This thesis examines the ways in which the Magna Mater became an integral part of Augustan ideology and the visual language of the early principate. Traditionally, our picture of the Augustan Magna Mater has been shaped by evidence from literary sources. Here, however, the monuments of the goddess' cult are considered in their religio-political context. Works that link Augustus himself to the Magna Mater are shown to reveal that the goddess played a significant and hitherto unappreciated role in official propaganda. Part I examines the nature of the Augustan reconstruction of the Palatine Temple of the Magna Mater and challenges persistent claims that the princeps was disinterested in the metroac cult. Augustus' use of inexpensive building materials is shown to be, not a display of parsimony, but an attempt to retain the traditional appearance of a venerable structure. A reinterpretation of the temple's pedimental and acroterial sculpture, using the Valle-Medici reliefs, demonstrates that Augustus promoted the Magna Mater as an allegory of Rome's Trojan heritage and as a symbol of a new Golden Age. Part II investigates the topography of the Augustan precinct on the Palatine, and argues that the geographic linkage of the metroön and the House of Augustus became a topos in imperial imagery. It then demonstrates that several well-known works of art echo this connection between the princeps and the goddess. These works range from statues in the Circus Maximus designed to be viewed by thousands, to the Gemma Augustea, a luxury item intended for the elite. They are also found both inside and outside Rome. A reassessment of the Vicus Sandaliarius altar and the Sorrento base illustrates popular recognition of Augustus' reinvention of the Magna Mater as a national deity of Rome and the tutelary goddess of the Julio-Claudii.

Cette thèse montre qu’il y a lieu de s’interroger sur l’extension et les différentes phases de construction de la première résidence augustéenne du Palatin et en particulier sur une partie de celle-ci: la maison de Livie. Actuellement, j'ai établi quatre phases de construction pour la Maison de Livie, la première peut être datée aux alentours de 70 av. J.-C. en raison des similitudes entre le type de ses murs et ceux des substructions du théâtre de Pompée, construit entre 61 et 55 av. J.-C. et aussi à cause d’une estampille de tuile trouvée dans la substruction du complexe sud-est, datée par Margareta Steinby autour de 79 av. J.-C en raison des vestiges souterrains, je suppose l'existence au premier étage, aujourd’hui disparu, d'un oecus corinthius du côté sud-est et d'une basilique du côté nord-ouest du bâtiment. Les trois autres phases relèvent de l’initiative d’Auguste, qui a acheté plusieurs maisons sur la colline de Palatin afin de construire un complexe résidentiel sur le modèle des palais hellénistiques. Les peintures de la Maison de Livie datées auparavant d'environ 30 av. J.-C. sont datées actuellement au tour de 40 avant J.-C. par Eugenio La Rocca qui a démontré que la maison avait été construite et décorée beaucoup plus tôt. Selon son hypothèse, la « rupture » stylistique entre la première phase et la deuxième phase du second style peut être attribuée à la présence de Cléopâtre à Rome entre 46 et 44 av. J.-C. La reine était très probablement accompagnée d'artistes travaillant pour elle dans les ateliers royaux d'Alexandrie. Il est donc probable que l'élite romaine aurait reproduit les styles et les goûts de César et de Cléopâtre. / This thesis show that there is cause to question the extension and the different construction phases of the House of Augustus and in particular, of a part of it, the House of Livia as recently Irene Iacopi and Giovanna Tedone published an important paper about the accuracy of dating of the construction phases in the Augustan palace. Currently I established four construction phases for the House of Livia, the first one can be dated around 70 B.C. because of the similarities between the type of its walls and the ones of Pompey’s theatre, built between 61 and 55 B.C. and also because of a tile’s stamp found in the substructure of the south-east complex, dated by Margareta Steinby around 79 B.C. Because of the underground remains I suppose the existence at the first floor, actually destroyed, of an oecus corinthius in the south-east side and a basilica in the north-west side of the building. The three more phases should have been linked to Augustus, who bought several houses on the Palatin hill in order to build a Hellenistic palace styled complex. La Rocca demonstrated that the decoration of the House of Livia started from 40 BC due to the presence of Cleopatra near Rome between 46 and 44 BC. The queen very probably was accompanied by artists working for her in the royal Alexandrian workshops. It is likely, therefore, that the Roman elite would have replicated the styles and tastes of Caesar and Cleopatra

Introdução: A incidência do carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe (CEO) aumentou em todo o mundo nos últimos 30 anos. Estudos identificaram o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) como um fator de risco para essa neoplasia. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do HPV em pacientes com CEO e em pacientes sem neoplasia maligna e avaliar a existência de uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os dois grupos. O objetivo secundário foi estudar a correlação entre a infecção pelo HPV e a localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle com 59 pacientes com CEO e 54 pacientes sem neoplasia, no qual foram analisados os blocos de parafina contendo material tumoral e tecido não neoplásico. Foram analisadas respectivamente a frequência do HPV e sua atividade viral utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ cromogênica (CISH) para HPV de baixo risco (BR) e alto risco (AR) e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16. Resultados: A frequência do HPV foi maior no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle quando utilizamos a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 como método de detecção