Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-03-30T11:24:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 234148 bytes, checksum: e87c51395b549c59f32533fea0cc9040 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T11:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 234148 bytes, checksum: e87c51395b549c59f32533fea0cc9040 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae em mel de colméias do Estado do Piauí, pelo método analítico oficial brasileiro, e avaliar modificações nesta metodologia para reduzir seu limite de detecção. Esporos de P. larvae subsp. larvae não foram detectados em mel das colméias de diferentes regiões do Estado do Piauí. Comparando meios de cultura, o ágar P. larvae isolou maior número esporos desta bactéria presentes em mel e inibiu do mesmo modo contaminantes aeróbios presentes. A diluição de uma parte de mel em quatro partes de solução salina fosfatada tamponada recuperou maior número de esporos P. larvae subsp. larvae presentes em mel. As forças centrífugas 6000 g e 8000 por 30 ou 40 minutos não diferiram entre si, contudo recuperaram maior número de esporos de P. larvae subsp. larvae em comparação com a oficialmente recomendada. A redução no limite de detecção é relevante para analise de mel, principalmente, quando o patógeno encontra-se em quantidades mínimas, tanto na colméia quanto no produto comercializado. / This work had the following aims: detect the presence of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores in honey collected in Piauí State apiaries using official Brazilian analytical method and to verify modifications in this methodology to reduce its detection limit. Spores of P. larvae subsp. larvae were not found in honey of hives from different regions of Piauí State. Comparing mediums, P. larvae agar isolated bigger spores quantities of these bacteria found in honey and inhibited, in the same way, other aerobical bacteria presented. Addition of one part of honey in four parts of phosphate buffer saline pH 7.2 isolated a bigger number of P. larvae subsp. larvae spores presented in honey. Comparisons between centrifuge forces of 6000 g and 8000 during 30 or 40 minutes showed that they were not different, however they recuperated a bigger number of P. larvae subsp. larvae spores than centrifuge force recommended in Brazilian law. Reduction in detection limit is important to honey analyses, mainly when pathogen is present in minimal quantities in hives or in commercialized product.

In diploma thesis I dealt with American foulbrood infection. At first I was focusing on disease hazards of foulbrood and I was investigating the pathogenesis of the disease bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. Then I carried out analysis of slumgum by culture test in the laboratory. I watched the bacteria P. larvae under a microscope. Next, I followed outbreaks announced by Regional Veterinary Administration. I investigated procedures of the Regional Veterinary Administration in accordance with legislation and decree during detecting the disease of AFB on the habitats. At the end, I developed a list of proclaimed outbreaks in South Bohemia into graphs and chart for the period from 2006 to 2013. The only treatment against this disease so far is burning hives, including all equipment of apiary. That is why I pointed out the importance of reporting suspected outbreaks of American foulbrood, respecting the rules and precautions by beekeepers, and beekeepers should also breed only healthy and strong beehives. Only then the spread of American foulbrood can be prevented and the originator of American foulbrood, the P. larvae, which is very durable, can be suppressed.