Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campnas, Facudade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Passos_MadlaAdami_M.pdf: 718837 bytes, checksum: 40f6adec3bac1b7e10671aa4e4f30473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Aumento na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio como conseqüência do aumento na demanda energética pode aumentar o estado de oxidação celular, contribuindo para um estado redox celular ótimo e o desenvolvimento máximo de força. O poder redutor de amostras biológicas reflete sua capacidade antioxidante, mantida em grande parte pelos antioxidantes de baixo peso molecular (ABPM). Os ABPM agem como agentes redutores, doando elétrons para as espécies radicalares. Podem, dessa forma, ser quantificados por técnicas eletroquímicas. Os ABPM incluem compostos tais como ácido úrico, vitamina C, vitamina E e ácido lipóico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a aplicabilidade do surfactante catiônico cloreto de cetilpiridina (CPC) como sistema micelar no aperfeiçoamento da técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD) para análise de amostras de soro e saliva de humanos. Analisamos ainda a correlação dos dados obtidos com outras metodologias de análise da capacidade antioxidante total. O presente trabalho está dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma introdução geral sobre o tema, incluindo dentre outros tópicos os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na adaptação ao treinamento, sistema de defesa antioxidante, a técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial e ação geral dos surfactantes. O capítulo 2 apresenta os dados das amostras de soro e saliva obtidos por VPD na presença e ausência do CPC. O capitulo 3 apresenta dos dados de limite inferior e superior do voltamograma de saliva de 138 sujeitos fisicamente ativos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o surfactante CPC aumentou a sensibilidade e estabilidade do sinal voltamétrico, viabilizando a aplicação desse método em amostras de fluidos biológicos como soro e saliva de forma a substituir polimento e prevenindo a passivação gradual do eletrodo de trabalho e perda de sinal voltamétrico. Nossos dados sugerem ainda que o primeiro pico de corrente anódica de ambas as amostras parece ser influenciado principalmente pela concentração de ácido úrico. Os resultados apresentados nesse estudo validam a VPD como uma metodologia para avaliação do estado redox do soro e saliva em resposta ao exercício físico ou a outras situações fisiológicas ou patológicas. Os limites inferior e superior de análise da capacidade antioxidante de saliva determinada pela técnica de VPD associada ao uso de CPC pode contribuir para o monitoramento, adequação, bem como individualizar os programas de treinamento físico, garantindo que a sobrecarga do exercício seja adequada para manutenção da saúde e integridade física. / Abstract: Increasing formation of oxygen reactive species, as a consequence of increasing in the energetic demand, can raise the cellular oxidation state, and it contributes to an optimum cellular redox state and for the development of maximum force. The biological samples reducing power reflects its antioxidant capacity, which is maintained mainly by the low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA). LMWA act as reducing agents, they donate electrons to radicalar species. They can be, on this way, quantified by electrochemical techniques. LMWA include substances such as uric acid, vitamins C and E vitamin and lipoic acid. The aims of the present work were to investigate the applicability of the surfactant cetilpiridine chloride as a micellar system for the optimization of differential pulse voltammetry technique (DPV) for the analysis of human serum and saliva samples. It was analyzed the correlation of the obtained data with others methodologies. The work is divided in three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a general introduction about the theme, which includes, between other topics: involved molecular mechanisms on physical training adaptation, antioxidant defense system, differential pulse voltammetry and surfactants action. Chapter 2 presents results from serum and saliva samples obtained by DPV technique with and without CPC. Chapter 3 presents data of upper and lower limits from saliva voltamograms of 149 physically