isolado (OR=10,3; P<0,001) e quando utilizamos a CISH e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 em conjunto (OR=21,4; P<0,001). A CISH isoladamente não mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os grupos estudados (P=0,572). A localização tumoral na orofaringe e o estadiamento clínico não mostraram correlação com a infecção pelo HPV em nenhum dos métodos utilizados, assim como o grau de diferenciação tumoral (P>0,20). Conclusão: Utilizando-se a técnica de imunoistoquímica para P16 isolada ou combinada com a técnica de CISH, observou-se uma maior positividade para o HPV no grupo de pacientes com CEO. A localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral não tiveram correlação com a positividade para o HPV. / Introduction: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased worldwide over the last 30 years. Studies have identified human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a risk factor for OSCC. Objectives: To compare the frequency of HPV infection in patients with OSCC and patients with benign oral or oropharyngeal disease and ascertain whether a statistically significant difference in HPV frequency exists between these two groups. As a secondary objective, to assess potential correlations between HPV positivity, anatomic site of OSCC, tumor staging, and degree of tumor differentiation. Methods: Case-control study. The sample comprised 59 patients with OSCC and 54 non-OSCC controls who underwent surgery for benign oral or oropharyngeal conditions. Paraffin-embedded specimens from cases and controls were tested for HPV positivity by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV activity was assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The frequency of HPV positivity was higher in the case group than in the control group when assessed by P16 IHC alone (OR=10.3, P<0.001) or by CISH and P16 IHC in combination (OR=21.4, P<0.001). CISH alone did not detect any significant between-group difference in HPV frequency (P=0.572). Tumor site, staging, and differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity with any of the methods employed (P>0.20). Conclusion: Using a P16 IHC assay alone or combined with CISH, the authors showed a higher rate of HPV positivity among patients with OSCC, as compared with patients with benign disease. Tumor site within the oropharynx, tumor stage, and degree of differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity.

Introdução: A incidência do carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe (CEO) aumentou em todo o mundo nos últimos 30 anos. Estudos identificaram o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) como um fator de risco para essa neoplasia. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do HPV em pacientes com CEO e em pacientes sem neoplasia maligna e avaliar a existência de uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os dois grupos. O objetivo secundário foi estudar a correlação entre a infecção pelo HPV e a localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle com 59 pacientes com CEO e 54 pacientes sem neoplasia, no qual foram analisados os blocos de parafina contendo material tumoral e tecido não neoplásico. Foram analisadas respectivamente a frequência do HPV e sua atividade viral utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ cromogênica (CISH) para HPV de baixo risco (BR) e alto risco (AR) e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16. Resultados: A frequência do HPV foi maior no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle quando utilizamos a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 como método de detecção isolado (OR=10,3; P<0,001) e quando utilizamos a CISH e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 em conjunto (OR=21,4; P<0,001). A CISH isoladamente não mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os grupos estudados (P=0,572). A localização tumoral na orofaringe e o estadiamento clínico não mostraram correlação com a infecção pelo HPV em nenhum dos métodos utilizados, assim como o grau de diferenciação tumoral (P>0,20). Conclusão: Utilizando-se a técnica de imunoistoquímica para P16 isolada ou combinada com a técnica de CISH, observou-se uma maior positividade para o HPV no grupo de pacientes com CEO. A localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral não tiveram correlação com a positividade para o HPV. / Introduction: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased worldwide over the last 30 years. Studies have identified human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a risk factor for OSCC. Objectives: To compare the frequency of HPV infection in patients with OSCC and patients with benign oral or oropharyngeal disease and ascertain whether a statistically significant difference in HPV frequency exists between these two groups. As a secondary objective, to assess potential correlations between HPV positivity, anatomic site of OSCC, tumor staging, and degree of tumor differentiation. Methods: Case-control study. The sample comprised 59 patients with OSCC and 54 non-OSCC controls who underwent surgery for benign oral or oropharyngeal conditions. Paraffin-embedded specimens from cases and controls were tested for HPV positivity by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV activity was assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The frequency of HPV positivity was higher in the case group than in the control group when assessed by P16 IHC alone (OR=10.3, P<0.001) or by CISH and P16 IHC in combination (OR=21.4, P<0.001). CISH alone did not detect any significant between-group difference in HPV frequency (P=0.572). Tumor site, staging, and differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity with any of the methods employed (P>0.20). Conclusion: Using a P16 IHC assay alone or combined with CISH, the authors showed a higher rate of HPV positivity among patients with OSCC, as compared with patients with benign disease. Tumor site within the oropharynx, tumor stage, and degree of differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity.

