El propósito de esta tesina es analizar la repercusión del arquetipo de la madre como elemento esencial en el personaje de Pedro Páramo, en la obra Pedro Páramo, publicada en 1955, por el escritor mexicano Juan Rulfo. Para realizar este estudio, se ha elegido la teoría psicoanalítica de Carl Gustav Jung como base con la que estudiaremos dicho personaje. Esta teoría será utilizada también como herramienta de análisis y como prisma, a través del cual analizaremos los arquetipos que la figura de la madre representa: los mismos que Pedro Páramo buscaba en Susana San Juan. Por otro lado, miraremos más de cerca los elementos femeninos de la naturaleza, la tierra, analizándolos desde la perspectiva femenina.A través de nuestro análisis hemos podido comprobar la importancia del arquetipo de la madre y el anima en el desarrollo del personaje de Pedro Páramo, sobre quien recae la incompleta imagen del arquetipo de la madre como factor determinante de su conducta. Por último hemos llegado a entender la desilusión de Pedro Páramo, al vengarse de Comala, cuando se da cuenta de que fracasa en la integración con su anima.

This study seeks to describe what I term the ethics of haunting, as related to trauma and memory, by analyzing Juan Rulfo's Pedro Páramo. It does not claim to be representative of ghosts and haunting as a whole, but more specifically to illustrate various manners in which the return of the ghost and its subsequent haunting are motivated by an ethics of memory in Rulfo's novel. Within this framework I explore remembrance as a medium of exchange between the living and the dead, haunting as a method by which gaps in the historical archive can be filled, and the psychoanalytic notion of incorporation as way to remember the ghost.

A través la novela Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo nos vislumbra elementos como la ilusión, la desilusión, la melancolía y la identidad. Sin embargo, si analizamos la obra también vamos a encontrar el fenómeno del cautiverio que impregna dichos elementos en Pedro Páramo. La presente tesina tiene como propósito demostrar que en la obra literaria de Rulfo aparece el fenómeno del cautiverio como multifacético y subyacente para otros elementos. Este se presenta en distintos cronotopos de Comala, que afectan los deseos de los personajes y al final contribuyen a sus sentimientos de ilusión, desilusión y melancolía, sino también a la construcción de su propia identidad. / With the novel Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo gives us a glimpse of elements such as illusion, disillusionment, melancholy and identity. However, if we analyze the work, we will also find the phenomenon of captivity that impregnates these elements in Pedro Páramo. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the phenomenon of captivity appears as multifaceted and underlying to other elements in Rulfo's literary work. This is presented in different chronotopes of Comala, which affect the desires of the characters and in the end contribute to their feelings of illusion, delusion, and melancholy, yet also to the construction of their own identity.