active individuals. Acquired data showed that the utilization of cetilpiridine chloride as surfactant increased sensitivity and stability of the voltammetric signal, making possible the use of this method in serum and saliva samples. The use of CCP can replace the polishing and prevent the gradual passivity of the work electrode and loss of voltammetric signal. Our data suggests that the first anodic current peak from both samples is influenced mainly by uric acid concentration. The presented results on this work validate DPV as a methodology to the evaluation of redox state from serum and saliva in response to exercise or pathologic, physiologic conditions. With the saliva antioxidant capacity limits established by DPV method, associated to the use of CPC, it is possible to track, to adequate and to individualize physical training programs, warranting, this way, a correct exercise intensity and maintenance of health and physical integrity. / Mestrado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Mestre em Educação Física

Recentemente, verificou-se que diferentes protocolos de overtraining (OT) com mesma carga externa, mas realizados em declive (OTR/down), aclive (OTR/up) e sem inclinação (OTR) levaram ao acúmulo de gordura hepática. Sabe-se que perturbando a homeostase do retículo endoplasmático (ER) ocorre o estresse do RE que também está associada com presença de gordura hepática em modelos animais. Com isso, verificamos os efeitos desses modelos de OT nas proteinas relacionadas ao estresse do RE (BiP, IRE1, PERK, eIF2alpha, ATF6beta, and GRP94), apoptose (CHOP, Caspase-3, 4 and 12, Bax and TRAF2) e inflamação (SAPKJNK and IKK) no fígado de camundongos C57BL/6. Uma vez que o treinamento aeróbio pode diminuir o estresse do RE cardíaco e aumentar a capacidade do exercício, também verificou se a queda de desempenho induzida pelos protocolos de OT estaria relacionada com o estresse do RE e apoptose no coração dos animais. Os animais foram divididos em naive (N, animais sedentários), controle (CT, animais sedentários submetidos as avaliações de desempenho), treinado (TR), OTR/down, OTR/up and OTR. Os testes de rotarod, incremental, exaustivo e força de preensão foram usados para avaliar o desempenho. Trinta e seis horas após o teste de força de preensão, os fígados e corações (ventrículo esquerdo) foram removidos e usados para técnica de immunoblotting. Todos os protocolos de OT levaram a respostas similares em relação aos parâmetros de desempenho e mostraram valores significativamente menores de ATF6beta hepática quando comparados com o grupo N. O grupo OTR/down exibiu valores inferiores de caspase-3 clivada no fígado quando comparado com o grupo CT. As proteínas cardíacas relacionadas ao estresse do RE, apoptose e inflamação não foram moduladas nos grupos experimentais. / Newly, we verified that different running overtraining (OT) protocols with same external load but performed in downhill (OTR/down), uphill (OTR/up) and without inclination (OTR), directed to hepatic fat accumulation. Knowing the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is linked to animal models of fatty liver, we explored the effects of these OT models on the proteins related to ER stress (i.e., BiP, IRE1, PERK, eIF2alpha, ATF6beta, and GRP94), apoptosis (CHOP, Caspase-3, 4 and 12, Bax and TRAF2) and inflammation (SAPKJNK and IKK) in livers of C57BL/6 mice. Because aerobic training can diminish cardiac ER stress and increase exercise capacity, we also verified whether the performance decrease induced by our OT protocols is linked to ER stress and apoptosis in mouse hearts. Rodents were divided into naive (N. sedentary mice), control (CT, sedentary mice submitted to the performance evaluations), trained (TR), OTR/down, OTR/up and OTR groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive and grip force tests were used to estimate performance. Thirteen six hours after the grip force test, the livers and cardiac muscles (i.e., left ventricle) were removed and used for immunoblotting. All OT protocols led to similar responses of the performance parameters and showed significantly lower values of hepatic ATF6beta compared to the N group. The OTR/down group exhibited inferior values of liver cleaved caspase-3 compared to the CT group. The cardiac proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis were not modulated in the experimental groups.