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-11T21:19:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruno Oliveira de Carvalho.pdf: 1725115 bytes, checksum: 78e6b6f127705b066a8a0f75bbb08e88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T21:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruno Oliveira de Carvalho.pdf: 1725115 bytes, checksum: 78e6b6f127705b066a8a0f75bbb08e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-17 / CAPES / The knowledge of bacterial genetic information has enable advances in many areas allowing detecting microorganisms and evaluating the production of virulence factors and resistance in certain populations. This knowledge allows the detection of microorganisms, as well as the evaluation of virulence and resistance factors production in certain populations. More recently, molecular diagnosis based on the detection of specific fragments from these agents has been implemented in no viable bacterial cultivation environments or hampered by biotic or abiotic conditions. Besides specific agent detection, bacterial diversity analysis might be an important criterion, such as assessing soil quality. Cultivation has been the most common way for evaluating bacterial diversity. However, most of soil bacteria are not cultivable; therefore, the employment of molecular tools has been increasingly used on this sort of analysis. This survey aimed standardizing the use of cultivation independent techniques for granting three agriculture sectors demands. The first chapter standardized the employment of DGGE technique for analyzing milk bacterial diversity from mastitis and healthy teats belonging to the same animal. Results pointed to differences on bacterial profile from both groups. The second chapter evaluated the impact of the employment of drill cuttings with castor beans and cramble pies association as agricultural fertilizers by DGGE analysis. The application of this technique was efficient for evaluating treatments, as well as, confirming the treatments contribution for increasing bacterial diversity in soil samples. The third chapter compared the cultivation technique sensitivity for American Foul Brood (AFB) diagnosis, a bee disease caused by Paenibacillus larvae, to cultivation independent technique by PCR. This survey demonstrated that sensitivity of the technique was greater than that one by P. larvae cultivation technique. Thus, the present survey concluded that cultivation independent techniques were useful for granting agriculture sectors demands. / O conhecimento das informa??es gen?ticas bacterianas tem permitido avan?os em diversas ?reas do conhecimento. Esse conhecimento permite detectar microrganismos, bem como avaliar a produ??o de fatores de virul?ncia e resist?ncia em determinadas popula??es. Mais recentemente, o diagn?stico molecular pela detec??o de fragmentos de DNA espec?ficos desses agentes vem sendo implementado em situa??es onde o cultivo bacteriano n?o ? vi?vel ou ? dificultado por condi??es bi?ticas ou abi?ticas. Al?m da detec??o de agentes espec?ficos, o conhecimento da diversidade bacteriana presente em alguns ambientes pode ser um importante crit?rio, como, por exemplo, para avaliar a qualidade do solo. A forma mais comum de avaliar a diversidade bacteriana se d? atrav?s do cultivo. Por?m, a maior parte das popula??es bacterianas presentes no solo n?o s?o cultiv?veis, com isso, a utiliza??o de ferramentas moleculares s?o cada vez mais utilizadas nesse tipo de an?lise. O presente estudo teve como objetivo padronizar a utiliza??o de t?cnicas independentes de cultivo para atender demandas de tr?s setores da agricultura. O primeiro cap?tulo padronizou a utiliza??o da t?cnica de DGGE (Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante) para an?lise da diversidade bacteriana do leite de tetos mast?ticos e sadios de um mesmo animal. Os resultados apontaram para diferen?as no perfil bacteriano dos dois grupos analisados. O segundo cap?tulo avaliou o impacto sobre a microbiota bacteriana em solos tratados com associa??es de cascalho de perfura??o e tortas de mamona e crambe como adubos agr?colas atrav?s da an?lise de DGGE. A aplica??o da t?cnica de DGGE foi eficiente na avalia??o e confirmou que os tratamentos contribu?ram para o aumento da diversidade bacteriana nas amostras de solos estudadas. O terceiro experimento comparou a sensibilidade da t?cnica de cultivo, oficial para diagn?stico da Cria P?trida Americana (CPA), uma doen?a ap?cola causada por Paenibacillus larvae, com t?cnica de independente de cultivo por PCR do material extra?do direto do mel. Este estudo constatou que a sensibilidade da t?cnica proposta foi superior ? obtida pela t?cnica de cultivo de P. larvae. Com isso, conclui-se que as t?cnicas independentes de cultivo foram ?teis no atendimento das demandas das quest?es dos setores agr?colas contemplados no estudo.

