yes / Maintaining appropriate levels of disc-pad interface temperature is critical for the overall operating effectiveness of disc brakes and implicitly the safety of the vehicle. Measurement and prediction of the distribution and magnitude of brake friction interface temperatures are difficult. A thermocouple method with an exposed hot junction configuration is used for interface temperature measurement in this study. Factors influencing the magnitude and distribution of interface temperature are discussed. It is found that there is a strong correlation between the contact area ratio and the interface maximum temperature. Using a designed experiment approach, the factors affecting the interface temperature, including the number of braking applications, sliding speed, braking load and type of friction material were studied. It was found that the number of braking applications affects the interface temperature the most. The real contact area between the disc and pad, i.e. pad regions where the bulk of the kinetic energy is dissipated via friction, has significant effect on the braking interface temperature. For understanding the effect of real contact area on local interface temperatures and friction coefficient, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is conducted. It is found that the maximum temperature at the friction interface does not increase linearly with decreasing contact area ratio. This finding is potentially significant in optimising the design and formulation of friction materials for stable friction and wear performance.

In the first part of this dissertation work, Al bond pad corrosion behavior was investigated in the presence of common industrial contaminants such as chloride (Cl-) and fluoride (F-). Al corrosion while in direct contact with Cu displayed rapid hydrogen (H2) gas evolution and dendrite propagation. In contrast, Al without bimetallic contact showed only minor surface roughening. This observed difference in the corrosion mechanism between Cl- and F- is attributed to the solubility of the corrosion products (AlCl3 vs. AlF3) formed on the Al surface. Our subsequent work explored corrosion prevention inhibition of wire-bonded devices (WBD) in the Cl- environment. Our research shows that the Al bond pad was protected against corrosion by chemically modifying the surface of the Cu wires, thereby preventing the H2 evolution. The inhibitor was observed to be highly selective, thermally stable, hydrophobic, and cost-effective, making it viable for industrial application of this coating for Al bond pad corrosion prevention. In the second part of the dissertation work, we utilized a novel approach of using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) as a chemical-sensitive monitoring tool of the chemical environment in Cu etch bath. The UV-Vis technique illuminates the roles of H+, Cl-, Cu+, and Cu2+ to the etch bath while also providing a means to monitor the Cl- in the broad UV peak at 250 nm. The UV-Vis probe successfully demonstrated the etch rate difference between the two etch bath solutions and help in the restoration of the etching bath. Additionally, the proof-of-concept experiments (POC) to investigate UV enhanced etching for achieving anisotropic etching in PCB fabrication showed promising preliminary results with the need to develop additional etching techniques.

Swedish Hydropower Centre - SVC

Tesis por compendio / A lo largo de los últimos años, los sistemas multi-agente (SMA) han demostrado ser un paradigma potente y versátil, con un gran potencial a la hora de resolver problemas complejos en entornos dinámicos y distribuidos. Este potencial no se debe principalmente a sus características individuales (como son su autonomía, su capacidad de percepción, reacción y de razonamiento), sino que también a la capacidad de comunicación y cooperación a la hora de conseguir un objetivo. De hecho, su capacidad social es la que más llama la atención, es este comportamiento social el que dota de potencial a los sistemas multi-agente. Estas características han hecho de los SMA, la herramienta de inteligencia artificial (IA) más utilizada para el diseño de entornos virtuales inteligentes (IVE), los cuales son herramientas de simulación compleja basadas en agentes. Sin embargo, los IVE incorporan restricciones físicas (como gravedad, fuerzas, rozamientos, etc.), así como una representación 3D de lo que se quiere simular. Así mismo, estas herramientas no son sólo utilizadas para la realización de simulaciones. Con la aparición de nuevas aplicaciones como \emph{Internet of Things (IoT)}, \emph{Ambient Intelligence (AmI)}, robot asistentes, entre otras, las cuales están en contacto directo con el ser humano. Este contacto plantea nuevos retos a la hora de interactuar con estas aplicaciones. Una nueva forma de interacción que ha