Lifestyle choices threaten to compromise health and performance of trained athletes. This thesis presents a series of studies which broadly investigated the impact of nutritional and physical challenges to human health and performance. The potential causes and effects of fluid imbalances on physical health, immune function and athletic performance were investigated. Certain populations experience chronic low-level hypohydration and athletes often fail to rehydrate sufficiently between exercise sessions. The long-term implications of hypohydration are not fully understood, but are suggested to be associated with chronic disease. In this thesis, maintenance of fluid balance was observed in healthy males, despite a caffeine intervention thought to cause diuresis. Furthermore, when mild hypohydration was induced by 24-h fluid restriction, there was little impact on mucosal immunity during endurance exercise compared with euhydration. The impact of intensified training (IT) on the physical, mental, hormonal and immunological status of well-trained athletes was investigated. A performance-specific nutritional intervention was implemented to investigate the effects of nutrient availability during prolonged exercise training sessions. Phases of IT are a regular feature of a periodised training programme. However, an imbalance between training and recovery can have significant implications for long-term athletic performance and general wellbeing. Changes in neuroendocrine, neurobiological and mucosal immune function were observed during IT and some potential markers of overreaching and were identified. Further research is required before practical application of these markers can be used effectively in the field. A relatively short period of IT resulted in significant disruptions to mood state and sleep quality. Minor changes in exercise performance were observed. Markers of overreaching were highly individual, as were responses to training.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate overtraining (OT) and burnout (BO) in young athletes. Very little data on the incidence of OT in young athletes is available, hence the purpose of the 1st study was to investigate the prevalence and symptomology of NFOR (non-functional overreaching) and OT in young English athletes practicing different sports and competing across all competitive levels. Data from 376 young athletes (age 15.00 ± 1.97 y) indicated that 29 % had experienced at least one episode of NFOR/OT, and that NFOR/OT was significantly higher at national and international competitive levels (p < 0.01). Presenting symptomology was similar to that reported in adults, with both training and non-training stressors identified as important associates: losses of appetite during periods of hard training, frequent injuries and feelings of a lack of recovery from training, combined with apathy, feeling intimidated by opponents, and being “moody” were the most frequently reported physical and psychological symptoms, respectively. Training load, the commonly believed cause of NFOR/OT, had no significant association with NFOR/OT incidence; however competitive level and gender were significant predictors of NFOR/OT, albeit of a small explained variance (~4%). This study demonstrated that NFOR/OT is evident in young athletes and that the associated factors are multifactorial. The 2nd study monitored prospectively, 4 national-level female swimmers during an 11-month competitive season. Two swimmers (16.00 ± 1.41 y) were diagnosed as OT based on performance decrements (mean decrement of 9 %). One of the OT swimmers (OT2) presented with the classical psychophysiological profile, i.e. high monthly training volumes, low IgA concentration, depressed maximal lactates and high self-reported distress. Conversely the other OT swimmer (OT1) only presented with high Training Distress Scale (TDS) scores. These findings show that both, OT is a complex problem to diagnose and that it’s approach needs to be individualized. The 3rd study investigated the acute psycho-physiological responses to a 6-day training camp in 4 young female swimmers (15.00 ± 1.21 y), of which one was OT and another burnt out (OT1 swimmer from study 2). Both mal-adapted athletes showed performance decrements of ~8 % that lasted for more than 6 months. The OT swimmer, unlike her BO friend, showed a depressed IgA concentration, an unresponsive cortisol, reduced maximal lactate production, and high psychological distress, measured by the TDS. Both swimmers reported slower reaction times on the Stroop test, with the BO swimmer evidencing the worst performance. Finally, the BO swimmer reported very high scores on the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; reduced sense of accomplishment = 4.3; emotional/physical exhaustion = 2.6; sport devaluation = 3.7). This study showed that the psychophysiological profile of an OT swimmer may differ considerably from a BO athlete, with the ABQ being potentially the most efficient tool to diagnose BO. Once more, the individuality of the profiles reinforces the importance of investigating this phenomenon on a case by case basis. The final study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to investigate the psychosocial nature of OT and BO in a 15 year-old female swimmer (OT1 and BO from studies 2 and 3, respectively) and revealed how multiple sources of training and non-training stressors all combined to negatively affect the athlete. The swimmer revealed a past in which she experienced rapid success at an early age and a training mentality of “the more, the better” which was promoted by parents, coaches and herself. Her strong unidimensional identity – centred on swimming – provided few recreational or social opportunities outside the sport. She also reported communication difficulties with her coaches, unwelcome changes in coaching staff, periods of separation from her family, and an over-involved mother. The findings of this thesis suggest that NFOR/OT and BO are issues that many young athletes have to contend with during their sporting careers. The multifactorial nature of these conditions mean that any screening, prevention or recovery interventions must address the problem from a holistic standpoint and as such, Ken Wilber’s (1998) Integral Model is proposed as a suitable framework through which this condition may be investigated in young athletes.

No description available.