Orientadores: Lucia Regina Durrant, Maria Cristina Teixeira Duarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T02:50:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_PatriciaLopesde_M.pdf: 548910 bytes, checksum: c926718a648c227f14a1b0d9ad0ef7c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: No presente trabalho a produção de manganês peroxidase (MnP) pelas bactérias Bacillus pumilus e Paenibacillus sp. foi estudada na ausência e presença de indutores. As cinéticas de produção enzimática mostraram que a utilização de indulina AT no meio de cultivo de B. pumilus aumentou a atividade da MnP, propiciando 31,66 U/L após 8h, enquanto a utilização de indutores no meio de cultivo de Paenibacillus sp. não causou aumento da MnP, e a cultura sem a presença de indutores apresentou atividade da MnP de 12,33 U/L, após 20 h. As MnPs produzidas por estes microrganismos foram purificadas em resina Fenil Sepharose e as proteínas de ambos os caldos brutos foram eluídas em duas frações, porém apenas as primeiras frações apresentaram atividade para a enzima. Ensaios a diferentes valores de pH e temperatura, de pH 5,0 a pH 10,0 e 25 ºC a 60 ºC foram realizados com as MnPs purificadas para verificar as condições ótimas de atuação das enzimas. Para a MnP de B. pumilus a máxima atividade foi de 4,3 U/L a pH 8,0 e 25 oC, enquanto para a MnP de Paenibacillus sp. a máxima atividade foi de 11,74 U/L a pH 9,0 e 45 oC. Através de eletroforese SDS-PAGE, verificou-se que a massa molar da MnP purificada de B. pumilus foi de 25 kDa e de Paenibacillus sp. foi de 40 kDa. As bactérias foram aplicadas separadamente em efluente da indústria papeleira com pH corrigido para pH 7,0, 9,0 e 11,0, para verificação da remoção da cor e da DQO. As remoções da cor real e DQO em pH 9,0 foram respectivamente de 41,87% e 22,08% após o tratamento com B. pumilus e 42,30% e 22,89% após tratamento com Paenibacillus sp., ambos de 48 h de tratamento. Para verificar as massas molares dos compostos presentes no efluente não tratado e tratado, foi utilizada cromatografia de permeação em gel. Pode-se verificar que houve diminuição dos compostos responsáveis pela cor do efluente da indústria papeleira / Abstract: The production of manganese peroxidase (MnP) from Bacillus pumilus and Paenibacillus sp. was studied under absence and presence of inducers. The enzymatic production showed that indulin AT increased the MnP activity in the B. pumilus culture medium up to 31.66 U/L after 8 h, while the inducers did not provide changes in the MnP activity in the Paenibacillus sp. culture medium, which reached maximum activity of 12.22 U/L after 20 h. The MnPs produced by these microorganisms were purified in Fenil Sepharose resin and proteins from both crude enzymes eluted two fractions, however only the first ones exhibited MnP activity. Tests in different pH and temperature values, from pH 5.0 to pH 10.0 and 30 ºC to 60 ºC, respectively, were accomplished with purified MnP to verify the optimum conditions for maximum activity. For MnP activity from B. pumilus the maximum activity was 4.3 U/L in pH 8.0 at 25 oC and for MnP activity from Paenibacillus sp. the maximum activity was 11.74 U/L in pH 9.0 at 45 oC. The molar masses determined by SDS-PAGE gel eletrophoresis were 25 kDa for the purified enzyme from B. pumilus and 40 kDa for purified enzyme from Paenibacillus sp. The bacteria were applied to the paper industry effluent to investigate the colour remotion. Inoculum were individually applied in effluent with corrected pH to 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0. After the effluent treatment with microorganisms, tests were carried out to verify the real colour and COD remotion. The real colour and COD remotion in pH 9.0 effluent were respectively 41.87% and 22.08% after B. pumilus treatment and 42.30% and 22.89% after Paenibacillus sp. treatment, both of 48 h. Gel permeation chromatography was used to verify the molar masses of compounds present in the non-treated and treated effluent, showing a decrease in the compounds responsible for the paper industry effluent colour / Mestrado / Microbiologia / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Paenibacillus larvae is a Gram-positive sporulating bacterium that causes American foulbrood (AFB). It is one of the most dangerous bacterial pathogens of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). P. larvae spores are highly infectious to bee larvae and resist physicochemical influences. P. larvae is subtyped using repPCR with ERIC primers (Enterobacterial Repetitive Integrance Consensus) into five genotypes (ERIC I-V), which possess different colony morphology, metabolism and especially virulence. There is a significant genetic variability among isolates of P. larvae, which may contribute to differences in virulence. P. larvae isolates used in this work were obtained from clinical cases of American foulbrood as well as from a debris collected from bee hives with no American foulbrood symptoms from all over the Czech Republic in cooperation with the Beekeeping Research Institute, s.r.o., Dol. The isolates were obtained from larvae and hive debris. Both virulet and avirulet strains were sequenced using the SMRT (single molecule real time) method on the Sequel platform (PacBio). This method is suitable for Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), because it allows sequencing of long reads with high accuracy, eliminating the effect of a large number of repetitive sequences during the genome assembly. Furthermore,...