authors of the study had similiar experiences from their clinical work regarding an insufficient focus on trauma in patients history and a feeling that the number of ADHD-diagnosis was increasing. Questions emerged about whether there was a connection between the two conditions and how trauma is used in clinical practice. The main purpose of the study was to examine psychologists experience of clinical assessment regarding trauma and ADHD working within the child and adolescent psychiatry, as well as examining if psychologists experience a possible connection between trauma and ADHD and if trauma is overlooked in clinical assesment in favor of the ADHD-diagnosis. Eight semistructured interviews with psychologists working at child and adolescent psychiatry in Sweden was carried out. The collected data was processed through thematic analysis. It emerged that trauma has a wide understanding and is difficult to define, that it is underdiagnosed looking at the manuals available and tends to be avoided in clinical work. The findings also showed that ADHD probably is both over- and underdiagnosed and that it’s a diagnosis where there is not unanimity regarding etiology. It is also clear that these two conditions have a symtom overlap that is extensive and differentiating between the two is very difficult. Conclusions drawn from the findings include that psychologists working within child and adolescent psychiatry experience partly that trauma is overlooked in clinical assessment and partly that ADHD may be ascribed inadequately in certain contexts when the primary problem for the patient is trauma.

The present study investigates the use of impoliteness in American presidential debates, analyzing whether the use of impoliteness strategies has increased, whether this varies depending on the candidate’s status as an incumbent or a challenger and if Donald Trump is an outlier when compared to his peers. To conduct this study, a total of 12 debates from the last 6 elections (2000-2020) were analyzed. The analysis used Culpeper’s (1996) framework as its base, specifically looking at the frequency and variability in the usage of face-attacks along with a set of output/micro-strategies from Garcia-Pastor (2008) typically used in the primary presidential debates as well as instances of overlaps and interruptions. The results showed, based on nearly all of the measured variables, that there was a significant increase in the 2016 and the subsequent 2020 debates when compared to the preceding ones. Furthermore, there were clear differences found in the incumbent presidents’ strategy choice and frequency when compared to their opponents as the former would typically be more defensive, using less impoliteness. Trump strayed from this established pattern by being vastly more aggressive than his incumbent predecessors. He additionally scored the highest in nearly all of the measured variables, this, in conjunction with the noticeable difference in his use of overlapping speech, as well as direct face-attacks, leads to the conclusion that he is an outlier in his use of impoliteness and a likely catalyst for the increase seen in the 2016-2020 debates.

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Visualization and image filtering are important parts of cryo-electron tomography analysis. ArtiaX, a plugin developed for UCSF ChimeraX, has been extended to improve the functionality of these two parts. For the visualization, a method of moving 3D surfaces to remove overlap between them has been developed and implemented. To accommodate this, a Monte Carlo approach using Poisson disc sampling for approximating volume of overlap between 3D surfaces is used, and a novel method for measuring overlap has been invented, called the Normal Projection Method, useful for measuring the depth of overlap between surfaces. For the image filtering, tomogram averaging and frequency filters have been added to the ArtiaX toolbox. / Visualisering och bildfiltrering är viktiga delar inom kryoelektrontomografianalys. ArtiaX, ett plugin utvecklat för UCSF ChimeraX, har utökats för att förbättra funktionaliteten inom dessa två områden. För visualiseringen har en metod för att flytta 3D ytor så att de inte överlappar utvecklats och implmenterats. För att skapa denna funktion används en Monte Carlo metod med Poisson disk sampling för att uppskatta volymen av 3D ytor, och normalprojektionsmetoden, en ny metod för att mäta överlappsdjup har skapts och implementerats. För att förbättra bildfiltreringen har tomogram-snittning och frekvensfilter lagts till bland verktygen i ArtiaX.

Följande studie är utförd under vårterminen 2019 som ett masterexamensarbete på Trafikverkets avdelning för stora projekt. Med organisatoriskt lärande och projektledning som teoretiskt ramverk studerades vad stora beställarorganisationer ser som sina framgångsfaktorer gällande riskhantering. För att besvara detta intervjuades sju respondenter del av två pågående projekt på Trafikverket. Utifrån detta gjordes en tematisk analys där tre begrepp framstod och analyserade. Slutsatserna från studien är att beställarorganisationer som aktivt ser över sin överlapp med den temporära multiorganisationen, i denna studie förkortad till TMO, har ett bättre riskarbete. Att de beställarorganisationer som har en växelverkan mellan en abstrakt begreppsbildning av vad riskhantering är och ser över sitt praktiska utförande lyckas bättre samt att beställarorganisationer värderar ett processorienterat lärande mer positivt än ett produktorienterat lärande / The following study was conducted during the spring semester 2019 as a master's thesis at the department for large projects, Trafikverket. With a theoretical framework based in organizational learning and project management, I have aimed to answer what large client organizations see as their success factors regarding risk management. To answer this, seven respondents were interviewed from two ongoing projects at Trafikverket. With this dataset, a thematic analysis was performed where three concepts emerged and were analyzed. The conclusions from the study are that client organizations that actively review their overlap with the temporary multi-organization, in this study abbreviated to TMO, perform a better regarding their risk management. That the client organizations that have an interaction between an abstract concept of what risk management is and review their practical implementation succeed better. Lastly client organizations that value a process-oriented learning more positively than a product-oriented learning perceive their risk management as better.

Mental illness and language disorders are rarely linked together as a way of making a comparison. In this study, a comprehensive scoping review was initiated to discuss the differential diagnostic characteristics of expressive language in Schizophrenia and Wernicke’s Aphasia (WA). This study will examine the domains of language where there are overlaps between the characteristics of expressive language. Semantics, pragmatics, and discourse will be further examined while comparing what aspects of expressive language are key in each domain. Schizophrenia being classified as a mental illness and WA being classified as an acquired language disorder, there are fundamental properties of language that are synonymous; however, the terms used can be different. This study will discuss the process and reasoning behind a scoping review. The results of this scoping review will identify the gaps in the literature addressing similarities between the patterns of expressive language use in these two diagnoses.

Romantic relationships (RR) regarding attachment styles and theory have been widely studied, whereas platonic relationships (PR) have received comparatively less attention in research. This study aims to explore two hypotheses: (1) individuals exhibit more avoidant behavior in platonic relationships rather than anxious behavior, and more anxious behavior in romantic relationships than in platonic ones; (2) attachment styles in platonic relationships manifest uniquely and can exist independently of romantic attachment. This research aims to better understand the way that attachment differs between both relationship types. Through a quantitative study involving a survey with a 5-point Likert scale measuring attachment, administered to college-aged students and others, the data analysis supported the prediction that anxiousness is higher in RR than in PR and avoidance is higher in PR than in RR. As for the second hypothesis, the data did not fully support that attachment styles exist uniquely in both relationship types. This research helps contribute to a better understanding of how attachment differs between RR and PR.

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