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<p><p>Objective:</p><p>This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical activity level (PAL), measured with activity diary and accelerometer, among overweight and obese children and adolescents. The aim was also to study differences in PAL between girls and boys.</p><p>Design:</p><p>55 children and adolescents, whom been subjected to a physical activity registration with a physical activity diary and accelerometer during three or four days, were included in this study. From the data received from the children’s journal records PAL was calculated and compiled for statistic analysis.</p><p>Results:</p><p>The results of the study showed that the children underestimated their physical activity level when measured with activity diary, in comparison with the physical activity level measured with accelerometer. Differences between girl and boys PAL values were not statistically significant, although the girls PAL values from the accelerometer, but not from the activity diary, reached a moderate activity level according to Nordic nutrition recommendation. No correlation between the activity diary and accelerometer was found.</p><p>Conclusions:</p><p>The Activity diary can not be used as solitary instrument to mesure physical activity in obese or overweight children.</p><p>There is no validated way to measure physical activity in overweight or obese children.</p><p>Before studies can be conducted with reliable results, physical activity level scales and calculated BMR must be designed for overweight and obese children.</p></p>

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical activity level (PAL), measured with activity diary and accelerometer, among overweight and obese children and adolescents. The aim was also to study differences in PAL between girls and boys. Design: 55 children and adolescents, whom been subjected to a physical activity registration with a physical activity diary and accelerometer during three or four days, were included in this study. From the data received from the children’s journal records PAL was calculated and compiled for statistic analysis. Results: The results of the study showed that the children underestimated their physical activity level when measured with activity diary, in comparison with the physical activity level measured with accelerometer. Differences between girl and boys PAL values were not statistically significant, although the girls PAL values from the accelerometer, but not from the activity diary, reached a moderate activity level according to Nordic nutrition recommendation. No correlation between the activity diary and accelerometer was found. Conclusions: The Activity diary can not be used as solitary instrument to mesure physical activity in obese or overweight children. There is no validated way to measure physical activity in overweight or obese children. Before studies can be conducted with reliable results, physical activity level scales and calculated BMR must be designed for overweight and obese children.

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Ricardo Aparício / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:47:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_CleltonAparecidodos_D.pdf: 17722787 bytes, checksum: bfe46a8c0582a66be16a3f8b35fc9ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria responsável por inúmeras doenças de plantas em culturas economicamente importantes ao redor do mundo, incluindo a clorose variegada dos citros. Após a infecção de seu hospedeiro, as células de X. fastidiosa é apta a formarem uma estrutura de biofilme que bloqueia os vasos xilemáticos, levando a uma condição de estresse hídrico na planta hospedeira e desencadeando o desenvolvimento da doença. Tendo como estímulo a relevância econômica da citricultura para o Brasil e, visando reduzir os prejuízos provocados pelos problemas fitossanitários que acometem esta cultura, foi realizado um consórcio de pesquisa com o intuito de se conhecer completamente o genoma da linhagem 9a5c de X. fastidiosa. Inúmeras proteínas associadas com patogenicidade, adaptação e sobrevivência bacteriana foram identificadas, incluindo XfDsbC (proteína disulfeto isomerase), Xf5'-Nt (5'-nucelotidase), XfTolB (proteína de translocação B) e XfPal (lipoproteína associada ao peptidoglicano) que foram caracterizadas neste estudo. Empregando ferramentas de caracterização de proteínas, aspectos funcionais e estruturais destas quatro proteínas alvos foram avaliados. Dentre os resultados destaca-se a imunodetecção de XfDsbC, Xf5'-Nt, XfTolB e XfPal durante as diferentes fases de formação e desenvolvimento do biofilme de X. fastidiosa, que é tido como o principal mecanismo de patogenicidade deste fitopatógeno, confirmando a predição inicial de tais proteínas como associadas à patogenicidade bacteriana. Adicionalmente, resultados funcionais e estruturais revelaram detalhes finos do papel biológico desempenhado por cada uma das proteínas estudadas. Juntos, os resultados apresentados neste trabalho contribuem para o melhor entendimento de patogenicidade bacteriana, especialmente com respeito ao fitopatógeno X. fastidiosa / Abstract: Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen bacterium responsible for numerous economically important crops diseases around the world, including the citrus variegated chlorosis. Following the host infection, the X. fastidiosa cells are able to form a biofilm structure which block the xylem vessels, leading to a hydric stress condition in the host plant and triggers the disease development. Given the economic relevance of citriculture for Brazil and in order to reduce the damage caused by phytosanitary problems that affect the citrus production, a research consortium was established with the aim to elucidate the complete genome sequence of the X. fastidiosa 9a5c strain. Numerous proteins associated with bacterial pathogenicity, adaptation and survival have been identified, including XfDsbC (protein disulfide isomerase), Xf5'-Nt (5'-nucleotidase), XfTolB (protein translocation B) and XfPal (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein) which were characterized in this study. Using tools for protein characterization, structural and functional aspects of these four protein targets were evaluated. Among the results, we highlight the immunodetection of XfDsbC, Xf5'-Nt, XfTolB and XfPal during the different stages of X. fastidiosa biofilm formation and development which is considered the primary mechanism of pathogenicity of this pathogen. These findings, confirming the initial prediction that relates such proteins as associated with bacterial pathogenicity. Additionally, structural and functional results revealed accurate details of the biological role played by each protein studied. Taken together, the findings presented in this study contribute to a better understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, especially with regard to the plant pathogen X. fastidiosa / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

