Ce manuscrit constitue la synthèse d'efforts visant à évaluer l'impact des composés oxygénés contenus dans des mélanges représentatifs de Biodiesel, sur leur tendance à la production de suie d'une part, et sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et la réactivité des suies d'autre part. Pour ce faire, une production stationnaire de particules de suie par un brûleur académique générant des flammes non-prémélangées a été mise en point. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la teneur ainsi que la structure des additifs oxygénés à base d'ester méthylique affectent la formation de suie dans la flamme. Ainsi, les résultats ont démontré que l'efficacité d'un carburant à réduire la tendance à la production de suie en terme d'indice YSI est de plus en plus importante lorsque le contenu et/ou la longueur de la chaîne aliphatique carbonée de l'ester méthylique augmentent dans le carburant de référence. Dans un second temps, les suies " modèles " récupérées dans la région post-flamme ont été caractérisées puis comparées entre elles ainsi qu'avec une suie Biodiesel " réelle ". Les analyses ont montré que les suies issues des " surrogates " Biodiesel contenant la teneur en ester la plus élevée et la chaîne aliphatique carbonée la plus longue présentaient la distribution de taille la plus étroite, le diamètre des agrégats le plus petit, les teneurs en oxygène et en fraction organique soluble les plus faibles et étaient moins réactives. Enfin, nous avons observé que les suies " modèles " issue du brûleur académique de SANTORO et la suie " réelle " possèdent des propriétés physico-chimiques très proches et une réactivité similaire. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of oxygenated compounds concentration and structure on sooting tendencies of surrogate Diesel and Biodiesel, and to investigate the properties and the oxidative reactivity of soot obtained by their combustion using an atmospheric axi-symmetric co-flow non-premixed flame burner. Results evidenced that ester functions contained in Biodiesel surrogates reduce soot production. This decrease was more pronounced when the concentration of the oxygenated additive investigated was higher. However, it has been determined that YSI decreases when the aliphatic carbon chain of the ester additive is longer. On the other hand, physico-chemical characterizations of the generated model soot revealed that oxygen and soluble organic fraction (SOF) content decreases when the amount of methyl ester based additives increases in the reference fuel. Moreover, the behavior towards oxidation indicated that the Biodiesel-derived soot was less reactive than the Diesel-derived one. Finally, it was noticed from the results obtained from laser granulometry and TPOs that the particle size distribution and the reactivity of model soot collected from the burner are in the same range of size and of maximum oxidation temperature as soot derived from a Diesel engine functioning under specific conditions and with different type of fuel blending.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-21T12:32:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2615481 bytes, checksum: a12febbc7b66acbd174fcad4f96d07cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T12:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2615481 bytes, checksum: a12febbc7b66acbd174fcad4f96d07cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / A utilização do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) como forma de prevenção e controle de mortalidades associadas com infecções fúngicas, bacterianas, e de infestações parasitárias em diferentes espécies e ciclos de vida dos peixes é comum na aquicultura. Sabe-se que o H2O2 afeta a atividade de transcrição celular da base-redox, o controle a respostas inflamatórias e as respostas imunológicas, estando diretamente relacionados ao estresse. A grande vantagem do H2O2 é o impacto ambiental mínimo relacionado com a ausência de resíduos tóxicos; nesse sentido, estudos direcionados ao desenvolvimento de protocolos que se utilizem de produtos de baixo risco ambiental para o tratamento de patologias se fazem necessários. Adicionalmente, estudos que visam ampliar os conhecimentos etológicos como um método não-invasivo de avaliação do bem-estar animal são de grande importância na avaliação do estresse. