Les nématodes à kystes sont l’un des bioagresseurs causant le plus de dégâts sur les cultures de pommes de terre. La résistance trouvée chez l'accession spl88S.329.18, issue de l'espèce Solanum sparsipilum est caractérisée par un déterminisme oligogénique avec un QTL à localisé sur le chromosome V (GpaVspl) et un QTL mineur localisé sur le chromosome XI(GpaXIspl). Pour obtenir une résistance de haut niveau, l'effet du QTL GpaVspl, doit êtrecomplémenté par celui du QTL à effet faible GpaXIspl. Par génomique comparative, le locusGpaV a été localisé dans un intervalle compris entre 16 et 60 kb sur les génomes de la tomateet des espèces apparentées à la pomme de terre, Solanum demissum et Solanum phureja. Deuxgènes ont été annotés dans cet intervalle sur les génomes de la tomate et de S. demissum : lepremier appartient à la famille des TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL), famille de gènes de résistanceclassiques, et le second appartient à la famille des « mitochondrial, transcription terminationfactor » (mTERF), dont l’implication dans des mécanismes de résistance n’a jamais étédémontrée.Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient d'identifier le(s) gène(s) responsable(s) de la résistance àG. pallida, conférée par le locus GpaVspl, et d'étudier sa régulation. Suite à la publication de laséquence du génome de S. phureja, en 2011, nous avons mis en évidence que le locus GpaVétait dupliqué chez S. phureja et que cette duplication était également présente chezS. sparsipilum. Les quatre gènes annotés au locus GpaVspl ont été nommésSpl_mTERF18430, Spl_TNL18429, Spl_mTERF18453 et Spl_TNL18428.L'effet des deux gènes Spl_mTERF18430 et Spl_TNL18428 sur la résistance à G. pallida aété analysé via des expériences de transformation génétique suivies par des tests de résistancesur les plantes transformées. Un effet partiel du gène Spl_TNL18428 sur la résistance àG. pallida a été mis en évidence par complémentation de plantes sensibles. Aucun effetsignificatif n'a été détecté pour le gène Spl_mTERF18430. Des expériences d'extinctiongénique suggèrent que le deuxième gène TIR-NBS-LRR, Spl_TNL18429, qui est égalementexprimé dans les racines et qui présente un fort pourcentage d'identité de séquence avec legène Spl_TNL18428, pourrait également être impliqué dans la résistance à G. pallida.L'expression du gène rapporteur GFP, placé sous le contrôle du promoteur du gèneSpl_TNL18428, est fortement induite dans les cellules situées autour du syncytium. Cecirenforce l'hypothèse d'une implication du gène Spl_TNL18428 dans la résistance à G. pallida,car la localisation de l'expression de la GFP est similaire à celle de la nécrose, qui estcaractéristique de la réaction développée par les plantes résistantes autour du syncytium induitpar les nématodes.En tenant compte des données bibliographiques récentes, montrant que plusieurs gènes NBSLRRpeuvent être indispensables à l'expression d'une résistance, nos résultats suggèrent queles deux gènes Spl_TNL18428 et Spl_TNL18429 sont nécessaires à l'expression de larésistance à G. pallida / Cyst nematodes are one of the pests that cause the most damage to potato cultures. Resistance found in the accession spl88S.329.18 in Solanum sparsipilum is characterized by oligogenic determinism with a strong effect QTL on chromosome V (GpaVspl) and a minor effect QTL on chromosome XI (GpaXIspl). To obtain a high level of resistance, the effect of QTL GpaVspl must be complemented by the low effect QTL GpaXIspl. By comparative genomics, the GpaV locus was located in a range between 16 and 60 kb in genomes of tomato and potato related species: Solanum demissum and Solanum phureja. Two genes were annotated: the first belonging to the TIR -NBS -LRR gene family (TNL) and the second one belonging to the “mitochondrial transcription termination factor” family (mTERF). The effect of both genes -Spl_TNL18428 and Spl_mTERF18430- on resistance to G. pallida were analyzed via genetic transformation experiments followed by resistance tests on transformed plants. A partial effect of Spl_TNL18428 on resistance to G. pallida was identified by complementation of susceptible plants. Gene silencing experiments suggested that Spl_TNL18429, which occurs in roots and presents a high percentage of sequence identity with the gene Spl_TNL18428, is also involved in resistance to G. pallida. The expression of the GFP reporter gene, under the control of the Spl_TNL18428 gene promoter, is strongly induced in cells located around the syncytium. This strengthens the hypothesis of an involvement of Spl_TNL18428 gene in resistance to G. pallida, because the location of GFP expression is similar to necrosis, which is characteristic of resistant plants. Taking into account that recent data showing that several NBS-LRR genes may be essential for the expression of resistance, our results suggest that both Spl_TNL18428 and Spl_TNL18429 genes are necessary for the expression of resistance to G. pallida