En économie du développement, la culture d’évaluation s’est renforcée pour mieux orienter l’aide vers les actions qui ont démontré la preuve de leur efficacité. Dans ce contexte aux pratiques renouvelées, un essor des méthodes expérimentales s’est fait jour dans le domaine de l’évaluation, notamment à travers la méthode des évaluations aléatoires qui est fortement promue par le laboratoire J-PAL, et notamment par Esther Duflo. Contribuant empiriquement à la constitution d’un « fonds scientifique capitalisable » grâce aux connaissances mises à jour, mais comportant des failles persistantes, nous procédons dans cette thèse à une analyse critique de la méthode, avec l’appui d’une récente littérature économique française et anglophone.De plus, nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire auprès de parents d’élèves du primaire à Madagascar, notre terrain d’étude. Pour la réaliser, nous nous sommes basés sur une évaluation aléatoire qui avait été menée dans ce pays par une doctorante affiliée au J-PAL, et qui concluait à un impact positif d’un traitement à base d’information statistique sur les rendements de l’éducation, délivrée aux parents d’élèves du primaire. En reproduisant ce traitement dans notre enquête, nous avons voulu savoir si l’on pouvait aboutir à des résultats similaires bien que la méthode employée varie. Nous retrouvons globalement les conclusions de l’auteure de l’évaluation aléatoire, bien que nous utilisions une méthode moins purement quantitative. / In development economics, the culture of evaluation is being strengthened to specify which development actions could be effective, and thus allows a better targeting of aid on the actions that have proven their effectiveness. Within this context of renewed practices, an expansion of experimental methods in the evaluation field has emerged, in particular through the method of randomized evaluations strongly promoted by the J-PAL laboratory, particularly by the emblematic figure of Esther Duflo. Contributing empirically to the composition of a « scientific capitalizable fund » thanks to the updated knowledge, but still including persistent limits, we set into this thesis about a critical analysis of this method, with the mobilization of some recent French and English economic literature.Moreover, we conducted a questionnaire survey to primary school pupils’ parents in Madagascar, our field study. To carry out it, we used a randomized evaluation that had been conducted in this country by a PhD student affiliated with the J-PAL and whose finding was the positive effect of some statistical information treatment on returns to education towards primary school pupils’ parents. By reproducing this treatment in our study, we wanted to know whether it was possible to achieve similar results even though the applied method varies. It’s globally matching up with the conclusions of the author of the randomized evaluation, even if we use a less purely quantitative method.