despertado un especial interés, es el que se relaciona con la detección y/o simulación de estados emocionales. Esto ha permitido que estas aplicaciones no sólo puedan detectar nuestros estados emocionales, sino que puedan simular y expresar sus propias emociones mejorando así la experiencia del usuario con dichas aplicaciones. Con el fin de mejorar la experiencia humano-máquina, esta tesis plantea como objetivo principal la creación de modelos emocionales sociales, los cuales podrán ser utilizados en aplicaciones MAS permitiendo a los agentes interpretar y/o emular diferentes estados emocionales y, además, emular fenómenos de contagio emocional. Estos modelos permitirán realizar simulaciones complejas basadas en emociones y aplicaciones más realistas en dominios como IoT, AIm, SH. / Over the past few years, multi-agent systems (SMA) have proven to be a powerful and versatile paradigm, with great potential for solving complex problems in dynamic and distributed environments. This potential is not primarily due to their individual characteristics (such as their autonomy, their capacity for perception, reaction and reasoning), but also the ability to communicate and cooperate in achieving a goal. In fact, its social capacity is the one that draws the most attention, it is this social behavior that gives potential to multi-agent systems. These characteristics have made the SMA, the artificial intelligence (AI) tool most used for the design of intelligent virtual environments (IVE), which are complex agent-based simulation tools. However, IVE incorporates physical constraints (such as gravity, forces, friction, etc.), as well as a 3D representation of what you want to simulate. Also, these tools are not only used for simulations. With the emergence of new applications such as \emph {Internet of Things (IoT)}, \emph {Ambient Intelligence (AmI)}, robot assistants, among others, which are in direct contact with humans. This contact poses new challenges when it comes to interacting with these applications. A new form of interaction that has aroused a special interest is that which is related to the detection and / or simulation of emotional states. This has allowed these applications not only to detect our emotional states, but also to simulate and express their own emotions, thus improving the user experience with those applications. In order to improve the human-machine experience, this thesis aims to create social emotional models, which can be used in MAS applications, allowing agents to interpret and / or emulate different emotional states, and emulate phenomena of emotional contagion. These models will allow complex simulations based on emotions and more realistic applications in domains like IoT, AIm, SH. / Al llarg dels últims anys, els sistemes multi-agent (SMA) han demostrat ser un paradigma potent i versàtil, amb un gran potencial a l'hora de resoldre problemes complexos en entorns dinàmics i distribuïts. Aquest potencial no es deu principalment a les seues característiques individuals (com són la seua autonomia, la seua capacitat de percepció, reacció i de raonament), sinó que també a la capacitat de comunicació i cooperació a l'hora d'aconseguir un objectiu. De fet, la seua capacitat social és la que més crida l'atenció, és aquest comportament social el que dota de potencial als sistemes multi-agent. Aquestes característiques han fet dels SMA, l'eina d'intel·ligència artificial (IA) més utilitzada per al disseny d'entorns virtuals intel·ligents (IVE), els quals són eines de simulació complexa basades en agents. No obstant això, els IVE incorporen restriccions físiques (com gravetat, forces, fregaments, etc.), així com una representació 3D del que es vol simular. Així mateix, aquestes eines no són només utilitzades per a la realització de simulacions. Amb l'aparició de noves aplicacions com \emph{Internet of Things (IOT)}, \emph{Ambient Intelligence (AmI)}, robot assistents, entre altres, les quals estan en contacte directe amb l'ésser humà. Aquest contacte planteja nous reptes a l'hora d'interactuar amb aquestes aplicacions. Una nova forma d'interacció que ha despertat un especial interès, és el que es relaciona amb la detecció i/o simulació d'estats emocionals. Això ha permès que aquestes aplicacions no només puguen detectar els nostres estats emocionals, sinó que puguen simular i expressar les seues pròpies emocions millorant així l'experiència de l'usuari amb aquestes aplicacions. Per tal de millorar l'experiència humà-màquina, aquesta tesi planteja com a objectiu principal la creació de models emocionals socials, els quals podran ser utilitzats en aplicacions MAS permetent als agents interpretar i/o emular diferents estats emocionals i, a més, emular fenòmens de contagi emocional. Aquests models permetran realitzar simulacions complexes basades en emocions i aplicacions més realistes en dominis com IoT, AIM, SH. / Rincón Arango, JA. (2018). Social Emotions in Multiagent Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/98090 / Compendio

