Intensified training regimes and increasing competitive pressure make some athletes leave sports with shattered hopes and dreams. A number of these athletes drop out of sports due to burnout, which is characterized by an enduring experience of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation of sport participation as a consequence of prolonged chronic stress. Loss of engagement and diminished motivation also characterize burnout. But burnout is more than just a simple stress reaction, as not all athletes who experience stress burn out. Study I investigates the prevalence of burnout among competitive athletes. The number of athletes showing high levels of burnout was found to be between 1 and 9%. The number of athletes suffering from severe burnout was estimated at 1-2%. Contrary to what has been speculated, burnout was not more common in individual sports than in team sports. Study II investigated the burnout process using a case-study approach. It was found that burnout can evolve with different levels of severity, time perspectives and characteristics. There appears to be a relationship between overtraining syndrome and burnout, and the study gave support to the notion that burnout is the most severe outcome on the training fatigue continuum. Early success might lead to high expectations and an inner pressure to train, which in the three cases made the athletes ignore signs of maladaptation. Performance-based self-esteem appears to be a “driving force” in the burnout process. In Study III the burnout experience was investigated using qualitative interviews. Lack of recovery, “too much sports” and high external demands were described as causes of burnout. A stressful situation with multiple demands from sport, school and social relationships leads to a total overload, which has both physiological and psychological consequences. Critical factors were a unidimensional identity, performance-based self-esteem, an inflexible organization and feelings of entrapment. These restraining factors made the athletes remain in sports despite negative outcomes. Thus the three studies indicate that burnout is a serious problem in competitive and elite sports, that restraining factors offer an explanation for why athletes remain in sport despite negative outcomes, and that striving for self-esteem is crucial in the development of burnout.

Syftet med studien var att utöka förståelsen för coachers roll i graden av faktorer som kan relateras till överträning hos svenska CrossFit-utövare. Urvalet bestod av 42 CrossFit-utövare (n=42), dessa bestod av 30 kvinnor (72%), 11 (26%) män och en som inte ville definiera kön (2%). Alla deltagare var från Sverige. Deltagarna var 33 (±8.8) år gamla och tränade CrossFit regelbundet i genomsnitt 5,9 timmar/veckan (±3.4). En enkät bestående av The Coach-athlete Relationship Questionnaire, Motives for Physical Activity Measurement-Revised, The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire Revised Version, The multi-component Training Distress Scale, The Perceived Stress Scale- 4 item samt ett Feedback Questionnaire skickades ut till 120 aktiva CrossFit-utövare. Signifikansnivån i studien var alfa=0.05. Resultaten visade ett signifikant positivt samband (p<0.05, r=0.347) mellan den upplevda coach-atlet relationens kvalité och CrossFit-utövares viljestyrka, signifikant positivt samband (p<0.05, r=0.349) mellan den upplevda coach-atlet relationens kvalité och positiv feedback samt ett signifikant negativt samband mellan motivet ”Hälsa” för fysisk aktivitet och sömnsvårigheter (p<0.05, r=-0.323). Studien kunde inte säkerställa en konklusion av det sistnämnda resultatet, däremot hade den upplevda coach-atlet relationens kvalité ett samband med en specifik faktor relaterad till överträning bland svenska CrossFit-utövare, närmare bestämt deras viljestyrka. Studies resultat visar även att typen av kommunikation som CrossFit-utövaren upplever att hens respektive coach använder har ett samband med den upplevda coach-atlet relationens kvalité. Framtida forskning bör undersöka området vidare för att utöka förståelsen för samspelet mellan coacher och CrossFit-utövare. / The aim of this study was to expand the understanding of the role of coaches in the degree of factors that can be related to overtraining among Swedish CrossFit-athletes. The participants consisted of 42 CrossFit-athletes (n=42), these consisted of 30 women (72 %), 11 (26 %) men and one who did not want to define gender (2 %). All participants were from Sweden. The participants were 33 (± 8.8) years old and trained CrossFit regularly an average of 5.9 hours / week (± 3.4). A questionnaire consisting of The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, Motives for Physical Activity Measurement-Revised, The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire Revised Version, The Multi-component Training Distress Scale, The Perceived Stress Scale- 4 Item, and a Feedback Questionnaire was sent to 120 active CrossFit-athletes. The significance level of the studie was alpha=0.05. The results showed a significant positive correlation (p<.05, r = .347) between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and the vigour of CrossFit-athletes, significant positive correlation (p<.05, r = .349) between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and positive feedback as well as a significant negative correlation between the motive "Health" for physical activity and sleep difficulties (p<.05, r =-.323). A sure conclusion cannot be deduced from the latter result, but the quality of the coach-athlete relationship seems to be related to one certain specific factor related to overtraining among Swedish CrossFit-athletes, more specifically their vigour. The studie’s results also show that the type of communication that the CrossFit-athlete experiences their coach is using, could be related to the coach-athlete relationship quality. Future research should explore the subject to expand the understanding of the relationship between coaches and CrossFit-athletes.