Submitted by Nathalya Silva (nathyjf033@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T19:49:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteridadeMorteParamo.pdf: 909255 bytes, checksum: 2f75d5ee5cd2c255d0611dc23021f5f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-07-11T11:53:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteridadeMorteParamo.pdf: 909255 bytes, checksum: 2f75d5ee5cd2c255d0611dc23021f5f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T11:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteridadeMorteParamo.pdf: 909255 bytes, checksum: 2f75d5ee5cd2c255d0611dc23021f5f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da relação dos temas de alteridade e morte na narrativa de “Páramo”, de João Guimarães Rosa, tendo como base as concepões expostas por Hall (2006), Bhabha (1998), ambos acerca do conceito de alteridade, bem como as concepções teóricas sobre a morte propostas por Ariès (2012) e Levinas (2000). Publicado em Estas Estórias (1969), “Páramo” é considerado uma “estranhidade” dentro do conjunto da obra de Guimarães Rosa, por ser um dos textos mais autobiográficos do autor e por ser ambientado no espaço urbano de uma cidade estrangeira. Nesta narrativa, um embaixador brasileiro é enviado a uma cidade andina para cumprir deveres diplomáticos, e, após se chocar com a alteridade do lugar, ele começa a viver um processo de descentramento de sua identidade, que culmina com o sentimento de morte e a necessidade de renovação do ser. A nossa pesquisa de “Páramo” se faz relevante na medida em que traz para a análise de “Páramo” novas discussões da relação da inevitável relação que se estabelece entre o eu e o outro relacionados ao tema da morte no texto de “Páramo”, de modo a refletir os desdobramentos filosóficos e culturais decorrentes dessa relação. Esta pesquisa está dividida em três partes: Na primeira etapa desse trabalho serão expostos e analisados os conceitos de alteridade e morte segundo os autores mencionados acima. Na segunda parte, lançar-nos-emos à reflexão acerca dos problemas teóricos e filosóficos suscitados pela imbricada relação entre alteridade e morte em “Páramo”, partindo do diálogo com categorias e conceitos como Ser, Outro e o momento estranho. Na terceira e última parte desse estudo, nós realizaremos um dialógo das concepções apresentadas em nossa pesquisa com as concepções dos mais relevantes estudos publicados até os dias de hoje acerca de “Páramo”, como os estudos realizados por Hector Olea Galaviz (1987), Maria Thereza Scher Pereira (2007 e 2009), Bairón Escallón (2011, 2012 e 2013), Luciano Antônio (2013), Gisálio Cerqueira Filho (2013), Betina Cunha (2014), Maria Magnabosco (2003), Edson Oliveira (2010) e Paulo Moreira (2013) a fim de se contribuir para a discussão existente acerca dessa narrativa de Guimarães Rosa. / This dissertation aims to investigate the relation between the themes of otherness and death in “Páramo”, by João Guimarães Rosa, based on Hall (2006), Bhabha (1998), both about the concept of otherness, and Ariès (2012) and Levinas (2000), both about the concept of death. Published in Estas Estórias (1969), “Páramo” is a singular writing among the works of Guimarães Rosa, because it is the most autobiographic text of the author and is set on a urban space of a foreing city. In this tale, a brazilian ambassador is sent to an andean city where he has to execute a diplomatic service, but after to be shoked by extreme otherness of that place he begins feeling a process of decentering of his identity, that culminates with premonition of his death and a need of renovation of Being. The relevance of this research is that it brings new discussions about the inevitable relation between Me, Other and death in the text of “Páramo”, so that we can reflete about the philosofical and cultural outspread of this relation. This research is divide into three parts: the first part of this study will deal with the concepts of otherness and death acordding the authors related above. In the second part of this study we will launch a reflection about the philosofical and cultural problems based on the intertwined relation between otherness and death on the text of “Páramo”, accomplishing a dialogue with the concepts and categories of Being, Other and the Stranger. In the third and last part of this research, we will realize a dialogue between the conceptions presented in this research and the perspectives presented in most relevant works published about “Páramo”, as studies from Hector Olea Galaviz (1987), Maria Thereza Scher Pereira (2007 e 2009), Bairón Escallón (2011, 2012 e 2013), Luciano Antônio (2013), Gisálio Cerqueira Filho (2013), Betina Cunha (2014), Maria Magnabosco (2003), Edson Oliveira (2010) e Paulo Moreira (2013), aiming to contribute to studies dedicated to this narrative of João Guimarães Rosa.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the representation of the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion in the novel Pedro Páramo (1953) by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo. The novel is analyzed from a narratological perspective based on the concept of focalization proposed by the French theoretician Gérard Genette. According to Genette it is possible to identify different levels of focalization depending on the position of the narrative voices.The key question in this investigation is if any salvation is possible in the universe of Pedro Páramo and how the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion are represented in the textual intentionality through the narrative voices. The main conclusion is that there is no possible salvation in the fictional universe of Pedro Páramo. The collective sin is so vast that the intermediation between God and the inhabitants of Comala does not work anymore. Thus, the only possible ”salvation” consists in the separation of the soul from the body the people of Comala experience after death. In Pedro Páramo the dead body is liberated from remorses, but - contrary to the Catholic concepts - becomes a conscious materia sentenced to remember eternally.Keywords: Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo, narratological analysis, Gérard Genette, textual intentionality, focalization, mythic timelessness, religious subversion, narrative voices.