Diabetes mellitus belongs to diseases frequently occurring in childhood and adulthood. Insufficient knowledge of this disease and an unsatisfactory compensation for diabetes leads to development of late complications that have a negative impact on one's, as well as the family's, life and create an economic problem for society as a whole. The thesis focuses on the main characteristics of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Complications of the disease, including advice for patients themselves and their prevention are described in more detail. Social aspects (work inclusion of a diabetic, invalidity and reduced work capacity, driving of motor vehicles) are also emphasised. The research part containing 18 questions aims to find out to what extent the Czech public is informed about the problematic areas of this disease. It also assesses the feasibility of obtaining information from individuals of different ages and places of residence (city vs. village) regarding diabetes. These hypotheses were stated within the scope of the research: 1. Individuals older than 50 years of age are better informed about diabetes than individuals of a younger age. 1. Individuals living in a city have a better access to information concerning diabetes than individuals living in a village. The data was obtained from questionnaire research, in which respondents older than 18 years of age participated. The data collection took place in Bechyně Spa Ltd. 58 % of the resultant questionnaires were completed by women and 42 % by men.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-11T20:13:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Veronice_Baldin2018.pdf: 5526763 bytes, checksum: bd464b992b7e7c2bb91206db869824d1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T20:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Veronice_Baldin2018.pdf: 5526763 bytes, checksum: bd464b992b7e7c2bb91206db869824d1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-19 / This paper presents the results related to the development of the research developed as a criterion for obtaining a Master’s Degree in Education from the Postgraduate Program in Education – PPGE of the State University of the West of Paraná – Cascavel Campus. It was carried out the analysis of the PAD – Decentralized Actions Plan of the SEED – PR, during the period from 2013 to 2015. The PAD constituted a pedagogical intervention program developed by the Superintendency of Education of Paraná and was implemented by the State Secretariat of Education, in articulation with the Regional Core of Education of Cascavel, in order to give attention to the results presented by the Schools of the Basic Education Network in the Evaluations in Large Scale, more specifically, in the results presented by IDEB – Basic Education Development Index and the evaluation of SAEP – Education Evaluation System of Paraná. The main objective of the analysis was to study the development of this Educational Policy, seeking to understand to what extent the actions of the Decentralized Action Plan of the SEED / PR have responded to the large scale evaluation systems and, at the same time, Integral to the Child and Adolescent in Cascavel – PR, in the period of 2013-2015. As a result of the investigations, the PAD presented two years of effective follow-up in the process of its implementation by NRE of Cascavel-PR. Conceived as a mechanism for the improvement of indices in the large-scale evaluations, it partially achieved its objective, since even as an increase of the IDEB in 2015, in the results of the SAEP test, referring to Portuguese and Mathematics literacy, there was no increase in the standard performance note, which was formulated as a goal to be achieved. Regarding its relationship with the Child and Adolescent Protection Policies, the PAD also partially responded to the objective of articulating with the Networks for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, limiting itself to focused policies, since dropout rates increased in the period investigated evidencing a certain fragility in the process of intervention of the “pedagogical practices” developed during the PAD for the permanence of the students in the school. / Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados relacionados ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa desenvolvida como critério para obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – PPGE da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Campus de Cascavel. Nele foi realizada a análise do PAD – Plano de Ações Descentralizadas da SEED – PR, durante o período de 2013 a 2015. O PAD constituiu um programa