The physical demands of soccer players competing in the English Premier League have significantly increased in recent years (Barnes et al. 2014; Bush et al. 2015). Elite soccer players are required to compete on a weekly and often bi-weekly basis during a 9-month competitive season. During periods of fixture congestion, players may participate in three matches within a 7-day period. Previous researchers have reported that some components of performance and physiological measures may still be below a pre-match baseline 72 hours following match-play (Mohr et al., 2003; Andersson et al., 2008; Ispirlidis et al., 2008; Fatouros et al., 2010). Nevertheless, data are sparse for the quantification of player fatigue status during competitive periods. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis is to evaluate potential indicators of fatigue which may be easily measured and utilised in elite soccer. The aim of the first study (Chapter 4) was to quantify the test-retest reliability of a range of potential fatigue variables in elite soccer players. During the pre-season period, resting perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality and stress), counter-movement jump height (CMJ), sub-maximal heart rate (HRex), post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRRbpm and HRR%), heart rate variability (rMSSD and LnrMSSD) and salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) were measured during the morning on two consecutive non-training days in thirty-five English Premiership players. Mean values of perceived ratings of wellness (7-13 %CV), CMJ (4 %CV) HRex (3 %CV) and HRR% (10 %CV) were not substantially or statistically significantly different between days. HRV measures’ rMSSD (28 %CV) and Ln rMSSD (10 %CV), perceived ratings of sleep (CV 13%CV) and S-IgA (63 %CV) were statistically significantly different between days. All morning-measured fatigue variables with the exception of S-IgA were reliable enough to allow feasible sample sizes in future pre/post studies. These data indicate that the use of perceived ratings of wellness, CMJ, HRR%, and, to a certain extent, HRV (Ln rMSSD) are reliable enough to monitor the fatigue status of a sample of elite soccer players. The aim of the second study (Chapter 5) was to quantify the relationship between daily training load and a range of potential measures of fatigue in elite soccer players during an in-season competitive phase (17-days). Total high-intensity running (THIR) distance, perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality), CMJ, HRex, HRR% and heart rate variability (Ln rMSSD) were analysed during an in-season competitive period (17 days). Within-subject fluctuations in fatigue (r=-0.51; large; P<0.001), Ln rMSSD (r=-0.24; small; P=0.04), and CMJ (r=0.23; small; P=0.04) were significantly correlated with fluctuations in THIR distance over the study period. Correlations between variability in perceived muscle soreness and sleep quality and HRR% and THIR distance were negligible and not statistically significant. Perceived ratings of fatigue and heart rate variability were sensitive to daily fluctuations in THIR distance in a sample of elite soccer players. Therefore, these specific markers show particular promise as simple, non-invasive assessments of fatigue status in elite soccer players during a short in-season competitive phase. The aim of the third study (Chapter 6) was to determine whether the sensitivity of a range of potential fatigue measures studied in Chapter 5 would be improved compared with the training load accumulated over the previous two, three or four days during a short in-season competitive period (17-days). Fluctuations in fatigue (r=-0.28-0.51; “small” to “large”; p<0.05) were correlated with fluctuations in THIR distance accumulation (1-4-day). Changes in HRex (r=0.28; small; p= 0.02) was correlated with changes in 4-day THIR distance accumulation. Fluctuations in Ln rMSSD (r=-0.24; small; P=0.04), and CMJ (r=0.23; small; P=0.04) were only sensitive to changes in THIR distance for the previous day (Chapter 5). Correlations between variability in muscle soreness, sleep quality and HRR% and THIR distance were negligible and not statistically significant for all accumulation training loads. Perceived ratings of fatigue were sensitive to daily fluctuations in acute THIR distance accumulation although sensitivity attenuated over time. Therefore, the present findings indicate that the sensitivity of morning-measured fatigue measures to changes in training load is not improved when compared with training loads beyond the previous days training. The fourth and final aim of the thesis was to quantify the mean daily changes in training