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo com Hippocampus reidi, visando ampliar o conhecimento a respeito do seu comportamento em condições normais e de estresse, bem como avaliar o impacto e implicações do uso de H2O2 no manejo/cultivo de cavalos-marinhos e possível forma de remediação/mitigação desses efeitos. Foi utilizado um total de 43 espécimes de H. reidi, provenientes da população estoque para cultivo experimental do LAPEC (Laboratório de Peixes – Ecologia e Conservação), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil. Observou-se que a presença de animais parece ser um fator decisivo na degradação do H2O2, por acréscimo de matéria orgânica e bactérias ao sistema, como também pela própria absorção por parte dos animais. Foi constatado ainda que o H2O2 tem o potencial para ser usado em tratamento por imersão (banho) em H. reidi, tendo em vista que concentrações abaixo de 545 μM mostraram-se seguras em um período de 60 min de exposição para a espécie. Por outro lado, o peróxido de hidrogênio é tóxico em concentrações igual/superior a 599 μM e teve profundo impacto sobre o peso, comportamento e frequência respiratória em H. reidi. Foi testado também se Mn-porfirina MnTE-2-PyP5+ (MnP) é um potencial antioxidante catalítico para manutenção e cultivo de H. reidi, minimizando os impactos causados por tratamentos de altas concentrações de H2O2. Os resultados iniciais obtidos mostraram que o MnP foi benéfico a H. reidi, uma vez que minimizou os impactos causados por tratamentos de altas concentrações de H2O2 a longo prazo, apresentando assim um amplo potencial a ser estudado nessa área. / A utilização do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) como forma de prevenção e controle de mortalidades associadas com infecções fúngicas, bacterianas, e de infestações parasitárias em diferentes espécies e ciclos de vida dos peixes é comum na aquicultura. Sabe-se que o H2O2 afeta a atividade de transcrição celular da base-redox, o controle a respostas inflamatórias e as respostas imunológicas, estando diretamente relacionados ao estresse. A grande vantagem do H2O2 é o impacto ambiental mínimo relacionado com a ausência de resíduos tóxicos; nesse sentido, estudos direcionados ao desenvolvimento de protocolos que se utilizem de produtos de baixo risco ambiental para o tratamento de patologias se fazem necessários. Adicionalmente, estudos que visam ampliar os conhecimentos etológicos como um método não-invasivo de avaliação do bem-estar animal são de grande importância na avaliação do estresse. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo com Hippocampus reidi, visando ampliar o conhecimento a respeito do seu comportamento em condições normais e de estresse, bem como avaliar o impacto e implicações do uso de H2O2 no manejo/cultivo de cavalos-marinhos e possível forma de remediação/mitigação desses efeitos. Foi utilizado um total de 43 espécimes de H. reidi, provenientes da população estoque para cultivo experimental do LAPEC (Laboratório de Peixes – Ecologia e Conservação), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil. Observou-se que a presença de animais parece ser um fator decisivo na degradação do H2O2, por acréscimo de matéria orgânica e bactérias ao sistema, como também pela própria absorção por parte dos animais. Foi constatado ainda que o H2O2 tem o potencial para ser usado em tratamento por imersão (banho) em H. reidi, tendo em vista que concentrações abaixo de 545 μM mostraram-se seguras em um período de 60 min de exposição para a espécie. Por outro lado, o peróxido de hidrogênio é tóxico em concentrações igual/superior a 599 μM e teve profundo impacto sobre o peso, comportamento e frequência respiratória em H. reidi. Foi testado também se Mn-porfirina MnTE-2-PyP5+ (MnP) é um potencial antioxidante catalítico para manutenção e cultivo de H. reidi, minimizando os impactos causados por tratamentos de altas concentrações de H2O2. Os resultados iniciais obtidos mostraram que o MnP foi benéfico a H. reidi, uma vez que minimizou os impactos causados por tratamentos de altas concentrações de H2O2 a longo prazo, apresentando assim um amplo potencial a ser estudado nessa área.