The action of overtraining may lead to the different states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome (OTS). Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms, and performance decrements occur with the incidence of these states. Circulating cortisol and testosterone have been proposed as endocrine markers of overreaching/OTS. Salivary measurements of these hormones have been used as a non-invasive surrogate for circulating levels. Chapter 4 (study 1) on this Thesis examined the influence of consuming water 10 min, 5 min and 1 min before providing a saliva sample in diluting saliva and consequently providing invalid salivary cortisol and testosterone concentration levels. No trial effect was found. However, exercise-induced salivary cortisol and testosterone significantly elevated in response to the 10 min and 5 min trials only, with lower absolute-changes observed in the 1 min trial. No differences were found in the resting samples. It was suggested that consuming water up to 5 min before providing a saliva sample does not appear to influence the hormone concentrations at rest and during exercise. However, the recommended guidelines for saliva collection have been followed in the subsequent studies. Chapter 5 (study 2) examined the reproducibility of salivary cortisol and testosterone responses to a 30-min cycle named as the 55/80. This test has been proposed as a suitable indicator of hormonal alterations associated with overreaching/OTS. Reproducibility of salivary cortisol and testosterone to the 55/80 was confirmed by determining intra-individual coefficients of variation (CVi). However, the 55/80 is a cycle test and therefore, may not be appropriate for runners. Chapter 6 (study 3) focused on designing a 30-min, running bout (i.e. the RPEtreadmill) to reproduce the effects of the 55/80. The RPEtreadmill is a self-paced test and therefore, will not require aVO2maxtest to determine exercise intensities. An acute elevation of plasma and salivary testosterone, but not cortisol was observed in response to the RPEtreadmill. These responses have been shown to be reproducible. The data from Chapter 6 suggest that the RPEtreadmill may be a suitable tool to indicate hormonal alterations associated with overreaching/OTS. This led to the design of study 4 (Chapter 7). Plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone responses were examined before and after a 12-day intensified-training period. Immunity markers (specifically salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), leucocyte subset proliferation and phagocytic activity) were examined before and after training. Plasma and salivary cortisol were unaffected by acute exercise and training. However, testosterone elevated to the RPEtreadmill Pre-Training, and these responses were reduced Post-Training. Total leucocytes and mucosal immunity were unaffected by exercise and training. However, increased upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were found Post-Training. Baseline phagocytic function was 47% lower Post-Training. This Thesis suggests that testosterone may be a more reliable exercise-stress marker. Moreover, the RPEtreadmill may be a suitable tool to highlight alterations in testosterone when in an overreached state in an attempt to avoid the incidence of OTS, and that this tool may be practically applied in the field of exercise science. Additionally, this Thesis shows that a 12-day intensified-training period induced a marked decrease in phagocytic responses, and therefore using the RPEtreadmill to highlight overreaching may be important to also prevent further impairments in immunity status.

Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T20:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hohl_Rodrigo_D.pdf: 822844 bytes, checksum: fd38d4c98d17c89e25fcfd09540ba103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O empirismo do treinamento pode levar a um desequilíbrio entre estímulo da atividade motora e tempo de recuperação do esforço. Como conseqüência o atleta pode experimentar um estado agudo de fadiga e queda de desempenho denominado de overreaching, revertido em poucos dias. A persistência desta situação de desequilíbrio pode levar a um quadro crônico de sensação de fadiga acompanhado de queda de desempenho denominado de síndrome do overtraining (OTS), que pode durar semanas ou meses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um protocolo controlado e reprodutível de treinamento em ratos que contivesse um período de desequilíbrio entre o estímulo do exercício e o tempo de recuperação que gerasse queda de desempenho. Há duas formas de exercício em ratos amplamente utilizadas na literatura: a natação e a corrida em esteira. Os primeiros dois capítulos deste trabalho descrevem a padronização de um teste de desempenho em natação, reprodutível ao longo do crescimento animal, para ser utilizado em estudos longitudinais. Para isso, precisávamos considerar o empuxo sofrido pelo animal no meio líquido e validamos (Capítulo I) um aparato de medição de volume para animais vivos e conscientes (AMV). No