load and parallel changes in measures of fatigue across typical in-season training weeks in elite soccer players. The training load of 29 elite soccer players was measured using the ratings of perceived exertion approach. Perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness), sub-maximal heart rate (HRex), post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) and variability (HRV) were also recorded across training weeks in the in-season competitive period. Morning-measured perceived ratings of fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness tracked the changes in RPE-TL, being 35-40% worse on post-match day vs pre-match day (P<0.001). Perceived fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness improved by 17-26% from post-match day to three days post-match with further smaller (7-14%) improvements occurring between four days post-match and pre-match day (P<0.01). There were no substantial or statistically significant changes in HRex, HRR% and HRV over the weekly cycle (P>0.05). Morning-measured perceived ratings of fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness are clearly more sensitive than HR-derived indices to the daily fluctuations in session load experienced by elite soccer players within a standard in-season week. The results of this thesis have shown that simple, ratings of perceived wellness are reliable and sensitive to short training and competition phases and thus may be a suitable strategy for practitioners to use in the attempt to establish fatigue status in elite soccer players. In particular, this thesis has demonstrated that the greatest sensitivity was observed on a daily basis and during typical training weeks and not during short term load accumulation. . Future work is required to quantify whether perceived ratings of wellness and vagal-related heart rate responses are sensitive to changes in training and match load across an entire competitive season in elite soccer players.

Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T02:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FernandoOliveiraCatanhoda_D.pdf: 945471 bytes, checksum: 1cb25f14193ab154247ae52c65246f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O exercício físico e um conhecido indutor agudo de traumas sobre as estruturas biológicas como músculos esqueléticos, articulações, ossos e demais tecidos. O treinamento físico, de maneira cronica e respeitando a relacao estimulo-recuperação pode levar a uma seqüência coerente de traumas e conseqüentemente a adaptação (Overreaching Funcional - FOR). Por outro lado, desequilíbrios persistentes na relação estimulo-recuperação podem levar a condições não-adaptativas refletidas em perda de performance e sintomatologia variada (Overreaching Não-Funcional - _FOR e Síndrome do Overtraining - OTS). Existe na literatura a proposta do envolvimento de marcadores antiinflamatórios e pro-inflamatorios na diferenciação entre esses dois estados. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi investigar a relação entre treinamento físico e os estados FOR e _FOR através da analise de performance e de marcadores sericos e teciduais imunológicos, bioquímicos e hematológicos em ratos submetidos a um protocolo de indução ao overtraining desenvolvido recentemente em nosso laboratório. O presente trabalho esta dividido em dois capítulos escritos na forma de artigos científicos. O capitulo 1 consiste em um artigo de revisão da literatura sobre processo inflamatório e treinamento físico. Anexo ao artigo segue o roteiro de estudos que será utilizado como ferramenta didática em sala de aula quando da discussão do processo inflamatório desencadeado pelo exercício e treinamento físico. No capitulo 2 apresentamos os dados de performance e as concentrações hepática e muscular das citocinas Fator de Necrose Tumoral (TNFa), Interleucina 1 (IL-1ß), Interleucina 6 (IL-6) e Interleucina 10 (IL-10); concentracao muscular dos aminoácidos Glutamina (Gln) e Glutamato (Glu); concentração serica de Proteína C-reativa (PCR), Albumina, Acido Urico (AU), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), Creatina Quinase (CK), Ureia, Proteínas Totais e Creatinina, alem do hemograma completo de ratos alimentados ad libitum e submetidos a um protocolo controlado de treinamento em esteira, contendo um período de desequilíbrio entre o estimulo do exercício e o tempo de recuperação entre os estímulos. O protocolo teve a duração de 11 semanas, sendo: treinos 1x/dia da 1ª a 8ª semana, treinos 2x/dia na 9ª semana, treinos 3x/dia na 10ª semana e treinos 4x/dia na 11ª semana. A performance e os biomarcadores foram analisados apos a 9ª semana e apos a 11ª semana. Os animais sacrificados apos a 9ª semana constituíram o grupo treinado (Tr). Os animais do grupo controle (CO) também foram sacrificados na 9ª semana. Os resultados mostraram que a performance da maioria dos ratos melhorou significativamente (p<0,05) apos a 11ª semana em relação ao grupo Tr, sendo estes caracterizados como grupo FOR. Corroborando com o dado de performance o grupo FOR mostrou um maior padrão antiinflamatório muscular (?