Introdução: A incidência do carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe (CEO) aumentou em todo o mundo nos últimos 30 anos. Estudos identificaram o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) como um fator de risco para essa neoplasia. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do HPV em pacientes com CEO e em pacientes sem neoplasia maligna e avaliar a existência de uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os dois grupos. O objetivo secundário foi estudar a correlação entre a infecção pelo HPV e a localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle com 59 pacientes com CEO e 54 pacientes sem neoplasia, no qual foram analisados os blocos de parafina contendo material tumoral e tecido não neoplásico. Foram analisadas respectivamente a frequência do HPV e sua atividade viral utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ cromogênica (CISH) para HPV de baixo risco (BR) e alto risco (AR) e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16. Resultados: A frequência do HPV foi maior no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle quando utilizamos a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 como método de detecção isolado (OR=10,3; P<0,001) e quando utilizamos a CISH e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 em conjunto (OR=21,4; P<0,001). A CISH isoladamente não mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os grupos estudados (P=0,572). A localização tumoral na orofaringe e o estadiamento clínico não mostraram correlação com a infecção pelo HPV em nenhum dos métodos utilizados, assim como o grau de diferenciação tumoral (P>0,20). Conclusão: Utilizando-se a técnica de imunoistoquímica para P16 isolada ou combinada com a técnica de CISH, observou-se uma maior positividade para o HPV no grupo de pacientes com CEO. A localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral não tiveram correlação com a positividade para o HPV. / Introduction: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased worldwide over the last 30 years. Studies have identified human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a risk factor for OSCC. Objectives: To compare the frequency of HPV infection in patients with OSCC and patients with benign oral or oropharyngeal disease and ascertain whether a statistically significant difference in HPV frequency exists between these two groups. As a secondary objective, to assess potential correlations between HPV positivity, anatomic site of OSCC, tumor staging, and degree of tumor differentiation. Methods: Case-control study. The sample comprised 59 patients with OSCC and 54 non-OSCC controls who underwent surgery for benign oral or oropharyngeal conditions. Paraffin-embedded specimens from cases and controls were tested for HPV positivity by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV activity was assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The frequency of HPV positivity was higher in the case group than in the control group when assessed by P16 IHC alone (OR=10.3, P<0.001) or by CISH and P16 IHC in combination (OR=21.4, P<0.001). CISH alone did not detect any significant between-group difference in HPV frequency (P=0.572). Tumor site, staging, and differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity with any of the methods employed (P>0.20). Conclusion: Using a P16 IHC assay alone or combined with CISH, the authors showed a higher rate of HPV positivity among patients with OSCC, as compared with patients with benign disease. Tumor site within the oropharynx, tumor stage, and degree of differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity.