The taxonomy of the Mediterranean Aristolochia pallida complex has been under debate since several decades with the following species currently recognized: A. pallida, A. lutea, A. nardiana, A. microstoma, A. merxmuelleri, A. croatica, and A. castellana. These taxa are distributed from Iberia to Turkey. To reconstruct phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns, we employed cpDNA sequence variation using both noncoding (intron and spacer) and protein-coding regions (i.e., trnK intron, matK gene, and trnK-psbA spacer). Our results show that the morphology-based traditional taxonomy was not corroborated by our phylogenetic analyses. Aristolochia pallida, A. lutea, A. nardiana, and A. microstoma were not monophyletic. Instead, strong geographic signals were detected. Two major clades, one exclusively occurring in Greece and a second one of pan-Mediterranean distribution, were found. Several subclades distributed in Greece, NW Turkey, Italy, as well as amphi-Adriatic subclades, and a subgroup of southern France and Spain, were revealed. The distribution areas of these groups are in close vicinity to hypothesized glacial refugia areas in the Mediterranean. According to molecular clock analyses the diversification of this complex started around 3–3.3 my, before the onset of glaciation cycles, and the further evolution of and within major lineages falls into the Pleistocene. Based on these data, we conclude that the Aristolochia pallida alliance survived in different Mediterranean refugia rarely with low, but often with a high potential for range extension, and a high degree of morphological diversity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peron_mcc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 971260 bytes, checksum: b130fbae5d9dc40c7aae26eafe9d69b4 (MD5) / O etanol obtido da cana-de-açúcar tem sido considerado um combustível alternativo. Entretanto, em países em desenvolvimento, a colheita de cana é realizada manualmente depois da queima, sendo responsável pela emissão sazonal de poluentes atmosféricos. A mutagenicidade dos resíduos de queima de cana (RQCA) e as partículas presentes na ROFA (residual oil fly ash) foram observados nos ensaios de micronúcleo em células sanguíneas de camundongos e de células mãe de grão de pólen de Tradescantia pallida (TRAC-MCN) particulado. O estudo também verificou a citotoxicidade, apoptose e genotoxicidade nas células tratadas com extrato orgânico contendo grande quantidade de HPAs e suspensão na biomassa do período de safra e entressafra. Uma alta freqüência de MN foi observada no TSP do período de safra que na entressafra e a porcentagem de células mortas foi maior em células tratadas com extrato orgânico contendo grande quantidade de HPAs e particulado. Elevada expressão de Bcl-2 e baixa expressão de p53 fosforilado foi verificado em células tratadas com extrato orgânico contendo grande quantidade de HPAs no período de safra e entressafra e em 24 e 48h pós-tratamento. É possível concluir que os HPAs presentes no período de safra e entressafra são genotóxicos e citotóxicos. Políticas públicas deveriam ser discutidas para se buscar alternativas que diminuam a emissão desse poluente. / Ethanol obtained from sugar cane has been considered an alternative fuel. However, in developing countries, the handly harvesting is usually done after to sugar cane burning which is responsible for seasonal emission of air pollutants. The genotoxicity of sugar cane burning residues (SCBRs) and particle surrogates of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) were observed in micronuclei (MN) assay in mouse peripheral blood and bone marrow cells as well as in the pollen mother cells of Tradescantia pallida (TRAC-MCN). The study also verified cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of cells treated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and suspension, in harvesting and non-harvesting particulated biomass. Higher frequency of MN was observed in harvesting TSP than non-harvesting and the cell death was higher in cells treated with PHAs in both particulates. Bcl-2 overexpression of p53 phosphorylated low expression was verified in the cells treated with PHAs in harvesting and non-harvesting in 24 and 48 hours after treatment. We can conclude that PHAs presenting in harvesting time, which represents burning sugar cane biomass and non-harvesting time (fuel fossil combustion) are cytotoxic and genotoxic. Public politics should be discussed to found alternatives which could decrease air pollution emissions.