The ideas of Mexican Machismo have been crystallized in the image of the Macho, a virile man who represents the ideals of masculinity in a determined time and space. This work aims to examine how four Mexican Novels (Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Páramo, Elena Garro’s Los Recuerdos del Porvenir, Yuri Herrera’s Trabajos del Reino, and Fernanda Melchor’s Temporada de huracanes) present their unique macho ideals, and how the male characters fail to fulfill them. Through a textual examination of the four novels, this work asks: how is a macho image formed in each pair of novels? And most importantly how do male characters react when they are unable to uphold the masculine values? Chapter one examines Juan Rulfo’s and Elena Garro’s novels, focusing on the downfall of the machos due to the loss of a loved woman, and the strategies the men use to control their towns. Chapter two analyzes Yuri Herrera’s and Fernanda Melchor’s novels, explaining how masculinity is tied to a social performance, and how the machos lose the approval of their group. Chapter three deals with the reaffirmation of power through isolation of female characters and the concept of emasculation as a social and psychological phenomenon. Emasculation, this work strives to prove, is a key element in the four novels, uniting the texts through the social disgrace of a man who does not perform as expected.

La finalidad de este trabajo es analizar el tema de la soledad en la obra Pedro Páramo de Juan Rulfo, a través de distintos símbolos presentes en el texto. El método utilizado en este estudio es el método hermenéutico. El análisis sobre el tema de la soledad está dividido en tres partes: la primera basada en algunos símbolos relevantes, la segunda en algunos personajes centrales y la tercera en la crítica sociohistórica de la época. EL resultado de este análisis es que hemos podido demostrar el tema de la soledad en la novela de Pedro Páramo. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the subject of loneliness in the novel Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo, through different symbols present in the text. The method used in this study is the hermeneutic method. The analysis about the theme of loneliness is divided into three parts: the first based on some relevant symbols, the second on some central characters and the third on the sociohistorical criticism of the time. The result of this analysis is that we have been able to demonstrate the theme of loneliness in Pedro Páramo's novel.

Mitl Valdez's film Los confines (1987) is an adaptation of several works of fiction by the Mexican author Juan Rulfo. The director chose to adapt two short stories ("Talpa" and "¡Diles que no me maten!") and an episode from the author's first novel, Pedro Páramo. Valdez's intent was to "capturar el sentido" of the Jaliscan author or, in other words, to remain faithful to certain elements of his writing while adjusting them to the filmic medium. The musical score of Los confines is the method of appropriation that this study endeavors to investigate, since it shares common themes, metaphors, and imagery with the source texts. The musical language of Los confines not only communicates meaning within the film, but echoes elements of Rulfo's writing as well. Musical motifs in the score evoke concepts and symbols that form part of the writer's fictive universe and illustrate how Valdez finds "un equivalente en la expresión cinematográfica" for Rulfian material (qtd. in Pelayo).

In this thesis, I examine the case of the Canadian-based multinational mining corporation GreyStar resources Ltd. in Colombia. Angosturas is GreyStar’s large-scale gold mining project in the sensitive wet highland of páramo de Santurbán in the northeast of the Andes. Although GreyStar has undertaken explorations in this area since 1994, Colombia’s Ministry of Environment denied the environmental license to the company to start with extractions in 2011. I suggest that the government’s decision must be understood in the context of massive mobilizations against the project in large cities such as Bucaramanga and Bogotá as well as the principle of sustainable development (hereafter SD). The latter forms part of the 1991 Colombian constitution, and thus, through this legal presence, is considered to provide environmental protection in the country. Despite this government’s recent ruling, GreyStar (which renamed itself ‘Eco Oro’ after the 2011 decision) and other mining companies (e.g. Ventana Gold) have continued their quest to gain permission to begin with extractions in Santurbán. I explore why these continued attempts to persuade the government regarding extraction licensing is possible. In doing so, I critically investigate the principle of SD, which is central to the resolution by which the Ministry of the Environment denies the environmental license to Eco Oro (GreyStar). In other words, this thesis asks why SD allows for the classification of large-scale mining as a ‘common-good’ activity, which has negative implications on attempts to designate certain ecosystems (e.g. páramo) as common-goods on the basis that there are to be sustained as such, and therefore, an unequivocal moratorium on large-scale mining in these ecosystems is necessary. What and whose common-good does large-scale mining in sensitive ecosystems represent? I argue that in the scope of SD, commoditized nature is vulnerable to the volatility of markets and corporate profitability. This thesis is a criticism of SD and the limitations it places on hearing certain kinds of languages and discourses that resist the key assumptions of SD. The case study allows for addressing a gap in the existing literature, which is the distinctive situation of no legally considered ethnic minorities (e.g. small farmers, small miners, and the cities). / Thesis (Master, Cultural Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-24 10:28:50.601