Les sutures crâniennes ont été régulièrement étudiées au fil des siècles puisque déjà Vésale établissait une relation entre l’âge et la synostose suturale.<p><p>Leur imprécision a quelque peu confiné l’observation de ces sutures dans un certain oubli, justifié en partie.<p><p>Il est clair que leur fiabilité quant à l’estimation de l’âge au décès reste discutable et ce, pour diverses raisons.<p><p>Leur observation est difficile et dès lors sujette à subjectivité dans l’appréciation de leurs stades de fusion.<p><p>De plus, leur apparence sur le crâne sec peut être altérée par divers artéfacts de conservation (cire, vernis…).<p><p>Outre l’observation des classiques sutures ectocrâniennes de voûte et l’utilisation des méthodes habituelles en la matière (méthode de Acsádi et Nemeskéri, méthode de Masset), nous avons orienté notre étude vers des sutures peu voire pas exploitées, à savoir les sutures palatines, les sutures fronto-naso-maxillaires et les sutures de l’os zygomatique.<p><p>Ces trois groupes suturaux ont la particularité d’évoluer de manière très lente vers la fusion, à tel point que peu d’individus en présentent une oblitération complète.<p><p>Face au vieillissement de la population et de par notre expérience médico-légale et anthropologique d’étude de pièces osseuses de personnes âgées, nous avons estimé qu’il était utile de se pencher sur des collections particulières de sujets d’âge avancé, afin d’apprécier l’évolution morphologique de ces sutures faciales.<p><p>Si certaines personnes fort âgées gardent malgré tout des caractéristiques suturales peu évoluées, il existe dans l’ensemble, une progression suturale quasiment constante en fonction de l’âge.<p><p>Nous avons tenté de la cerner, en attribuant à ces sutures, des degrés bien définis de cette progressive fusion et par là, l’aboutissement à un coefficient moyen d’oblitération suturale, se traduisant aisément en pourcentage d’oblitération ou pouvant être introduit dans des équations de régression.<p><p>Tout en connaissant les limites de cette approche, nous pouvons estimer qu’elle peut rendre des services lors de l’étude de restes humains squelettisés, notamment s’ils appartiennent à des personnes fort âgées, dès lors qu’à ces stades de vieillissement, peu de méthodes restent encore applicables. D’autre part, l’approche en pourcentage d’oblitération suturale rend également des services lorsque les crânes étudiés sont fragmentés. C’est la situation que nous rencontrons actuellement lors de l’étude d’une très importante collection anthropologique à l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique.<p><p>Cette observation suturale pourra également – à l’avenir – trouver un terrain d’approche fort utile par l’étude des sutures en CT-Scan ou en micro-CT.<p><p>Enfin, grâce à ces techniques modernes d’imagerie médicale, les sutures trouvent un regain d’intérêt dans une application toute particulière, qui est celle de l’identification comparative, puisqu’il apparaît que le « dessin sutural » s’avère tout à fait propre à chaque individu.<p><p>/<p><p>Cranial sutures were regularly studied during centuries since Vésale already established a relationship between age at death and sutural fusion. <p><p>Their inaccuracy somewhat confined the observation of these joints in a certain lapse of memory, partly justified. <p><p>Various reasons clearly indicate that their reliability for age at death estimation remains debatable. <p><p>Their observation is difficult and consequently prone to subjectivity in the appreciation of their stages of fusion. <p><p>Moreover, their appearance on dry cranium can be modified by various artefacts from preserving methods (wax, varnished…). <p><p>In addition to the traditional observation of ectocranial sutures (with the usual methods such as Acsádi and Nemeskéri method and Masset method), we have directed our study towards not much exploited sutures, namely the palatine sutures, the fronto-naso-zygomatic sutures and the sutures of the zygomatic bone. <p><p>These three sutural groups are characteristic by evolving very slowly to fusion, and than, only few individuals present a complete obliteration of the latter. <p><p>Because of general population ageing and our medicolegal and anthropological experience of skeletal remains in elderly, we estimated the usefulness in studying particular collections of old people, in order to appreciate the morphological evolution of these facial joints. <p><p>Despite some very old people who present little evolved sutural characteristics, we consider as a whole, an almost constant sutural progression according to age. <p><p>We tried to define degrees of this progressive fusion and by the way, the result with a sutural obliteration average coefficient, can be easily translate as a percentage obliteration or able to be introduced into regression equations. <p><p>The limits of this approach are well known but we estimate that it is possible to help the examination of human skeletal remains in elderly, although at these stages of ageing, some methods remain still applicable. In addition, the approach expressed as a percentage of sutural obliteration is also very helpful when craniums are fragmented. This situation is currently observed on the anthropological collections at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. <p><p>Furthemore