capítulo II apresentamos os dados da comparação da reprodutibilidade de dois testes de desempenho até a exaustão na natação durante os cinco primeiros meses de vida dos ratos. Um teste com adição de cargas ajustadas de acordo com o porcentual da massa corporal (MC) e outro com cargas constantes (CC). Utilizando o AMV constatamos que a densidade dos animais não variava e, como conseqüência, o teste MC diminuía o tempo de exaustão conforme os ratos aumentavam a massa durante o crescimento, enquanto o teste CC mantinha o tempo de exaustão ao longo do tempo. Paralelamente, iniciamos os estudos com exercício em esteira. No Capítulo III apresentamos um protocolo de 11 semanas, onde o desequilíbrio entre exercício e recuperação foi determinado pelo aumento das sessões diárias nas três últimas semanas em 2, 3 e 4 vezes, com diminuição no tempo de recuperação entre elas. Selecionamos no final desse treinamento dois grupos de ratos, aqueles que apresentaram baixo desempenho (BD) e aqueles que apresentaram aumento ou manutenção do desempenho (AD). Embora ambos os grupos tenham apresentado uma diminuição da massa corporal durante o aumento da freqüência de treinamento, o grupo BD precisou de uma semana a mais de repouso para voltar a aumentar a massa, sem modificar o desempenho. No Capítulo IV comparamos quatro grupos de ratos obtidos desse protocolo (Controle (CO), Treinados (T), BD e AD) em análises no sangue (glutamina, glutamato, alanina e hemograma) e músculo (citrato sintase (CS), lactato desidrogenase e glicogênio). Comparando BD com T e AD observamos: (1) diminuição da concentração plasmática de glutamina e aumento na de glutamato, com valores semelhantes aos do grupo CO; (2) diminuição da capacidade oxidativa (CS) e manutenção dos estoques de glicogênio; (3) leucocitose. Em vista das diferenças encontrada entre os grupos BD e AD, concluímos que o protocolo de treinamento de indução de overreaching representa uma ferramenta metodológica importante, que pode auxiliar no desvendamento dos mecanismos causadores da queda de desempenho nos estados de overreaching/OTS / Abstract: The empirical training can lead to an imbalance between the motor activity stress and recovery. As consequence, the athlete can try an acute state of fatigue and performance decrement called overreaching, reverted in a few days. This continuous unbalance can lead to a chronic fatigue state called as overtraining syndrome (OTS), that may last weeks or months. Our goal was to standardize a controlled and reproducible training protocol in rats that contained an unbalance period between exercise stress and recovery with performance decrement. Two forms of exercise is widely used for rats training in literature: swimming and treadmill running. Chapters I and II describe an adequate standardization for workload in swimming tests when applied to longitudinal studies with sedentary rats. Therefore, considering the rats' buoyance, we validate (Chapter I) an apparatus for measuring conscientious living rat body volume (AMV). In chapter II, we evaluated two types of swimming tests with overload in sedentary rats: one with the load adjusted according to percentage of body weight (BW) and another one with constant load (CL) over time. Through the AMV, we found that the rats' density did not vary significantly, as consequence, MC test showed performance decrement as the rats had their mass increased, while CC test maintained performance along rats growth. In time, we initiate the studies with treadmill exercise. In Chapter III, we present an eleven weeks training protocol where the unbalance between exercise stress and recovery was determined by the increase of the daily sessions in 2, 3 and 4 times in the last three weeks, reducing the recovery time between sessions. We selected two groups of rats in the end of the training protocol, those that presented low performance (BD) and those that presented performance increase or maintenance (AD). Although both groups (AD and BD) showed corporal mass reduction during the increase of the daily frequency, BD group return to increase the mass one week later than AD group, without modifying the performance. In Chapter IV, we compare four groups of rats after the eleven weeks training protocol (Control (CO), Trained (T), AD and BD) in blood (glutamine, glutamate, alanine and hematological variables) and muscle analyses (citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen). Comparing BD with AD and T groups, we observe: (1) reduction of the glutamine plasma concentration and increase of glutamate, with similar CO values; (2) reduction of the oxidative capacity (CS) and maintenance of the glycogen stores; (3) leucocitosys. We conclude that the training protocol induces the rats to overreaching and it represents a relevant methodological tool in overreaching / OTS metabolical mechanisms research envolved in performance decrement / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Athletes complete a balance of training loads and rest periods, risking overtraining when this balance favors excessive training. Diagnostic biomarkers