La propriété foncière représente une question intéressante et fondamentale au Vietnam. Le rapport à la terre a été encadré de différentes manières tout au long de l’histoire de ce pays, dans les périodes tant féodale que coloniale et socialiste. Les différences au niveau de la conception ainsi que de la technique d’administration des sols à chaque époque expliquent la complexité du droit foncier vietnamien contemporain ; complexité accrue dans un contexte d’économie de marché avec l’orientation socialiste maintenue par le Parti communiste. Cette situation ambiguë renvoie à l’image d’un pays qui est prêt à mettre en place des réformes structurelles, particulièrement dans le secteur économique, sans pour autant rompre avec son idéologie socialiste. La question foncière constitue un axe majeur des problématiques actuelles, au centre desquelles réside la confusion entre la propriété publique et la propriété privée. À la suite de lois foncières et d’amendements divers, notamment après la Constitution de 2013, le droit d’usage foncier et la propriété immobilière des particuliers ont mieux été protégés qu’auparavant. L’État du Vietnam a reconnu la nature réelle du droit d’usage des sols, qui a permis l’émergence d’un marché immobilier dynamique et attractif par les investisseurs nationaux et internationaux. D’autre part, l’urbanisation a conduit à de nombreux bouleversements dans l’usage de la terre en zones rurales. Malgré ses efforts, l’État du Vietnam ne parvient cependant pas à s’adapter aux exigences de ce nouveau contexte. Il s’y développe depuis longtemps des débats sur la propriété foncière, sur la notion de droit d’usage et d’autres éléments en rapport avec la gestion foncière. Les dirigeants tâtonnent et l’administration foncière soulève encore de nombreuses difficultés. L’un des aspects les plus remarquables concerne le maintien de la réquisition foncière, procédure qui implique la précarité du droit d’usage des particuliers.Alors, à qui appartient aujourd’hui la terre au Vietnam ? Est-ce que les composantes du peuple vietnamien, surtout les paysans pauvres, en sont véritablement les maîtres ? Le droit d’usage peut-il être considéré comme l’équivalent d’un droit de propriété au sens du droit français ? Toutes ces interrogations, qui se trouvent au coeur de la présente thèse, conduisent à suggérer une nouvelle réforme du droit vietnamien dans un proche avenir. / Land ownership is an interesting and fundamental issue in Vietnam. The relationship to the land has been framed in different ways throughout the history of this country, in both feudal and colonial and socialist periods. The differences in design and soil management technique in each period explain the complexity of contemporary Vietnamese land law; increased complexity in a market economy context with the socialist orientation maintained by the Communist Party. This ambiguous situation refers to the image of a country that is ready to implement structural reforms, particularly in the economic sector, without breaking with its socialist ideology. The land issue is a major focus of current issues, at the center of which lies the confusion between public property and private property. As a result of land laws and various amendments, particularly after the 2013 Constitution, land tenure and private property rights have been better protected than before. The State of Vietnam has recognized the real nature of the land use right, which has allowed the emergence of a dynamic and attractive real estate market by national and international investors. On the other hand, urbanization has led to many upheavals in the use of land in rural areas. Despite its efforts, however, the State of Vietnam can not adapt to the demands of this new context. There has been a long history of debates on land ownership, the concept of the right of use and other elements related to land management. The leaders are fumbling and the land administration still raises many difficulties. One of the most remarkable aspects concerns the maintenance of the land requisition, a procedure that involves the precariousness of the right of use of individuals.So, who owns land in Vietnam today? Are the components of the Vietnamese people, especially the poor peasants, really the masters? Can the right of use be considered as the equivalent of a right of property within the meaning of French law? All these questions, which are at the heart of this thesis, lead to suggest a new reform of Vietnamese law in the near future.

Disposition of land in Czech law and the law of Israel Abstract The main goal of the thesis is to analyse and compare the legal regulation of disposition of land and its protection in the Czech Republic and the State of Israel and answer the question whether the Czech legislation and the State of Israel can benefit from such regulations. Protection of land from degradation is absolutely crucial task that in the light of climate change, accompanied by extreme drought along with social and economic development becomes very actual. The thesis deals with the land and its peculiarities in the legal sense, which together with other factors significantly affect the relationship to land. The introduction to the issue is given by a part of the work devoted to the history and geography of both countries, focusing on the current state and major environmental problems. Emphasis is placed on the legal development over the last hundred years in relation to land-legal relations. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on defining current ownership relations and on the context of land disposition in both countries. Both the private-law structure and the public-law organization of these relations, which are significantly different in both countries, are described in detail. In this respect, much of the attention is focused on the...