in the future, the sutural observation will find an interesting and useful approach by the study of the joints in CT-Scan or micro-CT. <p><p>At least, thanks to these modern techniques of medical imagery, the sutures find a renewed interest in a very particular application, such as comparative identification. It appears that the "sutural drawing" proves completely specific to each individual. <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract The aim of this work was to examine distinct dentofacial and pharyngeal features in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). A further aim was to test the validity of the conventional methods used in orthodontics for recognition of obstructed airways. Seventy children (36 girls, 34 boys, age range 4.2–11.9 years), who were diagnosed as having SDB during the years 2000–2002, constituted the source of subjects for four separate studies. The study protocol included otorhinolaryngological and orthodontic examinations. Dental impressions and lateral cephalograms were taken. In addition, upper airway was imaged in 36 children in different head postures by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Age- and gender-matched healthy children were used as controls. The results showed that children with SDB had increased overjet, smaller overbite, narrower upper and shorter lower dental arches and higher incidence of anterior open bite and distal molar relationship when compared with control children. The severity of the obstruction correlated with larger deviations from normal in the dental characteristics. There were more children with crowding and with anterior open bite with increased severity of the disorder. Children with SDB displayed an increased sagittal jaw relationship, a more vertical growth pattern of the mandible, a longer and thicker soft palate, a lower hyoid bone position, larger craniocervical angles and narrower pharyngeal airway measured at multiple levels, when compared with the controls. Deviation in pharyngeal variables showed highest correlation with the severity of SDB. MRI indicated a smaller than normal oropharyngeal airway in children with SDB. The effect of head posture on pharyngeal airway dimensions differed in children with SDB when compared with the controls. These findings verify that the developmental course of occlusal characteristics and craniofacial structures may be modulated by breathing pattern, and, on the other hand, that certain features may predispose to the development of the disorder. It is important to recognize these signs in order to guide further development in a more favorable direction. The results confirmed that cephalometry is a valid screening tool when assessing nasopharyngeal and retropalatal airway dimensions. Clinical examination of tonsillar size was found reliable when retroglossal airway size was evaluated. / Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjatyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää lasten unenaikaisten hengityshäiriöiden yhteyttä kasvojen ja leukojen kasvuun, purennan kehitykseen sekä ylempien hengitysteiden rakenteeseen. Lisäksi tutkittiin, kuinka luotettavasti hammaslääkäreiden käytössä olevin menetelmin pystytään arvioimaan lasten ahtautuneita ilmateitä. Tutkimusaineistossa oli mukana 70 lasta (36 tyttöä, 30 poikaa, ikä 4.2–11.9 vuotta), joilla diagnosoitiin unenaikainen obstruktiivinen hengityshäiriö vuosina 2000–2002. Lapsille tehtiin kliiniset tutkimukset oikojahammaslääkärin ja korva-, nenä- ja kurkkutautien erikoislääkärin toimesta sekä otettiin lateraalikallokuva ja hampaistosta kipsimallijäljennökset. Lisäksi ylempien hengitysteiden magneettitutkimus suoritettiin 36 lapselle eri pään asennoissa. Verrokkiryhmässä oli sama ikä- ja sukupuolijakauma kuin tutkimusryhmässä. Tulokset osoittivat, että unenaikaisista hengityshäiriöistä kärsivillä lapsilla horisontaalinen ylipurenta oli suurentunut, vertikaalinen ylipurenta oli pienentynyt, ylähammaskaari oli kapeampi ja alahammaskaari lyhyempi kuin terveillä verrokeilla. Alaetualueen ahtaus ja etualueen avopurenta olivat yleisempiä niillä lapsilla, joilla oli vaikeampiasteinen hengityshäiriö. Lasten unenaikaiset hengityshäiriöt liittyivät suurentuneeseen leukojen väliseen kokoepäsuhtaan, alaleuan avautuvaan kasvumalliin, pidempään ja paksumpaan pehmeään suulakeen, kieliluun alempaan asentoon, kohonneeseen pään asentoon sekä ahtaampiin nielun ilmatilan mittoihin verrattaessa terveisiin lapsiin. Häiriön vaikeusaste korreloi suurempiin poikkeamiin nielun mitoissa. Lapsilla, joilla todettiin unenaikainen hengityshäiriö, magneettitutkimukset osoittivat nielun olevan ahdas. Pään asennon vaikutukset ilmatien rakenteeseen poikkesivat unenaikaisista hengityshäiriöistä kärsivillä lapsilla. Saadut tulokset osoittivat, että hengitystapa voi vaikuttaa hampaiston, kasvojen ja leukojen rakenteiden kehitykseen. Tietyt kasvojen ja leukojen piirteet puolestaan saattavat altistaa häiriön kehittymiselle. On tärkeää tunnistaa nämä merkit, jotta kehitystä voidaan ohjata suotuisampaan suuntaan. Tutkimukset osoittivat, että kefalometrinen analyysi on luotettava arvioitaessa nenänielun sekä pehmeän suulaen takana olevan ilmatilan kokoa. Nielurisojen kliinisen koon arviointi on luotettava arvioitaessa alemman suunielun ilmatilan kokoa.