As xantonas compreendem uma importante classe de heterocíclicos moleculares que possuem um esqueleto dibenzo-gama-pironas, podendo estes serem obtidos tanto por meios sintéticos quanto naturais. Estes constituintes têm sido freqüentemente isolados de plantas medicinais brasileiras e vêm recebendo atenção devido a seus aspectos fitoquímicos e suas propriedades biológicas. No entanto, poucos estudos são dedicados à abordagem estrutural mais aprofundada desses compostos no estado sólido, principalmente com relação a estudos cristalográficos. Uma justificativa para a escassez de trabalhos dessa natureza pode estar relacionada com a dificuldade de obtenção de cristais de qualidade. Com isso, a primeira etapa deste trabalho dedicou-se à obtenção de monocristais dos derivados xantônicos e, posteriormente, realizaram-se as medidas de difração de raios X por monocristal. Após a coleta de dados de difração de raios X, as estruturas cristalinas foram resolvidas e refinadas. Neste trabalho estudaram-se doze estruturas cristalinas de derivados xantônicos oxigenados, sendo que, uma das xantonas tetra-oxigenadas apresentou dois polimorfos. Portanto, onze constituintes quimicamente diferentes estão envolvidos (I-XI). Ressalta-se que das doze estruturas determinadas por difração de raios X apenas uma, III, trata-se de uma redeterminação, as demais foram estudadas pela primeira vez. Através da estrutura refinada estudou-se as geometrias moleculares de cada composto. Em relação aos aspectos intramoleculares, destacam-se as conformações dos anéis e substituintes, além dos efeitos causados pelos mesmos. Assim, observou-se que existe a tendência do sistema de anéis xantônicos apresentar uma conformação planar, e isso foi confirmado por cálculos de otimização de geometria. Na conformação molecular das xantonas 1-hidroxiladas, o efeito de ligação de hidrogênio assistida por ressonância (LHAR) foi exaustivamente estudado. As interações intermoleculares mostraram que a grande maioria das estruturas cristalinas são estabilizadas por ligações de hidrogênio fortes (OH...O) e fracas (CH...O). Além disso, as informações cristalográficas mostraram a existência de interações pi-pi, um importante contato hidrofóbico que contribui para manter o arranjo supramolecular. / Xanthones are a group of heterocyclic molecules having a dibenzo-gama-pyrone skeleton, and can be obtained as a synthetic or natural product. These compounds have often been afforded from Brazilian medicinal plants and have received special attention due to their phytochemical and biological properties. However, this compound class was seldom studied in the solid state, mainly with regard to the crystal structure. The lack of crystallographic studies can be explained due to the difficulties found in the production of single crystals. So, the goal of the first stage of this project was to obtain well shaped single crystals of the xanthones derivatives and then to perform X-ray diffraction measurements. After the data collection, the crystal structures were solved and refined. Here, twelve crystal structures of oxygenated xanthones derivatives were studied, in which one tetra-oxygenated xanthone presented two crystal forms. Hence, there are eleven chemically different constituents (I-XI) involved in the context of the xanthones. It is worth to emphasize that only the structure named III was a redetermination, being the others ones studied by X-ray diffraction for the first time. The molecular geometric parameters of each compound were provided by the refined structure. Despite the intramolecular aspects, the conformations of the rings and the substituents were highlighted, besides the effects caused by them. Usually, in the xanthone rings the preferred conformation is the planar, which was confirmed by theoretical calculations. The effect of the resonance assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) on the molecular conformation was widely studied in the 1-hydroxylated xanthones derivatives. Finally, the intermolecular interactions and their meaning to the crystal structures stabilization were discussed, revealing that in almost all xanthones, the crystal packing are kept by strong (OH...O) and weak (CH...O) hydrogen bonds. In addition, the crystallographic analysis also pointed out to the presence of interactions pi-pi, an important hydrophobic contact for supramolecular assembly.

The contamination of soils, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), remains a widespread environmental concern. In the past two decades, many physical, chemical and biological methods have been developed and evaluated for the degradation of PAHs. However, due to their low aqueous solubility, high sorption affinity, hydrophobicity and recalcitrance, the environmental remediation of PAHs in soil continues to be economically challenging. In addition to PAH contamination, the presence of oxygenated derivatives of PAHs (OPAHs), in soils, has increasingly become a concern due to their greater toxic properties compared to parent PAH compounds. To date, no investigations on OPAH-remediation methods have been presented in the literature. The use of zero-valent metals (ZVMs) has been reported for several halogenated contaminants in solution systems, but the effectiveness of ZVM to degrade sorbed PAHs and OPAHs has been rarely addressed. This present research focuses on the development of a combined technique for the feasible desorption and degradation of PAHs and OPAHs in soils. PAH and OPAH degradation efficiency, using activated magnesium (Mg) metal combined with an ethanol-ethyl lactate cosolvent (1:1 ratio), was initially examined in soil-free systems. This metal/cosolvent system demonstrated adequate degradation (above 80%) for high-molecularweight (HMW) PAHs, which were subsequently converted into hydroaromatic compounds; while OPAHs were degraded and converted into hydroxylated or hydrogenated derivatives. Further soil-free studies revealed that the degradation rate was affected by the surface or reactive iv sites of the metal and that optimum degradation efficiency were obtained with Mg ball milled with graphite (Mg/C). In a bench-scale feasibility test, the efficacy of this system was assessed on a soil spiked with a mixture of three HMW PAHs compounds and three OPAHs compounds with amounts ranging from 0.033 mmol to 0.060 mmol. The experimental results show that 2 mL of an ethanol-ethyl lactate solvent mixture resulted in 58% to 85% extraction efficiency for the selected contaminants in 1 g of spiked soil, followed by 64 - 87% degradation efficiency of the extracted contaminants with 4.11 mmol of the activated metal. This activated-Mg/cosolvent system can be considered as a promising alternative method for ex situ remediation of PAH and OPAH-contaminated soils.