Purpose Various studies suggested that family ownership plays a significant role in R&D investment considering family-owned businesses. This thesis specifically explores sibling ownership and how it influences R&D Investment in their company. Moreover, various factors have been highlighted and explored extensively to understand what makes the difference between sibling owners and sole owners when it comes to their behaviors whether to pursue and invest in R&D for the betterment of the company. Method This paper adopted qualitative research as a method. Data was collected from 5 cases which consisted of sibling owners and sole owners to understand the differences between 2 types. In this multiple case study, two respondent took part in each case. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to have an in-depth understanding of the cases. Furthermore, the analysis of these data was done using the SEWi scale which provided us the three dimensions to scrutinize the impact on R&D investment by sibling owners and compare it with sole owners. Conclusion Using the theoretical lenses, the sibling ownership presents a unique attitude as of any other family ownership. To have a more broader approach, the comparison between a sole owner and sibling owner derived many different factors to take up R&D Investments. It shows that sibling owner does not always initiate investment for the company to prosper but they consider other family members involvement for investing. R&D investments are taking part in the sibling ownership by keeping the family wealth in mind. This tends to provide evidence that sibling owner is careful in investment for R&D. Family values and family unity in sibling owned business create an immense impact on the decision making for the investment. Considering the decision making regarding R&D investment, sibling owner believe that they have ease to make a decision when the family is involved whereas sole owner finds difficulty in taking such decisions, especially under uncertainty. The following observations from our research provided the idea that sibling owner initiative to invest in R&D is not only restricted to the company growth perspective but also the involvement of various family dimensions.

Using the 2009 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS), this paper uses logistic regressions to explore the effect of facility ownership on a facility’s show of altruism. Facility’s show of altruism is operationalized as a facility offering free treatment to all its clients, free treatment to some of its clients, or a facility offering a sliding fee scale to its client base in order to absorb some of the cost of treatment based on a potential client's income. Region, receipt of public funds, and religious affiliation are added as covariates in order to gauge whether the potential relationship between facility ownership and a facility’s show of altruism is genuine. Results indicate that private, for-profit ownership status of a facility is associated with a lower likelihood that a substance-abuse treatment facility would engage in altruistic behavior. However, receipt of public funds acts as a mediating variable, in that, its inclusion raises the likelihood that a private, for-profit facility would engage in shows of altruism. Furthermore, it appears that religious-affiliation increases the likelihood that a facility would display altruism by providing free treatment, to some of its clients, or to all, but less likely to display altruism by employing a sliding fee scale. Overall, inclusion of region, receipt of public funds, and religious affiliation all produce statistically significant results, along with facility ownership. This suggests that there are a variety of variables, apart from facility ownership alone, that might be influential over a facility's show of altruism.