This diploma thesis deals with paradiplomacy between Czech regions and German federal states. The term paradiplomacy refers to the diplomacy of the lower territorial administrative units. Specifically, this work deals with macro-regional paradiplomacy, ie cooperation of regions that do not share a common border. The research thus focuses on the Central Bohemian Region, which has partnerships with the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate and the Moravian-Silesian Region, which cooperates with the federal state of North Rhine- Westphalia (research does not include Prague's cooperation with Berlin and Hamburg, as these are urban-type regions). This diploma thesis examines in what motives the paradiplomatic cooperation differs, what are the motivations for its establishment and what is the difference in the fulfillment of mutually set goals. The motives of paradiplomacy can be economic, cultural or political. The first part of the thesis presents the theory and definitions of terms that the thesis then works with. Following on is a methodology and research questions. Subsequently, the respective Czech and German lower territorial administrative units are introduced. In the second part of the thesis, the research itself is carried out and its evaluation set forth. The materials for the research were...

Introduction : L’objectif de cette étude était de vérifier s’il existe une différence entre la perception de l’esthétisme du sourire chez les patients porteurs de fente labiale et/ou palatine (FL/P), qui sont plus à risque de présenter des anomalies dentaires, et celle des patients non porteurs. Méthodes : Une série de photos d’un sourire a été altérée avec Adobe Photoshop© et comprend sept différentes catégories d’asymétrie. Les photos ont été évaluées à l’aide d’une échelle visuelle analogue de 0 à 10 sur un questionnaire en ligne par des patients porteurs de FL/P et des patients non porteurs âgés entre 14 et 21 ans. Les notes attribuées par les deux groupes ont été comparées pour chaque sourire et le seuil de détection de chaque catégorie d’asymétrie pour les deux groupes a été calculé. Résultats : Cinquante-six participants dans chaque groupe (FL/P et contrôle) ont été appariés selon l’âge et le genre et ont été inclus dans l’analyse statistique. Pour la perception de l’esthétisme du sourire, les patients du groupe FL/P étaient plus critiques pour la hauteur du collet gingival des incisives latérales au même niveau que les centrales, mais ils étaient cependant plus tolérants d'une déviation de la ligne médiane. Le seuil de perception de six catégories d'asymétrie a pu être déterminé pour le groupe FL/P. Leurs seuils de perception étaient légèrement plus élevés que ceux des patients du groupe contrôle. Les hommes étaient légèrement plus critiques que les femmes en général de l’esthétisme du sourire. Conclusion : Il existe des différences de perception de l'esthétisme du sourire entre les patients porteurs de FL/P et les patients non porteurs. Les patients porteurs de FL/P ont une moins bonne capacité à détecter de plus petites asymétries dentaires. Les hommes sont plus critiques de l’esthétisme du sourire. / Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference between the perception of smile esthetics of patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), who are at higher risk of dental anomalies, and the perception of patients without CL/P. Methods: A series of smile photos were altered with Adobe Photoshop© to create seven different categories of dental asymmetry. Patients with CL/P and patients without CL/P aged between 14 and 21 years old evaluated the smiles on a 10-point visual analogue scale in an online survey. The value attributed by the two groups was compared for each smile and the threshold for acceptance of smile anomalies was calculated. Results: Fifty-six participants in each group (CL/P and control) were matched for gender and age and included in the statistical analysis. Patients with CL/P were more critical of the gingival margin height of the lateral incisors being at the same level as the central incisors, however, they were more tolerant of a deviated midline. The threshold for six dental asymmetries were determined for the CL/P group. Their thresholds were slightly higher than the control group’s thresholds. Men were also more critical than women, in general, for the smile esthetics. Conclusion: The perception of smile esthetics of patients with CL/P is different from the perception of patients without CL/P. The thresholds to detect small dental asymmetries is higher for patients with CL/P. Men are more critical of smile esthetics.