Páramo ecosystems are unique alpine grasslands found at high altitudes (2000-5000 m a.s.l.) in the Andean mountain range. While they provide a wide range of important ecosystem services, such as organic carbon sinks, protect endemic species, provide agriculture services, act as recreation sites etc., their perhaps most important service is found in their ability to regulate water flows. The unique volcanic soil properties and endemic plant life that resides in these areas have an exceptional ability to capture, regulate and store water. Colombia has the world’s largest stretch of páramo areas, which supply almost the entire country with clean tap water without active filtration initiatives. Currently there are around seven million people living in Bogotá, the main capital. Northeast of the capital, in the Eastern Range of the Colombian Andes, the Chingaza National Park (CNP) is located. In this park, there are approximately 645 km² of páramo ecosystems, which supplies around 80 % of all the tap water used in Bogotá. However, with an expanding population growth and urbanisation, the demand for water is increasing rapidly. The long-lasting conflict within the country has prevented the exploitation of the economical goods belonging to the páramo ecosystems. Recent peace agreements have opened up for international trade, tourism and an expanding industry. However, the lack of regulations, which protect the páramo ecosystems, have now resulted in an increasing pressure of these systems. As such, sustainable adaptation plans are required across multiple stakeholder levels in order to prevent further deterioration of the páramos. Moreover, the anthropogenic climate changes are posing a threat to these fragile environments. An increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns are expected to affect the hydroclimatic conditions, especially on high altitudes where these ecosystems are located. Nevertheless, the internal and external processes governing these ecosystems are highly complex and the knowledge gaps are many. One reason for this is that the remote and inaccessible locations results in generally scarcely distributed networks of monitoring stations. In this study, CNP was chosen due to the relatively well-monitored network of stations. Long-term temperature, precipitation and runoff data was analysed to identify the hydroclimatic conditions in the park. Regional downscaled precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5, covering the period 2041-2065 were obtained from the WorldClim 1.4 database. Interpolated historical observations for the same parameters but during the period 1960-1990, covering CNP, were derived from the same database. These interpolated historical parameters were used for establishing upper and lower precipitation and temperature boundaries for where a páramo ecosystem can thrive during future RCP-scenarios. Historically, the hydroclimatic conditions in CNP has been characterised by a high input of water from precipitation, low evapotranspiration due to low temperatures and clouds presence, and a stable and abundant runoff. However, the results from this study suggest increasing temperature and precipitation boundaries during both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 compared to historical interpolated data. Furthermore, there is a tendency towards prolonged and amplified seasons, with wetter wet season and drier dry seasons. When mapping suitable páramo environments under future RCP-scenarios, there is a tendency towards decreasing suitable páramo areas, especially during dry season. However, the findings in this report are merely based on temperature and precipitation parameters. Other forcing factors (ENSO, cloud cover, fog, occult precipitation, land use etc.) that also influence these environments and the ability to adapt to new hydroclimatic conditions, were not investigated. In order to prevent further loss of these environments and their associated ecosystem services, it is recommended to apply modern techniques, such as remote sensing in combination with traditional fieldwork, point samples and hydrological models in future studies.