Seed tubers conditioned to 0, 200 or 400 day-degrees above 4t were grown in land infested with Q. pallida. Plants from 400 day-degree seed emerged earlier, had larger canopies and greater dry weights early in the growing season than plants from 0 day-degree seed. However, physiological ageing reduced peak percentage ground cover and advanced crop senescence so that similar quantities of solar radiation were intercepted over the whole growth period. Overall, total and ware yields were not affected much by seed tuber physiological age. The partially resistant cultivars tested were more tolerant than the non resistant cultivars but tolerance was not usually affected by physiological age of seed tubers. The effects of nematicide treatment, initial Q. pallida population density, cultivar maturity class, cultivar resistance status and planting date on nematode multiplication, plant growth and tolerance of attack by Q. pallida are discussed. Using data from a variable temperature water bath experiment, probability and regression analysis estimated mean basal temperatures for the development of Q. pallida and Q. rostochiensis at 2.5 and S.rCi least variance analysis estimates were 3.5 and 4.rC respectively. Approximately 200 day-degrees above 3.5 and 4.rC were required from the inoculation of JJ2 of Q. pallida and G. rostochiensis to the peak numbers of JJ5 found in potato roots. From a range of chemicals tested for their ability to release antigen from Q. pallida cysts, sodium hypochlorite was found to be the most effective. Released antigen was detected using polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA test. The potential for the development of an ELISA based diagnosis test for PCN using species-specific antibodies is discussed.

Auksinis (Globodera rostochiensis) ir blyškusis (Globodera pallida) bulviniai cistiniai nematodai yra bulvinių (Solenaceae) šeimos kenkėjai, įrašyti į pasaulio, Europos ir Lietuvos karantininių organizmų sąrašą. Šio magistro darbo tikslas buvo identifikuoti G. rostochiensis, jo patotipus bei paplitimą, ištirti G. pallida būklę dirvos mėginiuose, paimtuose skirtingo ploto laukuose su skirtingais priešsėliais iš visų Lietuvos apskričių. Atlikus morfologinę ir pirmąkart Lietuvoje pritaikius DNR polimerazinės grandininės reakcijos (PGR) metodą bulviniams cistiniams nematodams G. rostochiensis ir G. pallida, Lietuvoje aptiktas tik G.rostochiensis, o G. pallida nerastas. Mažuose laukų plotuose - iki 5ha G. rostochiensis yra paplitęs labiau, nei dideliuose plotuose - nuo 5ha iki 30ha. Gausesniam paplitimui Lietuvos agroekosistemose įtakos turi lengvesnis dirvožemio tipas – smėliai ir priesmėliai, bei priešsėliai, kur didesnė tikimybė, kad augs augalai šeimininkai. Laboratorinis bandymas su diferenciniais augalais parodė, kad Lietuvoje paplitęs G. rostochiensis Ro1 patotipas. / Golden (Globodera rostochiensis) and pale (Globodera pallida) potato cyst nematodes are quarantine organisms. Potatoes are by far the most important host crop. Other Solanum spp. and their hybrids can also act as hosts. The aim of this study was to identify G. rostochiensis, G. rostochiensis pathotypes and distribution and also G. pallida status in soil samples from different field of different size and various forecrops in Lithuanian counties. Only G. rostochiensis was present in Lithuania after morphological identification and DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which has been done in Lithuania for the first time. In small field areas up to 5 ha G. rostochiensis is more distributed than in bigger areas up to 30 ha. The presence of host plants in various forecrops, soil type – sands and sandy loams, also have influence on numerous distribution of G. rostochiensis. The experiment of G. rostochiensis pathotypes showed that only Ro1 pathotype is present in Lithuania.