Introduction : L’expansion palatine rapide assistée chirurgicalement (EPRAC) est une option de traitement privilégiée chez les patients ayant atteint la maturité squelettique et présentant une déficience transverse du maxillaire. L’effet bénéfique de l’EPRAC sur la fonction respiratoire est régulièrement mentionné, toutefois, encore peu d’études ont évalué son impact sur les voies aériennes supérieures. L’objectif de cette étude clinique prospective comparative consistait à évaluer les effets tridimensionnels de l’EPRAC sur la cavité nasale, le nasopharynx et l’oropharynx à l’aide de la tomodensitométrie. Méthodologie : L’échantillon était constitué de 14 patients (5 hommes, 9 femmes) dont l’âge moyen était de 23,0 ± 1,9 ans (16 ans 4 mois à 39 ans 7 mois). Tous ont été traités avec un appareil d’expansion de type Hyrax collé et l’expansion moyenne a été de 9,82 mm (7,5 - 12,0 mm). Tous ont eu une période de contention d’une année avant le début de tout autre traitement orthodontique. Une évaluation par tomodensitométrie volumique à faisceau conique a été réalisée aux temps T0 (initial), T1 (6 mois post-expansion) et T2 (1an post-expansion) et le volume des fosses nasales, du nasopharynx et de l’oropharynx ainsi que les dimensions de la zone de constriction maximale de l’oropharynx ont été mesurés sur les volumes tridimensionnels obtenus. Résultats : Les résultats radiologiques ont démontré une augmentation significative du volume des fosses nasales et du nasopharynx ainsi qu’une augmentation de la zone de constriction maximale de l’oropharynx à 6 mois post-expansion. Par la suite, une portion du gain enregistré pour ces trois paramètres était perdue à un an post-EPRAC sans toutefois retourner aux valeurs initiales. Aucun effet significatif sur le volume de l’oropharynx n’a été observé. De plus, aucune corrélation significative entre la quantité d’expansion réalisée et l’ensemble des données radiologiques n’a été observée. L’analyse de la corrélation intra-classe a démontré une excellente fiabilité intra-examinateur. Conclusions : L’EPRAC entraîne un changement significatif du volume de la cavité nasale et du nasopharynx. L’EPRAC ne modifie pas le volume de l’oropharynx, par contre, un effet significatif sur la zone de constriction maximale de l’oropharynx est noté. Les effets observés n’ont pas de corrélation avec le montant d’activation de la vis d’expansion. / Introduction: Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) is a treatment of choice for patients who have reached skeletal maturity and present a maxillary transverse deficiency. It is often mentioned that SARPE has the benefit to improve respiratory function, however, only a few research projects have investigated the effects of SARPE on the upper airways. The objective of this clinical prospective comparative study was to evaluate the three-dimensional effects of SARPE on the nasal cavity, the nasopharynx and the oropharynx using computed tomography. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 14 subjects (5 males, 9 females) whose mean age was 23.0 ± 1.9 years (range: 16 y. 4 mo. to 39 y. 7 mo.). All patients were treated using a bonded Hyrax expander and the mean expansion was 9.82 mm (7.5-12.0 mm). A one-year retention period was undertaken before the beginning of any other orthodontic treatment. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation was performed at T0 (initial), T1 (6 months post-expansion) and T2 (1 year post-expansion), and then the nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal volumes and the oropharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area were measured on the three-dimensional volumes that were obtained. Results: Radiological results have demonstrated a significant increase of the nasal and nasopharyngeal volumes and also an increase of the oropharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area at 6 months post-expansion. At one year post-SARPE, for these three parameters, a part of the gain was lost but did not return to the initial values. No significant effect on oropharyngeal volume was found. No significant correlation between expansion screw activation and radiological parameters were noted. Intra-class correlation analysis showed excellent intra-examiner reliability. Conclusions: SARPE causes significant changes of the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal volumes. SARPE does not modify the oropharyngeal volume, but induces significant changes of the oropharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area. The observed effects do not have a correlation with the amount of expansion screw activation.