de intervenção pedagógica desenvolvido pela Superintendência de Educação do Paraná e foi implementado pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação, em articulação com o Núcleo Regional de Educação de Cascavel, a fim de dar atenção aos resultados apresentados pelas Escolas da Rede de Educação Básica nas avaliações em Larga Escala, mais especificamente, nos resultados apresentados pelo IDEB – Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e pela avaliação do SAEP – Sistema de Avaliação da Educação do Paraná. O objetivo central da análise foi estudar o desenvolvimento dessa Política Educacional, buscando compreender em que medida as ações do PAD – Plano de Ações Descentralizadas da SEED/PR tem respondido aos sistemas de avaliação em larga escala e, ao mesmo tempo, as políticas de Proteção Integral à Criança e Adolescente em Cascavel – PR, no período de 2013-2015. Como resultado das investigações, o PAD apresentou dois anos de acompanhamento efetivo no processo de sua implementação pelo NRE de Cascavel –PR. Concebido como um mecanismo para a melhoria dos índices nas avaliações em larga escala alcançou parcialmente o seu objetivo, pois mesmo como aumento do IDEB no ano de 2015, nos resultados da prova do SAEP, referentes ao letramento em Língua Portuguesa e Matemática, não houve aumento na nota “padrão de desempenho”, que foi formulada como meta a ser alcançada. Sobre sua relação com as Políticas de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente, o PAD também respondeu parcialmente ao objetivo de articulação com as Redes de Proteção Integral à Criança e Adolescente, limitando-se a políticas focalizadas, uma vez que os índices de abandono escolar aumentaram no período investigado evidenciando certa fragilidade no processo de intervenção das “práticas pedagógicas” desenvolvidas durante o PAD para a permanência dos alunos na escola.

The electronic market is continually moving towards higher power densities. As a result, the demand on the cooling is increasing. Focus has to be put on the whole thermal management chain, from the component to be cooled to the ambient. Thermal interface materials are used to efficiently transfer heat between two mating surfaces or in some cases across larger gaps. There are several different thermal interface materials with various application areas, advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to evaluate thermal and mechanical properties of graphite sheets and graphite gap pads. The work was done in cooperation with Ericsson AB. A test rig based on the ASTM D5470 standard was used to measure the thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of the materials at different pressures. It was found that several graphite sheets and gap pads performed better than the materials used in Ericsson’s products today. According to the tests, the thermal resistance could be reduced by about 50 % for the graphite sheets and 90 % for the graphite gap pads. That was also verified by placing the materials in a radio unit and comparing the results with a reference test. Both thermal values and mechanical values were better than for the reference materials. However, the long term reliability of graphite gap pads could be an issue and needs to be examined further. / Elektronikbranschen rör sig mot högre elektriska effektertätheter, det vill säga högre effekt per volymenhet. Som en följd av detta ökar också efterfrågan på god kylning. Kylningen måste hanteras på alla nivåer, från komponenten som ska kylas, ända ut till omgivningen. Termiska interface material (TIM) används för att förbättra värmeöverföringen mellan två ytor i kontakt med varandra eller för att leda värmen över större gap. Det finns flera olika TIM med olika tillämpningsområden, fördelar och nackdelar. Denna studie gick ut på att utvärdera termiska och mekaniska egenskaper hos grafitfilmer och så kallade ”graphite gap pads” då de används som TIM. Projektet gjordes i sammarbete med Ericsson AB. En testuppställning baserat på ASTM D5470-standarden användes för att utvärdera värmeledningsförmågan och den termiska resistansen hos de olika materialen vid olika trycknivåer. Resultaten visade att flera grafitfilmer och ”gap pads” presterade bättre än materialen som används Ericssons produkter idag. Enligt testerna skulle den termiska resistansen kunna minskas med 50 % för grafitfilmerna och 90 % för ”gap padsen”. Materialens fördelaktiga egenskaper verifierades i en radioenhet där temperaturerna kunde sänkas i jämförelse med ett referenstest med standard-TIM. De nya materialen var mjukare än referensmaterialen och skulle därför inte orsaka några mekaniska problem vid användning.  Den långsiktiga tillförlitligheten för grafitbaserade ”gap pads” måste dock undersökas vidare eftersom de elektriskt ledande materialen skulle kunna skapa kortslutningar på kretskorten.