Conformationally constrained bicyclic amino acids are invaluable in the synthesis of natural products and peptidomimetics. Aeruginosins contain novel bicyclic amino acid, 2--‐carboxy--‐6--‐hydroxyl octahydrindole (Choi) as the core structure. Aeruginosins are tetra peptide serine protease inhibitors isolated from marine sponges and cyanobacterial water blooms. Rigid bicyclic amino acid(Choi)is an essential core structure, which strongly influences biological activity of aeruginosin family members. Aeruginosins showed promising inhibitory activity against thrombin, trypsin, and factor VIIa. Thrombin and factor VIIa play a major role in blood clotting cascade; excessive coagulation leads to thrombosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Several research groups have reported a number of synthetic aeruginosin analogs. In this thesis, some of the synthetic methodologies of bicyclic amino acid core of aeruginosins are presented. Importance of bicyclic amino acids in peptidomimetic synthesis and drug designing is presented. Mainly, syntheses of ring oxygenated Choi analogs starting from glucose and mannose are presented.

Les biocarburants issus de la transformation de la biomasse de deuxième génération (2G), devraient remplacer les carburants fossiles dans le secteur des transports. Cependant, ces biocarburants peuvent contenir de 0.5 à 7.0 pds. % de composés oxygénés résiduels, en particulier des molécules phénoliques qui pendant la combustion dans le moteur peuvent se transformer en benzène qui est fortement cancérigène. Dans ce contexte, le défi qui se présente est de développer un processus d'adsorption sélectif pour éliminer les composés oxygénés de type phénolique des carburants liquides. Pour la première étape de notre travail, nous avons utilisé des calculs DFT pour sélectionner un matériau poreux approprié dans la famille des faujasites échangées aux cations monovalents (cation = H+, Li+, Na+, Cs+, Ag+ et Cu+) afin de trouver une formulation zéolitique avec une très forte affinité pour le phénol en présence d'eau et de toluène (molécule modèle de biocarburant). Nous avons trouvé que l’introduction de sites acides de Brønsted et de Lewis dans la structure de faujasite serait un moyen approprié de purifier sélectivement les biocarburants de deuxième génération en éliminant les molécules de phénol. La deuxième étape consiste à étudier en détail l'élimination du phénol dans une solution d'isooctane sur une faujasite contenant les protons qui ont été considérés comme de bons cations lors de la première étape. Au cours de cette étape, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'effet du rapport Si/Al sur les capacités d'adsorption et de régénération des zéolithes étudiées. Nous avons utilisé une combinaison puissante de deux types de techniques de modélisation : i) la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) qui a été utilisée pour déterminer les énergies de liaison du phénol avec plusieurs types de formulations de faujasite, ii) les simulations de type Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) qui ont été utilisées pour trouver les capacités d’adsorption de chaque zéolite protonée utilisée. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux mesurés expérimentalement par la spectroscopie infrarouge, les courbes de percée et les expériences de désorption. Nous avons trouvé que le phénol était éliminé sélectivement de l'isooctane dans les zéolithes HY (Si/Al = 2.5) et USY (Si/Al = 47), avec une capacité maximale d'adsorption de 2.2 mmol·g-1, ce qui correspond à 3 − 4 molécules de phénol par supercage d'une structure de faujasite. La capacité maximale d'adsorption a été atteint plus rapidement dans la DAY (Si/Al = ∞), en raison de la présence de grands pores qui dépendent de la faible densité de sites acides. Nous avons également montré que les zéolithes USY ont une bonne capacité de régénération par rapport aux faujasites à forte concentration de sites protonés. En effet, après désorption à température programmée, il existe une très petite quantité de phénol résiduel dans la faujasite contenant une petite quantité de sites protonés, en accord avec la faible énergie d’adsorption du phénol théorique pour cette formulation. / Biofuels from the transformation of second-generation biomass (2G) are expected to replace fossil fuels in the transport sector. However, the biofuels obtained after the co-treatment (bio- oil refining) still contain 0.5 to 7.0 wt% oxygenated compounds, in particular phenolic molecules, which leads to form carcinogenic benzene during combustion in the engine. In this context, a new challenge is to use selective adsorption to remove phenolic compounds from liquid fuels. As a first step in our work, we used DFT calculations to design a suitable porous material in the family of faujasites exchanged with monovalent cations (cation = H+, Li+, Na+, Cs+, Ag+, and Cu+) in order to find a zeolitic formulation with a high affinity for phenol in the presence of water and toluene (biofuel model molecule). We have found that increasing the amount of the protonated and Lewis acid sites in the faujasite structure would be an appropriate mean of selectively purifying second-generation biofuels by removing phenol molecules. The second step is to study the removal of phenol from an isooctane solution over a faujasite containing protons that was considered as a good cation in the first step. Herein, we focused on the effect of the Si/Al ratio on the adsorption and regeneration capacities of the studied zeolites. For this deeper investigation, we have used a powerful combination of two types of modeling techniques: i) density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the binding energies of phenol with several types of faujasite formulations, ii) the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) was used to find the adsorption capacities of each used protonated zeolite. The obtained results are compared with those measured by various experimental tools (infrared spectroscopy, breakthrough curves and desorption experiments). As results, we have found that phenol was selectively removed from isooctane into HY (Si/Al=2.5) and USY (Si/Al=47) zeolites with a maximal adsorption capacity of 2.2 mmol·g−1, which corresponds to 3−4 phenol molecules per supercage of a faujasite structure. The adsorption equilibrium was reached more rapidly in DAY (Si /Al = ∞) compared to faujasites with a large amount of protonated sites, due to the presence of large pores at the expense of micro porosity as well as a low density of acidic sites. We have also shown that USY zeolites have good regenerative capacity compared to faujasites with high amounts of protonated sites. Indeed, after temperature programmed desorption, there is a low amount of residual phenol in the faujasite containing a small amount of protonated sites, in agreement with our low adsorption energy of phenol computed for this formulation.

Les liquides ioniques sont des composés uniquement constitués d‘ions souvent volumineux, asymétriques et flexibles. Ils possèdent des températures de fusion basses, typiquement au-dessous de 100°C. Ils sont considérés comme des solvants prometteurs pour une chimie durable du fait, notamment, de leur tension de vapeur négligeable. Ils présentent d‘autres propriétés intéressantes : grande stabilité thermique, pression de vapeur quasiment nulle, non-inflammabilité, propriétés modulables par changement de l‘anion ou du cation, etc. Ils sont classiquement organisés par familles, en fonction de la structure chimique de leur cation : imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, etc. Leurs domaines d‘application sont très variés : synthèse, catalyse, séparation et extraction. Cependant, l‘utilisation des liquides ioniques à l‘échelle industrielle est encore limitée par manque de connaissances fondamentales et par l‘absence de données fiables sur leurs propriétés, leur devenir et leur impact environnementaux. La toxicité des liquides ioniques a récemment été démontrée ainsi qu'une résistance à la biodégradation. Dans ce contexte et en vue du développement à grande échelle de l‘utilisation de ces composés, la recherche de liquides ioniques à faible impact environnemental (moins toxiques, facilement biodégradables) devient essentielle. L‘introduction dans les chaînes latérales alkyles des imidazolium et pyridinium de groupements fonctionnels oxygenés, qui peuvent être reconnus par des enzymes (ex. esters, éthers, alcools terminaux), a grandement amélioré leur biodégradabilité. En même temps, il est important de garantir que la présence de ces groupements n‘affecte pas les propriétés physico-chimiques des liquides ioniques requises pour un usage spécifique dans des procédés chimiques. Dans ce projet de doctorat, nous avons sélectionné divers liquides ioniques basés sur les cations imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium et ammonium, avec ou sans groupements fonctionnels (alcool/ester/éther) et avec trois types d‘anions, comme cibles d‘étude. L‘objectif était d‘examiner si les modifications de structures peuvent effectivement baisser leur impact environnemental tout en gardant leurs propriétés intéressantes pour des applications industrielles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié plusieurs propriétés physico-chimiques importantes pour des applications ultérieures et/ou indicatrices de leur impact environnemental : les propriétés volumiques, la viscosité, la solubilité de gaz, la solubilité dans l‘eau, le coefficient de partage octanol-eau et le coefficient de diffusion dans l‘eau. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié leur impact environnemental par la mesure de la toxicité sur quatre microorganismes différents et l‘étude de leur biodégradation en présence de souches pures de bactéries. En complément, nous avons essayé de trouver des modèles basés sur les informations structurales pour estimer certaines propriétés. L‘insertion de groupements oxygénés sur la chaîne alkyle des cations ne change pas significativement les propriétés volumiques ; ni le coefficient de diffusion dans l‘eau. Les propriétés de solvatation des liquides ioniques basés sur des cations imidazolium et ammonium ne sont pas modifiées significativement, mais celles des pyridinium sont réduites, à cause d'une contribution entropique défavorable à l'énergie de Gibbs de solvatation. La présence de groupements oxygénés dans la chaîne alkyle du cation augmente la viscosité d‘un ordre de grandeur comparativement aux liquides ioniques sans groupements oxygénés. Dans le cas de l‘anion octylsulfate la viscosité augmente de deux ordres de grandeur. La présence de groupements oxygénés augmente la biodégradabilité des liquides ioniques. La présence de groupements esters rend les liquides ioniques plus sensibles à l‘ hydrolyse dans les conditions abiotiques et biotiques, toutefois le noyau imidazolium n‘en devient pas biodégradable pour autant. L‘introduction de groupements oxygénés augmente la solubilité dans l‘eau, diminue la valeur du coefficient de partage octanol-eau et entraine une baisse de la toxicité ce qui signifie que ces liquides ioniques présentent un plus faible impact environnemental. / Ionic liquids are the salts composed only by bulky, unsymmetrical and flexible organic cations and inorganic or organic anions. Their melting points are particularly low, usually below 100°C. The ionic liquids present several interesting properties : high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, non-flammability and tunable properties by changing the anion or cation. They are considered as promising high performance fluids with low environmental impact that can be applied in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering or materials science both in processes (separation, catalysis) or as devices (optical components or lubricants).The application of ionic liquids at an industrial scale is still limited and fundamental information and reliable data on their properties, environmental fate and impact are rare. In this context and for the development of applications in wide scale, the research on ionic liquids with an expected low environmental impact (less toxic, readily biodegradable) is essential. The introduction of oxygenated functional groups – ester, ether or hydroxyl – in the alkyl side chains of imidazolium and pyridinium-based ionic liquids is expected to greatly improve their biodegradability. The effect of the functionalization on the physico-chemical properties of the ionic liquids is important in order to propose efficient, low environmental impact, ionic liquids for different applications and chemical processes. In this work, we have selected different ionic liquids based on the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium and ammonium cations, with or without functional groups (hydroxyl/ester/ether), and with three types of anions. Our objective was to examine if the modification of chemical structures of the ions effectively have lower environmental impact, and if they their interesting properties are remained. We have studied, for all the ionic liquids, several physico-chemical properties considered important to quantify the environmental impact of chemicals : the density, the viscosity, the gas solubility, the aqueous solubility, the octanol-water partition coefficient and the aqueous diffusivity. We have also tested their toxicity towards four different microorganisms and their biodegradation in presence of pure strain of bacteria. Finally, we have tried to develop some empirical and semi-empirical models based on molecular structure information for predicting some of these properties.The introduction of oxygenated groups in the alkyl chains on cations does not change significantly the volumetric properties of ionic liquids, or their diffusion coefficient in water, but increases the viscosity of the pure salts up to one order of magnitude. Carbon dioxide solubilities in ionic liquids are not significantly influenced by the introduction of oxygen functional groups in the cations of the ionic liquids except in the case of the pyridinium based ionic liquids for which the carbon dioxide solubility decreases significantly due to a defavourable entropic contribution to the Gibbs energy of solvation. The modification of the ionic liquids by introducing oxygenated chemical functions makes them more biodegradable. In the case of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, the presence of the ester group makes the cation more susceptible to hydrolysis, the imidazolium ring being still resistant to the degradation. The functionalization of the cation also increases the solubility in water of the resulting ionic liquids and reduces the octanol-water partition coefficient and their toxicity, leading us to conclude that they are more environmental friendly than the non-functionalized ionic liquids.