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18331号 / 農博第2056号 / 新制||農||1022(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4838(農学部図書室) / 31189 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 充美, 教授 三上 文三, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p dir="ltr"><i>Serratia marcescens </i>is a bacterium with a ubiquitous environmental distribution and the ability to cause opportunistic infections. This research explores three different group behaviors in <i>S. marcescen</i>s. These are biofilm formation, microbial hitchhiking, and responses to cannabinoid-induced stress. To study biofilm development, we used a crystal violet assay to measure biofilm and compared that to the bacterial growth of those cultures. We looked at the role of nutrients and temperature in biofilm produced by <i>S. marcescens</i> and tested four <i>S. marcescens</i> strains. We found that there were differences in the ratio of biofilm to growth when <i>S. marcescens</i> was grown in different media. The exact relationship between temperature and media composition requires more information than could be attained from these studies. Next, we wanted to investigate whether <i>S. marcescens</i> could also utilize movement of other, more highly motile species of bacteria through a process called microbial hitchhiking. <i>S. marcescens</i> was grown with a highly motile <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. isolate. <i>S. marcescens</i> was tracked by the red pigment that it produces. It was observed that <i>S. marcescens</i> consistently spread farther across a surface when it was co-cultured with <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. than when grown alone. This was repeated with three other <i>S. marcescens</i> strains and three different species of <i>Paenibacillus.</i><i> </i>Hitchhiking behavior was observed in all cases. To understand the mechanism by which <i>S. marcescens</i> hitchhikes on <i>Paenibacillus </i>spp., a <i>S. marcescens </i>flagellar mutant was used. Even in the absence of a flagellum, <i>S. marcescens</i> was still able to hitchhike implying that another mechanism must be involved. Finally, we evaluated the response of <i>S. marcescens </i>to cannabidiol (CBD) a phytocannabinoid with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, though it has limited potency against Gram-negative bacteria like <i>S. marcescens</i>. We found that CBD did not kill <i>S. marcescens </i>nor did it affect its biofilm development. Interestingly, <i>S. marcescens </i>cultures showed enhanced pigment production in response to high-dose CBD exposure compared to vehicle controls. This response was also observed with exposure to three additional phytocannabinoids. Results from these studies add to our understanding of how <i>S. marcescens</i> can access new areas and persist in a broad range of environments.</p>

Os produtos naturais desempenham fundamental importância na descoberta de novos fármacos. Muitos destes fármacos originaram-se de produtos naturais microbianos o que demonstra uma extrema eficiência na habilidade dos micro-organismos de sintetizar substâncias químicas com elevado potencial biológico. Sabe-se que os insetos sociais estão sujeitos a condições climáticas e populacionais que aumentam sua susceptibilidade a parasitas. Assim, estes insetos desenvolveram um mecanismo de defesa evolutivo que consiste na associação simbiótica a bactérias capazes de biossintetizar produtos antimicrobianos contra os patógenos. Dispondo dessas informações, o presente trabalho contribuiu com o estudo dos produtos naturais biossintetizados pela bactéria Paenibacillus polymyxa ALLI-03-01, provável simbionte da espécie de abelha sem ferrão Melipona scutellaris. Os micro-organismos foram isolados de colônias mantidas no Departamento de Biologia da FFCLRP-USP. Todas as linhagens foram testadas contra dois fungos entomopatogênicos - Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae; os que apresentaram atividade antifúngica tiveram seus extratos em acetato de etila e metanol preparados e foram avaliados em ensaios antiparasitários contra Trypanosoma cruzi e Leishmania donovani. A bactéria ALLI-03-01, isolada do alimento larval, foi escolhida para os estudos químicos, pois apresentou satisfatória atividade antifúngica e proeminente atividade antiparasitária. Este micro-organismo foi identificado pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA como sendo a bactéria Paenibacillus polymyxa, conhecida pela alta capacidade de produção de metabólitos secundários. Para conhecer seu metabolismo, esta bactéria foi cultivada em meio ISP-2 ágar e líquido e do extrato em acetato de etila do cultivo fermentativo de P. polymyxa ALLI-03-01 foi isolado o ácido L-3-fenil lático. As atividades antifúngicas dos padrões comerciais dos ácidos D-(+)- e L-(-)- 3-fenil lático foram testadas frente ao fungo entomopatogênico B. bassiana e apenas o enantiômero L apresentou atividade antifúngica. Do extrato em metanol do cultivo em meio sólido do mesmo micro-organismo foram identificados em mistura, principalmente por MALDI-TOF MS/MS, nove diferentes ciclolipodepsipeptídeos, da classe das Fusaricidinas. As fusaricidinas são conhecidas por apresentarem alta atividade anti-microbiana, que foi comprovada quando duas frações compostas por diferentes fusaricidinas foram testadas frente ao fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae e contra a bactéria patogênica Paenibacillus larvae. As frações apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de inibição contra ambos os patógenos, dessa maneira as fusaricidinas e a produção seletiva do ácido L-3-fenil lático por esta bactéria podem ser vias de proteção da colônia, evitando que patógenos destruam-na e permitindo o desenvolvimento sadio de larvas. Sendo assim, este trabalho relata pela primeira vez a possível relação simbiótica existente entre o micro-organismo Paenibacillus polymyxa ALLI-03-01 e a colônia de abelhas Melipona scutellaris, bem como a produção por este micro-organismo de compostos com alta atividade antimicrobiana que podem exercer o controle de parasitas dentro da colônia, estabelecendo assim, uma possível relação ecológica entre o micro-organismo destacado e as abelhas Melipona scutellaris. / Natural products play an important role in drug discovery. Several drugs have been discovered or developed from microbial natural products hits and leads showing a great efficiency of microorganisms to synthesize compounds with high biological potential. It is known that social insects are subjected to climate and population conditions that increase their susceptibility to parasites. Therefore, these insects have developed an evolutionary defense mechanism consisting in symbiotic association with bacteria capable of biosynthesize antimicrobial products against pathogens. In this context, this study contributed to the knowledge of natural products biosynthesized by the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa ALLI-03-01, a probable symbiont of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. Microorganisms were isolated from colonies maintained at the Department of Biology of FFCLRP-USP. All strains were tested against two entomopathogenic fungi - Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae; strains that showed antifungal activity had their ethyl acetate and methanol extracts prepared and evaluated against the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. The bacterium ALLI-03-01, isolated from larval food, was selected for chemical studies, due to its satisfactory antifungal activity and outstanding antiparasitic activity. This microorganism was identified by gene 16S rRNA sequencing as Paenibacillus polymyxa, a bacterium recognized for its ability of biosynthesize secondary metabolities. This bacterium was cultivated in ISP-2 agar and liquid medium and from the ethyl acetate extract of P. polymyxa ALLI-03-01 cultivated in liquid medium L-3-phenyllactic acid was isolated. The antifungal activity of comercial standards of D-(+)- and L-(-)-phenyllactic acid were tested against entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana and only the L enantiomer presented antifungal activity. Nine cyclo lipodepsipeptides known as fusaricidins were identified in mixture using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS from the methanol extract of ALLI-03-01. The fusaricidins are recognized for their high antimicrobial activity, which was confirmed when two fractions composed by different fusaricidins were tested against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the pathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. The fractions showed satisfactory inhibition against both pathogens. Therefore, fusaricidins and selective production of L-3-phenyllactic acid by the bacterium may be colony protection resources, preventing the action of pathogens and allowing healthy larvae development. Therefore, this study reports for the first time a possible symbiotic relationship between Paenibacillus polymyxa ALLI-03-01 and the colony of M. scutellaris bees, as well as production of compounds with high antimicrobial activity by this microorganism that might act as parasite control agents within the colony, establishing a possible ecological relationship between the bacterium and M. scutellaris bees.

No description available.

In this thesis, the interactions of U(VI) with one representative each of the domains Bacteria (Paenibacillus sp. JG TB8) and Archaea (Sulfolobus acidocaldarius) are compared. We demonstrate that at highly acidic conditions (pH ≤ 3), U(VI) is bound to cells of the both strains exclusively via organic phosphate groups. In contrast to this, the U(VI) complexation modes differ between the studied strains at moderate acidic conditions. These differences are assigned to the different cell wall structures of both strains as well as to their different physiological characteristics. We also demonstrate that the aeration conditions can strongly influence the uranium accumulation of facultative anaerobic microorganisms at moderate acidic pH conditions. This finding could clearly be assigned to the dependency of the intrinsic phosphatase activity on the aeration conditions. The second part of this thesis deals with the outermost surface layer (SlaA-layer) of S. acidocaldarius. It was shown that this surface protein is not involved in the U(VI) complexation at highly acidic conditions, covering the physiological pH optimum of S. acidocaldarius. Hence the SlaA layer does not provide a protective function against U(VI) to the cells of this acidophilic archaeon. However, we demonstrated that purified SlaA-layer ghosts (i.e. empty cell sacculi) efficiently interact with gold ions and are a good macromolecular template for the formation of magnetic gold nanoparticles. / In dieser Doktorarbeit werden die Wechselwirkungen von U(VI) mit je einem Vertreter der Bakterien (Paenibacillus sp. JG TB8) und Archeen (Sulfolobus acidocaldarius) verglichen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass U(VI) im sehr sauren Milieu (pH ≤ 3) ausschließlich durch organische Phosphatgruppen an die Zellen beider Stämme gebunden ist. Im Gegensatz dazu unterscheiden sich die Mechanismen der U(VI)-Komplexierung beider untersuchter Stämme bei mäßig sauren Bedingungen voneinander. Diese Unterschiede basieren auf den unterschiedlichen Zellwandstrukturen und physiologischen Eigenschaften beider Stämme. Wir konnten außerdem zeigen, dass die atmosphärischen Bedingungen die Urankomplexierung durch fakultativ anaerobe Mikroorganismen bei mäßig sauren Bedingungen stark beeinflussen kann. Dieses Ergebnis konnte eindeutig auf die von den atmosphärischen Bedingungen-abhängige, enzymatische Aktivität der zelleigenen Phosphatase zurückgeführt werden. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der äußeren Oberflächenschicht (SlaA-layer) von S. acidocaldarius. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieses Oberflächenprotein nicht an der U(VI)-Komplexierung bei stark sauren pH, welcher dem physiologischen pH Optimum von S. acidocaldarius entspricht, beteiligt ist. Damit stellt der SlaA-layer keinen Schutz gegen Uran für die Zellen dieses azidothermophilen Archaeons dar. Allerdings konnten wir zeigen, dass isolierte „SlaA-layer ghosts“ (d.h. leere Zellhüllen) mit Goldionen interagieren und sich daher als makromolekulares Template für die Herstellung magnetischer Gold Nanopartikel eignen.