Le système Tol-Pal est un complexe de l’enveloppe d’Escherichia coli composé de CINQ protéines. Les protéines ToIQ, ToIR, TolA forment un complexe dans la membrane interne; la lipoprotéine Pal interagit avec le peptidoglycane avec la protéine périplasmique TolB. Ce système est conservé chez la plupart des bactéries à Gram négatif. Il joue un rôle important dans le maintien de la stabilité de l’enveloppe et dans l’étape tardive de la division cellulaire. Une interaction entre TolA et Pal relie les membranes interne et externe, et dépend des protéines ToIQ, TolR et de la force proton motrice (PMF). Les protéines ToIQ-R-A formeraient un moteur moléculaire utilisant la PMF afin de relier membranes interne, externe et le peptidoglycane. Mon travail a consisté à étudier l’organisation des segments transmembranaires (STs) de TolQ et TolR au sein de la membrane interne d’E. coli en utilisant l’approche expérimentale du « cysteine scanning ». Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier les résidus impliqués dans les interactions entre les STs et améliorer la connaissance de l’organisation moléculaire de ce système. Nous avons aussi démontré la dimérisation du ST de TolRet l’importance de la dynamique dans le fonctionnement de ce moteur. Le système Tol est parasité par certaines toxines (comme les colicines) et par des phages filamenteux. Les colicines sont produites par des souches d’Escherichia coli et active contre les entérobactéries. Je me suis aussi intéressé à l’organisation structurale de la protéine d’immunité de la colicine A. La colicine A forme un canal ionique dans la membrane interne pour tuer la bactérie cible. Les cellules produisant la Colicine A synthétisent également une protéine d’immunité (Cai) qui les protègent de l’action de la colicine A. Par une approche combinant « cysteine scanning » classique et un « anti-cysteinescanning », nous avons pu apporter des informations nouvelles sur l’organisation des quatre STs deCai. Nous avons montré que Cai forme un dimère dans la membrane et que ce dimère se dissocie au contact de sa cible, la colicine A. / The Tol-Pal system is a protein complex of the Escherichia coli cell envelope. It consists offive proteins. The ToIQ, TolR, TolA proteins form a complex in the inner membrane, the lipoproteinPal interacts with the peptidoglycan and with the periplasmic protein TolB. This system is conservedin most Gram-negative bacteria. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the outermembrane and in the late stage of cell division. The interaction between Pal and TolA connects innerand outer membranes and depends on ToIQ, TolR and the proton motive force (pmf). The ToIQ-R-Aproteins are suspected to form a molecular motor using pmf to connect the inner and outermembranes and the peptidoglycan. The first aim of my work was to study the organization of thetransmembrane helices (TMHs) of E. coli TolQ and TolR using the cysteine scanning approaches. Weidentified residues involved in the interactions between the TMHs and improved the knowledge ofthe molecular organization of this system. We have also demonstrated the dimerization of the TMHof TolR and the importance of its dynamic movement in the system. The second aim of my work wasto analyze the structural organization of the immunity protein to colicin A. The colicins are producedby certain strains of E. coli and are active against other Enterobacteriaceae. The colicin A forms anion channel in the bacterial inner membrane which kill the bacteria. It hijacks the Tol system to enterin the cell. Cells producing colicin A also synthesize the colicin A immunity protein (Cai) whichprotects the producing cells against the action of colicin A. The approaches combining "cysteinescanning" and "anti-cysteine-scanning”, we found that Cai form a dimer in the membrane whichdissociates upon contact with its target, the colicin A

Rhizobium leguminosarum is a Gram negative nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium. Due to the limited bioavailability of iron, bacteria utilize siderophores that scavenge and bind available iron. The transport of iron-siderophore complexes is achieved by the TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex. We have previously shown that a functional TonB protein is necessary for iron transport by creating ΔtonB mutants and assessing their growth and 55Fe-siderophore transport ability. We attempted to identify and characterize the roles of putative exbB and exbD genes using a similar approach. Growth curves and sequence analyses suggest putative exbB and exbD may be the tolpal-associated genes tolQ and tolR. Phenotypic and sensitivity assays showed mutants do not exhibit the characteristic tol phenotype and are not sensitive to detergents or changes in ionic strength of the growth medium. We also expressed and purified the 120 amino acid fragment of the TonB C-terminus for further physical and chemical characterization.

<p>This thesis discusses the possibilities to distribute digital video in a military vehicle. Today, an analogue system is used, which has a maximum capacity of eighteen video sources and the same number of monitors. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the systems capabilities regarding secure distribution and additional functions. </p><p>Both software and hardware tests are made to investigate the features of the digital video standard MPEG-2. Both the coding delay and the image quality are of great interest. Another digital video standard, DV, is considered as an alternative to MPEG-2. </p><p>Apart from different coding techniques, this work describes some distribution techniques like TCP/IP, DVB-C and USB.</p>

This thesis discusses the possibilities to distribute digital video in a military vehicle. Today, an analogue system is used, which has a maximum capacity of eighteen video sources and the same number of monitors. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the systems capabilities regarding secure distribution and additional functions. Both software and hardware tests are made to investigate the features of the digital video standard MPEG-2. Both the coding delay and the image quality are of great interest. Another digital video standard, DV, is considered as an alternative to MPEG-2. Apart from different coding techniques, this work describes some distribution techniques like TCP/IP, DVB-C and USB.

Obesity is a widespread topic across the country as healthcare costs continue to rise. The field of health communication encompasses many efforts made by scholars and those working in health education and promotion to help individuals live healthier lives. As technology continues to evolve, e-health and mobile health programs are being explored as creative avenues for this endeavor. This study takes a mixed methods approach consisting of an experiment and a series of in-depth interviews. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the experiment examines the effects of a popular mobile phone application, “my fitness pal,” on the users’ attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control of health behaviors. The interviews investigate how and why the mobile application has health benefits. There were 35 University of Kentucky employees who participated, and then a few follow-up interviews were conducted. Although, several hypotheses were not supported by the data, the results show there was an increase in the overall health statuses of participants encouraged to interact with co-workers about the mobile application through social media as well as face-to-face communication. Several applications can be taken from this study in order to improve future mobile health applications and workplace health and wellness programs.