In the current situation in the housing market and in particular the inner city much attention is directed towards achieved prices per square meter in sales. The indicator is as a principle an appropriate measure of the housing market’s health and development, and can to some extent be used to make approximations of the general economic health status of municipalities and counties. It occurs occasionally that questions about whether prices are based on fundamentals at all times.The thesis questions that very issue, not from a macro accompanying financial perspective but rather from a microeconomic perspective, where each tenant ownership in the study is a micro-object. Are the observed prices per square meter rational relative to housing cooperative’s assets or is there a lack in the observed prices anchoring the respective association's finances. A result that does not enhance the image that the observed prices are rational in relation to housing cooperative’s assets should be seen as a warning signal that the macro-economic part of the housing market in the area may be subject to irrational pricing, and as a consequence one might argue that the market as a whole is unbalanced. The result is that there are variations in the observed square meter prices and net assets. In most cases, the net asset is not huge, the average is just over 3000 sek per square meter, which means that the market is definitely not completely out of balance. But in this study, an image that reinforces the theory that the market would be rational has not been found. The link between the square meter price and net asset is not linear, in fact there is little to no correlation. The correlation between the fee and net assets, however is stronger, although it is not fully capitalized. The difference is that net assets is a key that shows how strong economy housing cooperative has, and as such it is directly connected to have large fee the cooperative has to charge its members to retain a sustainable economy. It has been shown in previous studies that the fee capitalization on housing prices is not very strong, at least not in Stockholm's inner city, especially Östermalm 1. With that conclusion in mind it is not entirely surprising that the net asset would have even smaller capitalization effect. There are some measures that reasonably ought to change the way the market is acting. Greater financial accountability of developers and estate agents and a better understanding and deeper insight into the economic factors that are directly related to the ownership of the housing cooperative sought. The market is not out of balance, but it would be more rational if the market looked beyond prices per square meters. / I dagens situation på bostadsmarknaden och i synnerhet innerstan riktas stor fokusering på uppnådda kvadratmeterpriser vid försäljningar. Nyckeltalet är som princip ett lämpligt mått på hur bostadsmarknaden utvecklas och mår, och kan i viss mån användas för att göra generellare ekonomiska hälsostatusar på kommuner och län. Det uppkommer emellanåt frågetecken kring om priserna är baserade på fundamenta alla gånger. Examensarbetet ifrågasätter just denna fråga, inte ur ett makroekonomiskt perspektiv utan snarare ur ett mikroekonomiskt perspektiv, där varje bostadsrätt i studien utgör ett mikro-objekt. Är de faktiska kvadratmeterpriserna rationella i förhållande till föreningars tillgångar och låneskulder eller saknar de observerade priserna koppling till respektive förenings ekonomi. Ett resultat som inte stärker bilden av att de observerade priserna är rationella i förhållande till föreningens ekonomiska situation bör ses som en varningssignal att den makro ekonomiska bostadsmarknaden för området inte är i balans. eftersöks. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men den skulle kunna bli mer rationell om marknaden tittade längre än kvadratmeterpriset Resultatet är att det finns variationer i de observerade kvadratmeter priserna och respektive objekts nettotillgångar. I de flesta fall är substansvärdena inte enorma, den genomsnittliga netto tillgången är drygt 3000 kronor per kvadratmeter, vilket innebär att marknaden definitivt inte är helt ur balans. Men i denna studie har en bild som som förstärker bilden av att marknaden skulle vara rationell inte funnits. Kopplingen mellan priset per kvadratmeter och netto tillgångar är inte linjär, i själva verket finns det liten eller ingen korrelation mellan dessa. Korrelationen mellan avgiften och nettotillgångar är starkare, även om det inte är helt kapitaliserad. Skillnaden mellan de två korrelationerna är att nettotillgångarna är en faktor som visar hur stark ekonomi bostadsrättsföreningen har, och som sådan är direkt ansluten till hur stor avgift föreningen måste belasta sina medlemmar med för att upprätthålla en hållbar ekonomi. Det har visats i tidigare studier att avgiftens kapitalisering på bostadspriserna inte är särskilt stark, åtminstone inte i Stockholms innerstad, särskilt beträffande Östermalm. Med den slutsatsen i åtanke är det inte helt förvånande att nettotillgångarna har ännu mindre kapitaliserings effekt. Ökad finansiell redovisningsskyldighet för föreningar och en bättre förståelse och djupare insikt i de ekonomiska faktorer som är direkt relaterade till ägandet av bostadsrättsföreningen borde eftersträvas. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men det skulle vara mer rationellt om marknaden såg bortom priserna per kvadratmeter.

In an attempt to help middle school art students to be more engaged and have more ownership over their learning experience, the researcher, who is also the classroom teacher, created and implemented student-directed and teacher-supported strategies. Using a design-based research methodology, the author conducted a qualitative study over a twelve-week period investigating the affordances or limitations of implementing more student-directed strategies. The results showed three categories of student responses. The students that were ready and capable to direct their own learning excelled, guiding their own learning, and were able to generate personally relevant and disciplinary connected art. The second category of students initially did not have the artistic skills or the skills necessary to direct their own learning. Through interventions and scaffolding, these students were able to direct their learning and make personally relevant and disciplinary connected art. The last category of students struggled to guide their learning, were unmotivated, and relied on the teacher to direct their learning. The results suggest that neither a teacher-centered or student-directed model alone is adequate to achieve desired outcomes of students guiding their learning and achieving high academic standards. There is a need for a teacher to perceive and adapt their practice to address the multifaceted needs of students.