Abstract Food sustainability depends significantly on packaging since it helps maintainfood safe and fresh throughout its shelf life, resulting in the least amount ofwaste and the least negative environmental impact. The main objective of thisstudy is to determine the adsorbed and released amount of antimicrobial agents(benzoic acid and thymol) on modified calcium carbonate (MCC) by investigating adsorption isotherm at 25°C and desorption kinetics at both 22°C and5°C of anti-microbial to identify potential solutions to enhance the long-termsustainability of fresh products such as meat. These agents were incorporatedinto specialized food pads to mitigate bacterial growth in food packaging instead of being directly added to the food. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the amount of carbon dioxide generated when MCC, used as an adsorbent in combination with citric acid, comes into contact with the meat liquid,as this has an impact on the growth of aerobic microorganisms.The findings revealed that MCC adsorbed 44% and 55% of the initial quantities of benzoic acid (BA) and thymol, respectively. Furthermore, after 12 seconds from an initial adsorption amount of 19 mg/g, the maximum amount ofthymol released from MCC was measured at 0.120 mg/ml (approximately0.126%). Similarly, for an initial adsorption amount of 15 mg/g, the quantityof BA released was found to be 0.080 mg/ml (approximately 0.106%). TheUV-spectrophotometer was utilized to determine the amounts of adsorbed anddesorbed anti-microbial agents, while Checkmate 3 was used to assess the release of carbon dioxide.Significantly, the utilization of food pads demonstrated a significant enhancement in the release of carbon dioxide. Interestingly, the presence of anti-microbial agents did not have any influence on the generation of carbon dioxide.This research provides valuable insights into the potential application of foodpads and MCC as effective strategies for preserving fresh meat products bycontrolling microbial activity and promoting sustainability. / Sammanfattning Livsmedelshållbarhet beror i hög grad på förpackningar eftersom det hjälpertill att hålla maten säker och fräsch under hela dess hållbarhetstid, vilket resulterar i minskad mängd avfall och mindre negativ miljöpåverkan. Huvudsyftetmed denna studie var att bestämma den adsorberade och frigjorda mängdenantimikrobiella medel (bensoesyra och tymol) på modifierat kalciumkarbonat(MCC) genom att undersöka adsorptionsisoterm vid 25°C och desorptionskinetiken vid både 22°C och 5 °C av antimikrobiellt medel för att identifierapotentiella lösningar för att förbättra den långsiktiga hållbarheten för färskaprodukter som kött. Dessa medel inkorporerades i specialiserade food pad föratt mildra bakterietillväxt i livsmedelsförpackningar istället för att läggas direkt till maten. Dessutom syftade studien till att fastställa mängden koldioxidsom genereras när MCC, som används som adsorbent i kombination med citronsyra, kommer i kontakt med köttvätskan, eftersom detta har en inverkan påtillväxten av aeroba mikroorganismer.Resultaten visade att MCC adsorberade 44 % och 55 % av de initiala mängderna bensoesyra (BA) respektive tymol. Vidare, efter 12 sekunder från eninitial adsorptionsmängd på 19 mg/g, mättes den maximala mängden tymolsom frigjordes från MCC till 0,120 mg/ml (ungefär 0,126%). På liknande sätt,för en initial adsorptionsmängd på 15 mg/g, visade sig mängden frisatt BA vara0,080 mg/ml (ungefär 0,106%). UV-spektrofotometern användes för att bestämma mängderna av adsorberade och desorberade antimikrobiella medel,medan Checkmate 3 användes för att bedöma frisättningen av koldioxid.Betecknande nog visade användningen av food pad betydande förbättring avutsläppet av koldioxid. Intressant nog har närvaron av antimikrobiella medelinte haft någon inverkan på genereringen av koldioxid. Denna forskning gervärdefulla insikter om den potentiella tillämpningen av food pad och MCC someffektiva strategier för att bevara färska köttprodukter genom att kontrolleramikrobiell aktivitet och främja hållbarhet.