[IL6] e ??[TNFa ?e IL-1 ß]), antiinflamatório serico (?[PCR]) e antioxidante serico (?[AU e FRAP]) (p<0,05). Ao mesmo tempo apresentou um maior padrão pró-inflamatório no fígado (?[TNFa ?e IL-1 ß]) (p<0,05). Exibiu ainda tendência de queda (p>0,05) da concentração serica da CK e dos leucocitos, assim como dos componentes de sua contagem diferencial (neutrofilos, linfocitos e bastonetes) e queda (p<0,05) na razao Gln/Glu em relação ao grupo Tr. O grupo FOR apresentou tambem queda (p<0,05) do numero de hemaceas e do hematocrito. Os resultados apresentados sugerem que os ratos do grupo FOR apresentavam-se mais adaptados que os ratos dos grupos CO e Tr, exibindo um padrao antiinflamatorio serico e muscular alem de adaptacao antioxidante serica. / Abstract: Physical exercise can cause trauma to biological structures as skeletal muscle, joints, bone and several other tissues. Training in a chronic way and considering training-recovery relationship can lead to a coherent sequence of trauma and consequently to organic adaptive condition (Functional Overreaching - FOR). On the other hand an imbalance between training-recovery can lead to organic non-adaptive condition, directed by performance decrease and several other symptoms (Non-Functional Overreaching - NFOR and/or Overtraining Syndrome - OTS). Literature suggested that anti and pro-inflammatory markers are involved in the differentiation of these states. Our main goal was to investigate the relationship among exercise training, FOR and NFOR through performance added to serum and tissue immunologic, biochemical and hematological biomarkers in rats submitted to an overtraining inducing protocol recently developed in our laboratory. This work was divided in two chapters written as scientific articles. Chapter 1 consists in literature data review about inflammatory process and exercise training. A study guidebook follows this review to be used as a teaching tool to discuss the relationship between inflammatory process and exercise training. Chapter 2 presents data as performance added to muscle and hepatic cytokines concentration: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNFa), Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1ß), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10); muscle aminoacids concentration: Glutamine (Gln) and Glutamate (Glu); serum concentration of C-reactive Protein (CRP), Albumin, Uric Acid (UA), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Creatine Kinase (CK), Urea, Total Proteins, Creatinine and hemogram from rats submitted to a treadmill training protocol containing an imbalance between exercise and rest. Protocol consisted in 11 weeks training 1x/day from week 1 to week 8; training 2x/day at week 9; training 3x/day at week 10; training 4x/day at week 11. Performance and biomarkers were analyzed after week 9 and week 11. The rats sacrificed at 9th week constituted trained group (Tr). The control group (CO) was also sacrificed at 9th week. Results showed that performance of mostly rats were significantly increased after 11th week (p<0,05) and then characterized group FOR. The FOR group showed a greater anti-inflammatory pattern in muscle (?[IL6] and ??[TNFa ?and IL-1 ß]) and serum (?[CRP]) beyond a greater serum antioxidant status (?[UA and FRAP]) (p<0,05). The liver analysis showed a greater pro-inflammatory status (?[TNFa ?and IL-1 ß]) (p<0,05). There was a decrease tendency in CK serum concentration and WBC total and relative count (neutrophils, lymphocytes, band cells) added to a decrease (p<0,05) in Gln/Glu ratio when compared to Tr group. There was also a decrease in RBC and HCT at FOR (p<0,05) in relation to Tr group. We concluded that rats from FOR group were more adapted than CO and Tr rats, exhibiting muscle and serum antiinflammatory and antioxidant pattern. / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Introduction Wrestling is a competitive and intermittent combat sport characterised mainly by strength components. Few researchers have examined nonfunctional overreaching in strength-based athletes, such as wrestlers, despite being prevalent. To prevent the more severe condition of overtraining syndrome, it is important to detect early maladaptation, i.e., nonfunctional overreaching. Due to its complex nature, most studies have not managed to develop nonfunctional overreaching conditions in athletes. The purpose of this review is to broadly summarize previous research on functional overreaching, nonfunctional overreaching, and overtraining syndrome to examine useful methods to assess nonfuntional overreaching in wrestlers. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were used with various combinations of nonfuntional overreaching OR overreaching OR overtraining syndrome. Subjective and objective methods that could be useful to adapt to wrestling to assess nonfunctional overreaching were summarized and discussed. Studies conducted on athletes or physically active individuals in various sports engaging in seasonal training or a moderate to high-intensity training intervention of at least six days or are nonfunctionally overreached were included. Included studies are published original articles and reviews. Results There are few studies on wrestlers regarding nonfunctional overreaching. Biochemical and physiological factors have been inconsistent, a relation between nonfunctional overreaching and decrements in maximal muscular strength and vertical jump height have been reported. Profile of Mood States, Perceived Recovery Status, and Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes have been successfully used to detect nonfunctional overreaching, only the latter being a comprehensive enough monitoring tool. Conclusion To adequately assess nonfunctional overreaching in wrestlers, psychological tools together with performance testing with baseline and follow-up values are emphasised. As specific objective or subjective markers seem to be lacking, coaches should use an individual approach when monitoring wrestlers. Consequently, more studies are needed to determine the validity and reliability of these methods in assessing nonfunctional overreaching in wrestlers.

Rugby Union is a popular sport both internationally and nationally. The sport has seen a rise in high-intensity activity and is more physically demanding on players since turning professional in 1995. Over the past decade, professional rugby players have made frequent appearances in the media due to lapses in psychological, physical, and social wellbeing, suggesting professional rugby players may experience compromised health. Research has largely ignored rugby players' health when health is defined beyond injury. The present study aimed to provide insight into the health of professional rugby players by investigating two components of health, namely psychological and physical wellbeing and the relationship between these facets. Two hundred and thirty-eight (238) professional male rugby union players, situated at the Investec Rugby Academy participated in the study. Psychological wellbeing (PW) was measured by the State Trait Personality Inventory (form Y) (STPI-Y) and the Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (adult form) (SCAT-A). Physical wellbeing was defined as health-related physical fitness (HRPF). HRPF was assessed by measurements of the rugby players' body composition, physical fitness, and heart health. Pearson's correlation co-efficient was calculated between the variables used to measure HRPF and PW. The results showed the rugby players experience average levels of competitive anxiety, above average levels of anger, anxiety, and depression and a relatively high level of curiosity. The rugby players had a high level of HRPF, with the exception of body composition (particularly BMI), cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength and endurance, and heart health (when measured according to the CSI), which indicate a moderate risk to the players' health. Furthermore, the results show significant correlations between variables of HRPF and PW in the rugby players. The findings that indicate professional rugby players do not experience optimal PW and HRPF, as well as the significant correlations found between the variables of the rugby players PW and HRPF, suggest these players may be in a state of overtraining or experiencing overtraining syndrome. / Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Psychology / MA / Unrestricted