This dissertation explores both the production of underclass literature and the vibrancy of material between 1868-1935. During an era of rampant materialism, consumer capitalism, unchecked industrialism, and economic inequality in the United States, poor, working class Americans confronted their socioeconomic status by abandoning the linear framework of capitalism that draws only a straight line between market and consumer, and engaging in a more intimate relationship with local, material things – found, won, or inherited – that offered a sense of autonomy, belonging, and success. The physical seizure of property/power facilitated both men and women with the ability to recognize their own empowerment (both as individuals and as a community) and ultimately resist their marginalization by leveling access to opportunity and acquiring or creating personal assets that could be generationally transferred as affirmation of their family's power and control over circumstance. Reading into these personal possessions helps us understand the physical and psychological conflicts present amongst the underclasses as represented in American literature, and these conflicts give rise to new dynamics of belonging as invested in the transformative experience of ownership and exchange. If we can understand these discarded, poor, and foreign things and people as possessing dynamic and vibrant agency, then we will change the ethics of objectifying and ostracizing discarded, poor, and foreign humans, then and now.

Selling state-owned enterprises to the private sector has become a popular policy for governments all around the world. Chapter 1 provides an historical perspective on privatization, and it describes the objectives and the privatization techniques that have been adopted by many governments since the late 70s. The chapter then focuses on two important issues in the privatization debate, the underpricing of shares and the effect of ownership on performance. It reviews the most significant theoretical and empirical contributions to the analysis of these two issues, and it introduces the questions addressed in the remaining chapters of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 I consider a government that first privatizes a company and then competes for votes against a political opponent. The government's objective is to choose the price of shares and the level of promotional effort to maximize its total net revenues. After the sale of the company to the public there is an election and the two parties announce what expropriation rate they would implement if they win the political competition. I show that in this context it is optimal for the party in power in the first period to actively promote the sale and to underprice the stock with respect to its true value, in order to increase the size of the shareholders' interest group that will vote for the party announcing a low expropriation rate. In Chapter 3 I estimate the long-term impact of the British privatization program of the 70s, 80s, and 90s, on the government's finances. For a large sample of British companies that were privatized in the years 1979 to 1994, regression analysis shows no effect of change in ownership on company's gross profitability. This information is then combined with estimates of all relevant costs (implicit and explicit) and revenues for each sale, to assess the long-term effect of the privatization policies on the government's net worth. The results show that "Selling the State" generated considerable losses for the British Government. / Ph. D.

This dissertation consists of three essays which examine the importance of common institutional ownership of industry rivals for firm financial policy and product market interactions. In the first chapter, I use data on all public firms in the U.S. and their owners to construct a "modified Herfindahl-Hirschman index" (MHHID) of market concentration that is firm-specific and based on the network of institutional ownership between rival firms. I find that increases in MHHID lead to lower firm cash holdings. My findings are consistent with theories which predict that firms facing a lower competitive threat can afford to maintain lower cash buffers. To address potential endogeneity concerns, I exploit a shock to common ownership stemming from outflows associated with a large mutual fund scandal in 2003. In the second chapter, I provide evidence showing that firm pairwise common ownership leads to an increase in rival coordination. I find that pairs of commonly held firms move closer together in product space. These findings are supportive of collaboration theories of common ownership and inconsistent with anti-competitive theories. I further show that when MMHID increases, firms differentiate their products from their rivals. This result is consistent with theories according to which lower competition relaxes constraints and reduces uncertainty and enables firms to choose a more unique product market strategy. The result is inconsistent with escape-the-competition theories of product differentiation. To address potential endogeneity concerns, I exploit exogenous outflows resulting from the 2003 mutual fund scandal. In the third chapter, I propose a new identification strategy, which can be used to study the effects of MHHID. My strategy has substantially better time-series and cross-sectional coverage relative to previously used instruments. Specifically, I first identify mutual funds that are exposed to under-performing industries and are likely to face outflows. Then, I calculate the proportion of the MHHID such exposed funds are responsible for in unaffected industries. I show that this ratio strongly predicts future changes in MHHID, cash holdings and product market differentiation. Building on the same strategy, I also find that commonly held firms move closer together in product space.

This study investigated reasons buyers invest in prebuilt houses, and if the reasons prompting that selection are being satisfied. The study was taken in Box Elder County, Utah, and measured wife and husband satisfaction with their prebuilt home independently. Objective No. 1 was to determine the reasons why these consumers purchased prebuilt homes. The most frequent reason was price. There was no significant difference between the husbands' and the wives' responses to the reasons for purchasing the houses. Objective No. 2 was to determine the satisfaction of the owners of prebuilt homes with those homes. In general, the wives were more satisfied in every category than the husbands. Overall satisfaction was higher with both husbands and wives than their satisfaction with any one specific element of the overall project.