have been suggested but a clear diagnostic method is not available. This preliminary study's objective was to use data standardization to improve an electronic nose's (enose) discrimination model for athletes' breathprints after cumulative and acute training loads. Collegiate long distance runners were observed throughout competitive training seasons. Prolonged training effects were observed through Profile of Mood States (POMS) surveys and blood and breath samples collected at the beginning (Pre-Study) and end of the training season (Post-Study). Immediate training effects were observed for one low (LI) and one high (HI) intensity acute training load. Subjects provided blood and breath samples before the LI (BSR) and HI (BLR), completed the training load, and provided blood and breath samples after each training load (ASR; ALR). Blood was analyzed for antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Breath samples were analyzed with a Cyranose® 320 (C320) enose. Age, gender, and training loads affected oxidative states, with the HI having more effect than the LI. Mood profiles indicated healthy and successful athletes. Neither POMS nor blood parameters suggested overtrained athletes. The C320 successfully discriminated between breathprints of athletes correlating to the training loads. Direct data standardization through carbon dioxide as a baseline sensor purge correctly classified 100 percent of the data through linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Indirect data standardization by subtracting Pre-Study data from the subsequent data classes (e.g. BSR) correctly classified 96 percent of the data. An LDA on the combined blood parameters correctly classified 61.9 percent of the data. The blood analyses required invasive sample collections and involved procedures that took a long time (hours). In comparison, the best C320 model correctly classified 96 percent of the data and required less invasive sample collections, simple analysis, and short result times (minutes). Evidence suggested the C320 will provide a simple and noninvasive method for clinically diagnosing the onset of overtraining. The unit is small, handheld, rapid, and noninvasive so it could also be used on- site to provide immediate feedback for training optimization. / Ph. D.

Athletic performance is improved by increasing training loads but it is difficult to determine an athlete's response to a training load and the amount of stress incurred. This makes athletes susceptible to overtraining, leading to decreased performance levels, due to physical exhaustion and oxidative stress. Past studies have observed a myriad of biomarkers without conclusively identifying a clinically specific marker for overtraining due to oxidative stress. These methods require invasive testing and lengthy result times, making real-time adjustments of training programs to prevent overtraining difficult. The use of an electronic nose (enose) as a non-invasive evaluation tool will provide immediate feedback on training stress, allowing for real-time training adjustments for performance optimization. Two long distance runners (one male and one female) completed a pilot study. Both performed a short run and the female performed a long run. Blood samples were collected from each athlete before and after each run and analyzed for catalase and GPx activity. Breath samples were also collected before and after each run and analyzed by an enose. Multivariate analyses of combined blood data yielded better results than individual analyses. Although data was limited for this pilot study, canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) showed separation between before and after run and between short and long run breath samples. Cross validations also found up to a 77.8 percent prediction accuracy for the enose. Results indicate an enose is feasible for detecting changes in the breath occurring after physically demanding exercise perhaps due to oxidative stress incurred during the exercise. / Master of Science

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No. of bitstreams: 1 victorhugodefreitas.pdf: 1041704 bytes, checksum: 5dd391fff68063cedd3bcac2d195b278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / A intensificação da carga de treinamento é uma estratégia utilizada em momentos da periodização, entretanto, poucos estudos fazem essa abordagem no voleibol, modalidade esportiva de característica peculiar, com um calendário esportivo também peculiar, necessitado assim conhecer o comportamento da carga de treinamento durante um período de treinamento nessa modalidade utilizando variáveis de simples e fácil aplicação. Desse modo, essa dissertação objetivou: Analisar o comportamento de marcadores da carga de treinamento em um grupo com atletas de voleibol submetidos a cargas de treinamento intensificadas e em um grupo submetido a cargas de treinamento sem intensificação; e Analisar e descrever o comportamento da carga de treinamento e da recuperação ao longo de um período de treinamento no voleibol. A princípio, atletas de voleibol do sexo masculino, foram