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20953号 / 理博第4405号 / 新制||理||1633(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中野 伸一, 教授 木庭 啓介, 教授 中川 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The labelling of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate additive used extensively in gasoline blending, as an environmentally harmful chemical has led to the banning and subsequent phasing-out of this additive in California (USA). In response, the global petroleum industry is currently considering replacement strategies, which include the use of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) or ethanol. Subsequently, SASOL (South African Coal and Oil Limited), a local petrochemical company, in its capacity as an environmentally responsible player in the global petroleum and aligned chemical markets, has commissioned this investigation into the environmental fate of the fuel oxygenates: TAME, ethanol and MTBE. In order to evaluate the environmental fate of the oxygenates, this dissertation has formed a three-tiered approach, using MTBE as a benchmark. The first tier assessed the general fate behaviour of the oxygenates using an evaluative model. A generic evaluative model, developed by Mackay et al. (l996a), called the Equilibrium Criterion (EQc) model was used for this purpose. This fugacity based multimedia model showed MTBE and TAME to have similar affinities for the water compartment. Ethanol was demonstrated to have a pre-disposition for the air compartment. Parameterisation of the EQC model to South African conditions resulted in the development of ChemSA, which reiterated the EQC findings. The second tier quantified the persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and long-range transport (LRT) potential of the additives. This tier also included a brief toxicity (T) review. MTBE and ethanol were demonstrated to be persistent and non-persistent, respectively, according to three threshold limit protocols (Convention on the Long Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution Persistent Organic Chemical Protocol; the United Nations Environment Programme Global Initiative; and the Track 1 criteria as defined by the Canadian Toxic Substances Management Policy, as referred to by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999). These protocols were not unanimous in the persistence classification of TAME. Further investigation of persistence was conducted using a persistence and long-range transport multimedia model, called TaPL3, developed by Webster et al. (1998) and extended by Beyer et al. (2000). TaPL3 reiterated the conclusions drawn from the threshold limit protocols, indicating that TAME's classification worsened from non-persistent to persistent on moving from an air emission to a water emission scenario. This served to emphasise the negative water compartment affinity associated with TAME. Using classification intervals defined by Beyer et al. (2000), TaPL3 demonstrated that the long-range transport potential of the oxygenates increased in the order of TAME, ethanol and MTBE; however, it was concluded that none of the oxygenates were expected to pose a serious long-range transport threat. Bioaccumulation was not expected to be a pertinent environmental hazard. As expected, the oxygenates were dismissed as potential bioaccumulators by the first level of a screening method developed by Mackay and Fraser (2000); as well as by the threshold limit protocols listed above. Simulation of biomagnification, using an equilibrium food chain model developed by Thomann (1989), demonstrated that none of the oxygenates posed a biomagnification threat. A review of toxicity data confirmed that none of the three oxygenates are considered particularly toxic. LDso values indicated the following order of increasing toxicity: ethanol, MTBE and TAME. The third tier focussed on oxygenate aqueous behaviour. A simple equilibrium groundwater model was used to analyse the mobility of the oxygenates in groundwater. TAME was found to be 21 % less mobile than MTBE. Ethanol was shown to be very mobile; however, the applicability of the equilibrium model to this biodegradable alcohol was limited. An analysis of liquid-liquid equilibria comprised of oxygenate, water and a fuel substitution chemical was performed to investigate fuel-aqueous phase partitioning and the co-solvency effects of the oxygenates. Ethanol was shown to partition appreciably into an associated water phase from a fuel-phase. Moreover, this alcohol was shown to act as a co-solvent drawing fuel chemicals into the water phase. MTBE was found to partition sparingly into the water phase from a fuel-phase, with TAME partitioning less than MTBE. Neither ether was shown to act as a co-solvent. It was concluded that TAME and ethanol pose less of a burden to the environment than MTBE. Ethanol was assessed to be environmentally benign; however, it was concluded that ethanol's air compartment affinity and the extent of its co-influence on secondary solutes justified the need for further investigation before its adoption as a fuel additive. This project showed sufficient variation in the environmental behaviour of TAME and MTBE to justify the abandonment of the axiom that MTBE and TAME behave similarly in the environment. However, as MTBE is a significant water pollutant, and TAME has been shown to share a similar water affinity, it is cautiously recommended that the assumption of environmental similarity be discarded, except for the water compartment. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de dégradation atmosphérique de quelques composés organiques volatils oxygénés par les principaux oxydants atmosphériques OH, Cl, et NO3. Ce travail, comporte, d'une part la détermination des spectres d'absorption UV-Visible des composés hydroxycarbonylés (Hydroxyacétone (HAC), 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4HB), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3HB) et 3-methyl-3-hydoxy-2-butanone (3H3M2B) et d'autre part les mesures cinétiques de la réaction du composé HAC avec le chlore atomique et le radical nitrate. Les réactions entre 4HB et 3H2B avec les radicaux OH et le chlore atomique ont aussi été étudié. Les mesures d'absorption ont été réalisées dans la gamme de température 250 et 363 K à l'aide d'une lampe D2 couplé à un monochromateur. Les valeurs de section obtenues sont utilisées pour calculer la constante de photolyse et d'estimer les durées de vie dans la troposphère des composés étudiés. Les résultats suggèrent que la photolyse pourrait être un processus important pour ces espèces dans la troposphère. Les résultats des études cinétiques, montrent une légère variation des constantes de vitesse avec la température. Nous avons aussi étudié les composés dicétones : 2,4-pentanedione et 2,3-pentanedione. Cette étude porte sur la détermination des spectres d'absorption UV-Visible des composés dicétones et l'étude cinétique de leur réaction avec les radicaux OH en fonction de température. Pour les deux composés une variation de température de plus de 60 % est observée. Les calculs théoriques ont été effectués avec deux programmes différents. Avec logiciel Gaussian 03 nous avons réalisé une optimisation de la géométrie des minima, complexes et états de transition au niveau B3LYP/6-311G++(2d, pd). La méthode composite de haut niveau CBS-QB3 a été utilisée. Et avec le logiciel ChemRate pour les calculs cinétique, et la détermination des constantes de vitesse en phase gazeuse de la réaction étudié en fonction de la température. Les calculs des niveaux d'énergies montrent l'existence d'une étape réactionnelle où il se produit d'un complexe intermédiaire suivi d'une abstraction d'un atome d'hydrogène. / This thesis focuses on the study of atmospheric degradation of some Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds by major atmospheric oxidants OH, Cl, and NO3. This work comprises firstly determining the spectra of UV-Visible absorption hydroxycarbonyl compounds (hydroxyacetone (HAC), 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4HB), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3HB) and 3-methyl-3-hydoxy-2-butanone (3H3M2B) and secondly measures the kinetics of the reaction of the compound HAC with the atomic chlorine and nitrate radical.Reactions between 4HB and 3H2B with OH radicals and atomic chlorine were also studied.The UV absorption cross-sections of hydroxyacetone, 3-hydroxy 2-butanone, 4-hydroxy 2-butanone and 3-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butanone have been measured. The experiments have been carried out between 250 and 363 K using a D2 lamp coupled to a monochromator. This work provides the first UV cross-section measurements for 3-hydroxy 2-butanone, 4-hydroxy 2-butanone and 3-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butanone. The obtained cross-section values are used to calculate the photolysis rates and to estimate the tropospheric lifetimes of the studied compounds. The results suggest that photolysis could be an important removal process for these species in the troposphere. The results of kinetic studies show a slight variation of the rate constants with temperature.We also studied the diketones compounds: 2,4-pentanedione and 2,3-pentanedione. This study focuses on the determination of UV-Visible absorption spectra of diketones compounds and kinetic study of their reaction with OH radicals according to temperature. For both compounds a temperature variation of more than 60% is observed.The theoretical calculations were performed with two different programs: With Gaussian 03 software we performed a geometry optimization minima complex and transition states at B3LYP/6-311G + + level (2d, pd). The high-level composite method CBS-QB3 was used. And with the software ChemRate for kinetic calculations and the determination of rate constants for gas phase reaction according to the studied temperature. Calculations of energy levels show the existence of a reaction step where there is an intermediate complex followed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom.