Abstract By acknowledging pain as subjective and only fully perceived by the person in pain, the main aim of this study was to report on the use of qualitative child interviewing and drawings as a research method to elicit hospitalized children’s perceptions and descriptions of their pain experience. Further, the second aim was to contribute to the improvement of pain assessment and management in hospitalized children by approaching the question from the children’s point of view through their words and drawings. Forty-four children in four paediatric units in a university hospital participated in the study. The data were collected by means of qualitative interviews and thematic drawings. The interview data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The drawings were sorted into categories on the basis of contents, and cognitive competence and emotional disturbances by the Draw-A-Person procedure, and a comparison was made of the data from hospitalized children and healthy control groups. All the children had experienced pain in different situations while hospitalized. The pain experiences came from four main sources: 1. pain caused by a diagnosed basic illness, 2. pain caused by medical and diagnostic procedures and basic nursing, 3. pain caused by accidents, and 4. inexplicable pain not caused by a particular illness or injury and imaginary pain. In describing their pain, the children emphasized the multidimensional nature of pain and used a number of self-reported pain words to describe physical and psychic pain, as well as evaluative aspects of pain. The children had difficulties in finding positive aspects about pain. The drawings of the hospitalized children frequently depicted medical procedures, whereas the drawings of the healthy controls depicted more family relations. The hospitalized children showed a lower level of cognitive capacity, whereas the healthy control group children revealed a higher level of emotional disturbance. The variety of children’s responses to pain management suggests that children try and can alleviate their pain. The children reported their expectations of professional help and valued the care and attention provided by significant others. The findings provide research-based knowledge for carrying out research with children, and for healthcare professionals in their assessment and management of children’s pain in more holistic and child-centred way. Children’s competence to describe their pain supports encouraging their involvement as social actors in pain assessment and management in partnership with health care professionals and significant others. This has to be done with respect for their rights as individuals and the desire to give them a sense of ownership of what happens during hospitalization.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Lungcancer är den femte vanligaste cancerformen och den cancerrelaterade dödsorsaken i Sverige. De flesta patienter som insjuknar i lungcancer är runt 70 år, knappt ett hundratal personer varje år insjuknar före 50-årsåldern. <strong>Syftet:</strong> Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar hur patienter med lungcancer upplever sin smärta och mötet med sjuksköterskan. <strong>Metod:</strong> En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar granskades. <strong>Resultat:</strong> I resultatet visade att smärtupplevelsen och mötet med sjuksköterskan är individuell och beror på många olika faktorer. Den fysiska och psykiska smärtan hörde ihop och påverkade varandra . Patienterna upplevde att sjuksköterskornas tidsbrist kunde skapa missförstånd, att de fick bristfällig information och att deras smärta kunde underskattas. <strong>Diskussion:</strong> Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Travelbees omvårdnadsteori. Sjuksköterskan bör se patienten som en individ och bemöta patientens smärta med respekt, ge honom den tid, den förståelse och den information han behöver.</p> / <p><strong>Background</strong>: Lung cancer is the fifth most common form of cancer and a cancer-related cause of death in Sweden. The majority of patients suffering from lung cancer are around 70 years old, barely a hundred people each year become ill before the age of 50 years. <strong>Purpose</strong>:<strong> </strong>To describe the factors that affect how patients with<strong> </strong>lung cancer experience their pain and the contact with the nurse. <strong>Method</strong>:  A systematic literature study was conducted in which both qualitative and quantitative articles were reviewed. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The result showed that pain perception and the meeting with the nurse is individual and depends on many factors. The physical and mental pain went together and influenced each other. Patients felt that nurses' lack of time, could create misunderstandings, meaning that they could receive inadequate information and that their pain could be underestimated. <strong>Discussion</strong>: The results were discussed based on Travelbees nursing theory. The nurse should see the patient as an individual and treat his pain with respect, giving him the time, the understanding and the information he needs.</p>

Bakgrund: Lungcancer är den femte vanligaste cancerformen och den cancerrelaterade dödsorsaken i Sverige. De flesta patienter som insjuknar i lungcancer är runt 70 år, knappt ett hundratal personer varje år insjuknar före 50-årsåldern. Syftet: Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar hur patienter med lungcancer upplever sin smärta och mötet med sjuksköterskan. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar granskades. Resultat: I resultatet visade att smärtupplevelsen och mötet med sjuksköterskan är individuell och beror på många olika faktorer. Den fysiska och psykiska smärtan hörde ihop och påverkade varandra . Patienterna upplevde att sjuksköterskornas tidsbrist kunde skapa missförstånd, att de fick bristfällig information och att deras smärta kunde underskattas. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Travelbees omvårdnadsteori. Sjuksköterskan bör se patienten som en individ och bemöta patientens smärta med respekt, ge honom den tid, den förståelse och den information han behöver. / Background: Lung cancer is the fifth most common form of cancer and a cancer-related cause of death in Sweden. The majority of patients suffering from lung cancer are around 70 years old, barely a hundred people each year become ill before the age of 50 years. Purpose: To describe the factors that affect how patients with lung cancer experience their pain and the contact with the nurse. Method:  A systematic literature study was conducted in which both qualitative and quantitative articles were reviewed. Conclusion: The result showed that pain perception and the meeting with the nurse is individual and depends on many factors. The physical and mental pain went together and influenced each other. Patients felt that nurses' lack of time, could create misunderstandings, meaning that they could receive inadequate information and that their pain could be underestimated. Discussion: The results were discussed based on Travelbees nursing theory. The nurse should see the patient as an individual and treat his pain with respect, giving him the time, the understanding and the information he needs.

The main focus of the multidisciplinary nature of design is to provide users a better life in terms of enabling the products to be safe, usable and pleasurable to use. Therefore, physical pain is always avoided. However, physical pain is involved in our daily lives, not only as an avoided concept, but also as a constructive concept. It is used for functional or hedonic purposes / whether consciously or not. The focus in this research is exploring these &lsquo / used&rsquo / pains, and their relations to product design / in other words, how products are (or how they may be) used or manipulated to use pain instead of avoiding it. Eventually, the aim is to map the pain experience as a constructive element of experience and to come up with a statement for the usage of physical pain in product design as a beneficial tool, instead of just being a tool for pleasure as it has been used in product design till now. In order to explore the pain experience with products, a contexmapping study and a focus group study have been done. The phenomena of &lsquo / good, transitional and bad pain&rsquo / were introduced. Following this, pain experience with products model was proposed utilizing the results of the studies and for the exploration of the implementation of the model in practicum, a generative session study to obtain initial design ideas was done.

In order for animals to experience pain and to suffer from it, they have to be capable of conscious perception. Recent evidence suggests that the fetus is maintained in a sleeplike unconscious state and that conscious perception therefore only occurs after birth. The timing of the onset of conscious perception depends on the maturation of underlying neurological processes and is anticipated to be species dependent. Painspecific electroencephalographic (EEG) responses of lightly anaesthetised young of three species born at different levels of neurological development were investigated. The results of the present thesis are in agreement with published data on general neurological, EEG and behavioural development. This information, in addition to the present results, has been used to estimate the approximate time of the onset of conscious perception in tammar wallaby joeys, rat pups and newborn lambs. In wallaby joeys (extremely immature at birth), the EEG remained isoelectric until about 100-120 days of in-pouch age and became continuous by about 150-160 days, with electroencephalographic and behavioural signs of conscious perception apparent by about 160-180 days. In rat pups (immature at birth), the absence of a differentiated EEG suggests that the ability for conscious perception in pups younger than 10-12 days is doubtful. The marginal EEG responses to noxious stimulation in 12-14 day-old pups and the pronounced EEG responses in pups 18-20 days suggest that rats may be capable of conscious perception from 12-14 days onwards. In lambs (mature at birth), full conscious perception is probably not apparent before 5 minutes after birth and may take up to several hours or days to become fully established. Its modulation by the residual neuroinhibitor allopregnanolone, if that occurs, would be highest over the first 12 hours after birth. Overall, the onset of conscious perception does not seem to follow an “on-off phenomenon”, but seems to develop gradually, even in species born neurologically mature. Although conscious perception, and hence pain experience, may be qualitatively different in younger animals, on the basis of the precautionary principle, when significantly invasive procedures are planned, pain relief should be provided from those postnatal ages when pain may first be perceived – i.e. from about 120 days in the tammar wallaby joey, about 10 days in the rat pup and from soon after birth in the lamb.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Den största orsaken till brännskador är värme från heta vätskor, eld samt fasta ämnen. Smärta efter brännskador kostar samhället mycket pengar vilket leder till stora ekonomiska förluster. För att få en individuell smärtbehandlingsplan behövs en effektiv smärtbedömning. Att minimera och utvärdera patienternas smärta är en viktig del i sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde vid omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av smärta efter brännskador. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes för att sammanställa resultat kring smärta efter brännskador. Artiklarna hämtades från CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed och Scopus, vilket resulterade i 10 artiklar som granskades och användes i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i kategorierna smärta i den akuta fasen, smärta vid sårvård, kvarvarande smärta och konsekvenser av att leva med smärta. Konklusion/implikation: Smärtan påverkar patienten från den initiala skadan och kan finnas kvar i flera år. Litteraturstudien kan ge sjuksköterskor en ökad förståelse kring omvårdnad av patienter med smärta efter brännskador, då smärtlindring är en viktig del i sjuksköterskans ansvar. / Background: The biggest cause of burns is heat from hot liquids, fire and solid substances. Pain after burns is costly for the society which leads to large financial losses. An effective pain assessment is needed to get an individual pain treatment plan. An important area of responsibility in nursing is to minimize and evaluate patients’ pain. Aim: The aim was to shed light on patients' experiences of pain after burns. Method: To compile the results found regarding pain after burns a general literature study was used. The articles were retrieved from CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus, resulting in ten articles reviewed and used in the results. Results: The results were divided into the categories pain in the acute phase, pain during wound care, residual pain and consequences of living with pain. Conclusion/implication: The pain affects the patient from the initial injury and may persist for years. The literature study can give nurses an increased understanding of taking care of patients with pain after burns. An important part of the nurse's responsibility is pain relief.

Cette thèse porte sur la compréhension de l'expérience de la douleur chronique à travers les rôles de facteurs psychosociaux : Douleur chronique comprise en tant que « douleur en situation » et socialement construite, et expérience de la douleur enracinée dans et par la vie sociale. L'expérience est ainsi fonction des significations et du sens que le sujet donne à ses situations de douleur, par l'importance des théories subjectives ou 'profanes' et des représentations sociales. De ce fait, la compréhension de l'expérience de la douleur nous amène à penser le rôle du savoir expérientiel des patients, et ainsi la place du « patient-expert » dans le système de soin. Nous explorons, par ailleurs, le fait que l'expérience, le sens donné à la douleur et le vécu auraient un lien avec la qualité de vie et la souffrance psychologique. Nos intérêts s'élargissent ainsi à la compréhension des déterminants de la qualité de vie et de la santé psychologique, notamment à travers le rôle du rapport au temps et des insertions sociales des patients. De façon plus élargie, cette thèse porte également sur les déterminants de la participation aux études longitudinales et à la prise en charge des patients au long court. En conséquence, nous inscrivons cette présente thèse dans un cadre pluriméthodologique avec des données quantitatives et discursives dans un objectif de triangulation. / Our research cover the comprehension of the experience of chronic pain through the role of psychosocial factors. These diseases are understood as "pain in situation" and socially constructed; their experience is related to and conditioned by social life. Experience becomes function of meanings and sense that patients give to their pain situations, by the importance of subjective and 'profane' theories, and social representations. Therefore, the understanding of pain experience leads us to question the role of patients' experiential knowledge and the position of the "expert patient" in the health care system. In addition, we explore the fact that the experience and the meaning gave to the pain may be related to quality of life and psychological suffering. Our interests thus broaden to include the understanding of quality of life and psychological health determinants, especially through the role of the relation to psychological time and patients' social insertions. More generally, we study the determinants of involvement in longitudinal studies and long-term patients care. Consequently, we incorporate our research interests within a multi-methodological framework using quantitative and discursive data to create triangulation

No description available.

Review of previous research on cultural differences in pain experience and/or pain behavior revealed that cultural affiliation affects pain perception and response. Unfortunately, the many inconsistent findings in the literature on cultural differences in pain experience and behavior have made interpretations and comparisons of results problematic. These inconsistent findings could be attributed to variations in acculturation level among cultural groups. The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences in pain experience (assessed by McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Box Scale, the Headache Pain Drawing, and the Headache Questionnaire) and pain behavior (measured by determining medication use and interference of daily functioning due to headaches) among Mexican (n = 43), Mexican American (n = 36), and Anglo American (n = 50) female chronic headache pain sufferers. The contribution of acculturation to differences in pain experience and behavior among cultural groups was measured by the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans. The three cultural groups of women significantly differed on pain experience and pain behavior. Specifically, Mexican women experienced their headache pain more intensely, severely, and emotionally than Mexican American and Anglo American women. Furthermore, Mexican women were more willing to verbally express their pain than the other two groups. As for pain behavior, Mexican women took more medication and reported more severe inhibition of daily activities due to headaches than Mexican American and Anglo American women. Ethnic identity, ethnic pride, and language preference were factors in the acculturation process which contributed the most to women's chronic pain experience and behavior. The greatest variability occurred within the Mexican American group of women who perceived themselves as being more Mexican in attitudes and/or behaviors, but more similar to Anglo American in their pain experience and pain behavior. Results are explained using biocultural multidimensional pain theory, social learning theory, and acculturation theory.