Health and fitness apps have become ubiquitous as smart devices become a major necessity in day-to-day life. However, an obvious issue with mobile health (mHealth) apps is that a substantial portion of them lack a scientific foundation and instead utilize  experiential  stratagems.  Hence,  the  acquired  data  becomes  unreliable.  In sports, where data collection is extensive, this becomes a vital factor for success due to  the  increasing  usage  of  mHealth.  Therefore,  the  Swedish  School  of  Sport  and Health Sciences has, in collaboration with other organizations, created the Perceived Load  and  Fitness  Scale  Questionnaire.  The  purpose  of  this  questionnaire  is  to function as a marker for overtraining, and thus injury prevention and intervention will become a simpler and more efficient task. A computer software was developed for the questionnaire; however, a mobile version was required, and thus requested. Consequently, the mHealth prototype app eValuate was developed. Research, in the form of literature studies, and dissection of other apps, for additional information, contributed  to  the  development  of  it.  The  prototype  was  developed  using  the programming language Java with Android Studio as the Integrated Development Environment  and  Cloud  Firebase  Firestore  as  a  database  solution.  The  finished prototype, eValuate, had to be trialled to ensure that it satisfies the criteria. Thus, the Mobile Application Rating Scale was employed as the most appropriate means of evaluation. A small-scale study was planned to trial the prototype by utilizing this scale.  However,  due  to  unforeseen  events,  only  four  respondents  could  provide feedback. The prototype performed admirably and scored 3.8 stars out of 5 stars. Nonetheless, the testing sample is too small to draw any real conclusions.

No description available.

Titrating training volume to optimize physical readiness and avoid training distress in swimmers is a difficult challenge for coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in mood state in collegiate swimmers throughout an entire season and determine if there were differences across time, between training groups, gender, and year in school. A swim test was also employed to determine if alterations in swim times were associated with mood disturbance. Mood state and the swim test times were measured every three weeks. The results showed significant alterations in total mood disturbance (TMD) across time; and between genders, year in school and training group. When training volume was the highest, TMD in the swimmers had the greatest perturbations. These time periods were also associated with small but significant increases in the swim test times. These results indicate that use of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire and a physiological swim test may be useful for detecting training distress in swimmers. Swim coaches may benefit from employing either or both of these tools for designing and tailoring training sessions and tapering for optimal performance.

Dagens skärmbundna generation lider av fetma och övervikt. Fler människor dör av fetma än av svält. Trots detta är träning och hälsa något som det läggs väldigt mycket fokus på i dagens samhälle. En vacker och vältränad kropp är ett sätt att uppnå prestige och status. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka personliga tränares syn på motionärers olika förhållningssätt till träning på gym. Genom att intervjua personliga tränare med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer har detta fenomen undersökts. Resultatet visar att det är problematiskt och att överdriven träning existerar. Det råder i allmänhet en stor okunskap om hur man ska träna. Detta leder till ohälosamma förhållningssätt till träning som exempelvis överträningssyndrom och ortorexi. Huvudorsaken till ett ohälsosamt förhållningssätt till träning var enligt resultatet en brist av distans till träning samt okunskap. Skiftet från hälsosam till ohälsosam träning sker när det inte längre är kul utan är ett tvång och ett måste att träna. Träningen är något som blir en identitet och det centrala i livet. Träningen blir allt. / The screen bound generation in today’s society is suffering from obesity. More people are dying from obesity than starvation, despite this fact training and health is a massive focus in today’s society. A beautiful and fit body is a way to acquire prestige and status. The purpose of this study is to examine how personal trainers view of trainer´s different approaches to training in gym´s. This phenomenon has been researched by doing qualitative interviews with personal trainers. The results indicate that there is a problem and excessive training exists. The common man has little to no knowledge on how they are supposed to train. This leads to unhealthy approaches to training like for example overtraining syndrome and orthorexia. The main reason to unhealthy approaches to training was a lack of distance to training and a lack of knowledge. The shift from healthy to unhealthy is when it isn’t fun anymore, it is a must and something you haft to do. Training is something that becomes an identity and the central part of life. Training becomes everything.