Introdução: Existem evidências clínicas que o obturador faríngeo pode estimular a formação do anel de Passavant em alguns indivíduos com disfunção velofaríngea decorrente de fissura palatina, o que os tornariam melhores candidatos para correção cirúrgica dessa disfunção, ou mesmo para obterem melhores resultados com o uso do obturador faríngeo. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a ocorrência do anel de Passavant em pacientes com fissura de palato, usuários de OF, nas seguintes condições: antes da confecção do OF (condição C1), durante a moldagem do obturador faríngeo (condição C2) e após seis meses de uso do mesmo (condição C3, sem o obturador e condição C4, com o obturador). Material e Método: A casuística deste trabalho foi composta por 25 pacientes (15 homens e 10 mulheres), com idades variando entre 18 e 59 anos (média= 32 anos). Todos os pacientes apresentavam disfunção velofaríngea após a cirurgia de palato e utilizavam obturador faríngeo havia pelo menos 6 meses. Para a avaliação do mecanismo velofaríngeo com e sem o obturador faríngeo, todos os pacientes haviam sido submetidos à avaliação nasoendoscópica durante fala. As 75 gravações dessa avaliação, 25 na condição C1, 25 na condição C2 e 25 nas condições C3 e C4, dos 25 pacientes foram editadas em um DVD e avaliadas por cinco fonoaudiólogas experientes, designadas juízas, quanto aos seguintes aspectos: a) posição do nasoendoscópio durante o exame; b) tamanho do bulbo faríngeo em relação ao espaço velofaríngeo; c) ocorrência de anel de Passavant; d) intercorrências que pudessem comprometer a visualização das paredes da faringe. Os protocolos de anotações utilizados pelas juízas foram baseados e adaptados do proposto por Golding-Kushner et al. (1990). Resultados: O grau médio de concordância intra-juízas para todos os aspectos avaliados foi considerado quase perfeito (83%) e o de concordância inter-juízas variou de regular (35%) a quase perfeito (100%). As avaliações foram comparadas entre si, nas quatro condições, para todos os aspectos avaliados. A única comparação que foi estatisticamente significante foi aquela que comparou os dados obtidos na avaliação da ocorrência do anel de Passavant entre as condições C2 e C4. Os dados revelaram que 14 (56%) pacientes apresentaram mudança na ocorrência do anel em uma ou mais das condições avaliadas e 11 (44%) não apresentaram mudança. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo permitem concluir que o obturador faríngeo pode agir como um agente estimulador da formação do anel de Passavant em pacientes com disfunção velofaríngea decorrente de fissura palatina. / Background: Clinical evidence shows that pharyngeal obturator can stimulate Passavant´s pad formation in subjects with VPI current from cleft palate. It puts those subjects as better candidates for VPI treatment either surgical correction or pharyngeal obturator. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate Passavant´s pad occurrence in cleft palate subjects, who wore pharyngeal obturators, in the following conditions: before pharyngeal obturator´s confection (condition C1), during pharyngeal obturator molding (condition C2) and after six months wearing the pharyngeal obturator (condition C3, without the pharyngeal obturator and condition C4 with the pharyngeal obturator). Method: The sample was composed by 25 subjects (15 male and 10 female), age range between 18 - 59 years (range = 32 years). All patients had VPI current cleft palate surgery and were pharyngeal obturator wearers for at least six months. All subjects were submitted to nasoendoscopy evaluation during speech, with and without the pharyngeal obturator. The 75 recordings, 25 during condition C1, 25 during C2 and 25 during C3 and C4, were edited in a DVD and rated by five experienced speech pathologists, named judges. The judges had to rate the following aspects: a) nasoendoscope position during the exam; b) pharyngeal obturator size, according velopharyngeal space; c) Passavant´s pad occurrence; d) intercurrences that compromise pharyngeal walls observation. The judge´s rating protocols were based and adapted from the one proposed by Golding-Kushner et al. (1990). Results: Intra judge agreement for every rated aspect was considered, in range, almost perfect (83%), and the inter-judge agreement varied between regular (35%) and almost perfect (100%). The ratings were compared to each other, in every conditions, for all analyzed aspects. The only statistical significant comparison was in Passavant´s pad occurrence, between conditions C2 and C4. Data revealed that the Passavant´s pad occurrence varied, in one o more conditions, in 14 (56%) subjects and, in 11(44%) didn´t show any change. Conclusion: Findings allow us to conclude that, the pharyngeal obturator may act as a stimulus factor for Passavant´s pad formation in patients with VPI current from cleft palate.