divididos em 2 grupos, um submetido a treinamento intensificado (IT) com 8 atletas (23,37 ± 2,94 anos) e um, à treinamento com cargas normais (NT) com 8 atletas (19,75 ± 1,48 anos). O Questionário de Estresse e Recuperação para atletas (RESTQ-Sport), Creatina quinase (CK) o teste de Impulsão vertical (IV) foram avaliados, no primeiro, no 12º e no 26º dias de treinamento. A TQR (escala de qualidade total de recuperação) foi aplicada no primeiro e ultimo dia de treinamento de cada microciclo. A carga de treinamento quantificada através do método PSE da sessão mostrou que no grupo IT a carga de treinamento esteve aumentada nos dois primeiros microciclos, diminuiu nos 2 microciclos posteriores, foi maior no primeiro período de treinamento e foi maior que a carga de treinamento apresentada pelo grupo NT, grupo em que a carga não apresentou modificações. A IV e o RESTQ-Sport não se modificaram. A CK esteve aumentada no 12º dia em ambos os grupos, sendo maior no grupo IT, com retorno de seus valores ao estado inicial após o segundo período no grupo IT. A TQR no grupo IT, apresentou valores mais baixos que o grupo NT, bem como nos dois primeiros microciclos. Posteriormente, 12 atletas de voleibol do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 23,50 ± 3,39 anos, foram monitorados durante 22 semanas de treinamento através do método PSE da sessão e da escala TQR. Foram calculadas a carga de treinamento semanal total, monotonia e strain. A carga de treinamento semanal total (p<0,01), a monotonia (p<0,01) e o strain (p<0,01), foram significativamente diferentes ao longo das 22 semanas analisadas, mostrando um comportamento oscilatório. A recuperação não 6 se modificou ao longo das 22 semanas. Conclui-se que, o grupo submetido à intensificação da carga de treinamento não modificou o desempenho, entretanto apresentou maior dano muscular, maior estresse e menor estado de recuperação que o grupo que não sofreu intensificação, no qual, também não modificou o desempenho. Também, que a carga de treinamento apresentou um caráter oscilatório ao longo das semanas, com progressão de seus valores, intercalando períodos de altas e baixas cargas de treinamento e a recuperação mostrou-se regular ao longo desse mesmo período. / The intensification of the training load is a strategy used in moments of periodization, however, few studies make use of this approach in volleyball, a peculiar kind of sports, with an also peculiar schedule, which makes it necessary to know the behavior of the training load during a training period of this kind of sport by means of simple and easy to apply variables. Due to that, this dissertation aimed to: analyze the behavior of training load markers in a group of volleyball athletes submitted to intensified training loads compared to another group submitted to training loads without intensification; analyze and describe the behavior of the training load and that of recuperation along the training period in volleyball. At first, the male volleyball players were divided into 2 groups: the intensified training group (IT) with 8 athletes (23.37 ± 2.94 years old) and the training group with normal training (NT), also with 8 athletes (19.75 ± 1.48 years old). The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport), Creatine kinase (CK) and the vertical jump test (IV) were assessed on the 1st, 12th ans 26th days of training. The TQR (Total Quality Recovery) was applied on the first and last training days of each microcycle. The training load, quantified through the PSE method of the session, showed that in the IT group the load was higher in the first two microcycles, decreased in the two subsequent ones, was highest in the first training period and was also higher than that of the NT group, whose loads remained constant. The IV and the RESTQ-Sport did not present changes. The CK was higher on the 12th day in both groups, but higher in the IT group, while the values returned to the initial state after the second period in the IT group. The TQR in the IT presented lower values than those of the NT group, and the same happened in the two first microcycles. Later, 12 male volleyball athletes, with average age of 23.50 ± 3.39 years old, were monitored for 22 training weeks with the use of the session RPE method and the TQR scale. The total weekly training load, monotony and strain were calculated. The total weekly training load (p<0.01), monotony (p<0.01) and strain (p<0.01) were significantly different along the 22 weeks analyzed, showing an oscillatory behavior. The recovery remained constant along the 22 weeks. It can be concluded that the group submitted to the intensification of the training load did not present changes in performance. Nevertheless, it had more muscular damage, more stress and less recovery than the group which did not had intensification (and whose performance also remained 8 steady). The training load presented an oscillatory character along the weeks studied, with a progression in the values, alternating periods of high and low training loads, and recovery showed to be regular along the same period.