Uma vez que atraves do uso do alarme de urina nem todas as criancas com enurese obtem os criterios definidos para o sucesso (14 noites secas consecutivas), buscou--se investigar procedimentos complementares para potencializar o seu efeito: a) o diario miccional, utilizado como um instrumento de avaliacao diagnostica da enurese e como uma medida dos efeitos de tratamentos e b) a uroterapia, que consiste de um conjunto de medidas comportamentais que tem como objetivo corrigir dificuldades provavelmente relacionadas a enurese nao corrigidas pelo uso do alarme. O diario miccional e o registro do volume de liquidos ingeridos e eliminados no periodo de dois dias pela crianca, que pode indicar, dentre outros padroes, urgencia miccional, hiperatividade detrusora, poliuria, bem como ingestao irregular de liquidos. As medidas comportamentais que compoe a uroterapia podem ser exemplificadas por: miccoes em horarios regulares; aumento da ingesta de liquidos e evitacao de irritantes vesicais. Neste estudo participaram 65 criancas e adolescentes com enurese distribuidas em dois grupos de tratamento. O primeiro grupo foi exposto a uroterapia e ao tratamento com alarme (grupo Uroterapia), enquanto o segundo grupo foi exposto somente ao tratamento com alarme (grupo Alarme). Por volta de 70% dos participantes de ambos os grupos obtiveram sucesso no tratamento, independentemente da realizacao da uroterapia. Os participantes do grupo Uroterapia apresentaram uma melhora mais acentuada no inicio do tratamento, mas esta nao se manteve como tendencia ao longo do tempo. Os participantes de ambos os grupos tiveram um aumento significativo da porcentagem da capacidade volumetrica da bexiga utilizada. Os participantes do grupo Uroterapia tiveram um aumento significativamente maior dos volumes de ingesta de liquidos e miccional / Not all children with enuresis reach 14 consecutive dry nights thought the use of the bell and pad alarm. That considered, we aimed to investigate additional procedures to enhance its success rate: a) the voiding diary, used as a diagnostic tool for evaluating enuresis and to measure overall treatments effects and b) urotherapy, consisting of a set of behavioral measures that aims at problems probably related to enuresis not corrected by the use of the bell and pad alarm. The voiding diary is a two--day record of fluid intake and micturition habits. It may indicate, among other patterns, urgency, detrusor overactivity, polyuria and irregular fluid intake. Urotherapy is composed of behavioral measures such: voiding at regular times; increased fluid intake; and avoidance of bladder irritants. 65 children and adolescents participated in this study. They were assigned to two treatment groups. The first group was exposed to urotherapy and to an alarm treatment (Urotherapy group), while the second was exposed only to an alarm treatment (Alarm group). Around 70% of participants became dry, regardless of the group they were assigned to. Participants from the Urotherapy group showed a more marked improvement early in treatment, but this trend was not maintained over time. Participants from both groups had a significant increase in the percentage of volumetric bladder capacity used and participants from the Urotherapy group had a significantly greater increase of fluid intake and voided volume