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-22T19:16:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Qualidade da agua da lagoa Juara ES avaliacoes fisicas quimicas e respostas fisiologicas e citogeneticas em plantas.pdf: 1718233 bytes, checksum: ff4e51663f0d978df6e408bfb9ef8473 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-22T21:17:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Qualidade da agua da lagoa Juara ES avaliacoes fisicas quimicas e respostas fisiologicas e citogeneticas em plantas.pdf: 1718233 bytes, checksum: ff4e51663f0d978df6e408bfb9ef8473 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T21:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Qualidade da agua da lagoa Juara ES avaliacoes fisicas quimicas e respostas fisiologicas e citogeneticas em plantas.pdf: 1718233 bytes, checksum: ff4e51663f0d978df6e408bfb9ef8473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A gestão dos recursos hídricos necessita da integração entre os critérios físicos e químicos, e os aspectos bióticos, os quais possibilitam identificar os efeitos combinados de substâncias e avaliar suas influências. Os sistemas testes Allium cepa e Tradescantia pallida, são utilizados para o estudo da poluição aquática a partir de aspectos citogenéticos. Além destes biomarcadores, os teores de clorofila também são utilizados em estudos de estresse devido ao reflexo a múltiplos fatores. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água da lagoa Juara (Município de Serra/ES) pela análise integrada de aspectos físicos, químicos e ecotoxicológicos a partir de estudos citogenéticos em A. cepa e T. pallida, e fotossintéticos nesta última espécie. Foram definidas três estações amostrais ao longo da lagoa e a partir de amostras de água foram analisados parâmetros tais como condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, concentração de nutrientes e metais. A determinação dos metais ocorreu por análises de espectrometria de massa. O teste do A. cepa foi realizado a partir sementes germinadas em amostras de água da lagoa. Com plantas de T. pallida, foi realizado o ensaio da mitose em ponta de raiz de T. pallida e dosado os teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos em folhas totalmente expandidas. Para tanto, foi realizado ensaio utilizando-se a água da lagoa como solvente para solução de Hoagland onde estacas previamente enraizadas de T. pallida foram expostas durante 24 horas e 40 dias para as avaliações citogenéticas e fotossintéticas, respectivamente. Foi realizado novo teste do A. cepa nas águas da lagoa após os 40 dias de ensaio para aferir a manutenção das propriedades químicas das amostras. A avaliação citogenética nas duas espécies envolveu a análise dos índice mitótico (IM), índice de aberrações cromossômicas (AC) e frequência de micronúcleos (MN). Para a análise estatística foi utilizada a análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0.05) para a comparação dos tratamentos durante a mesma campanha, e teste de Bonferroni (p < 0,05) para a comparação entre as campanhas. Os resultados físicos e químicos mensurados demonstram que a lagoa Juara apresenta indícios de eutroficação artificial. Duas estações amostrais, em pelo menos uma campanha amostral, apresentaram potenciais citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico. Todavia, esses potenciais não demonstram relação com os teores de Fe e Mn quantificados, levando a crer que tais pontos apresentam outros potenciais poluentes. Os danos citogenéticos observados apresentaram efeitos maximizados durante a segunda campanha, demostrando o efeito do período de chuva na intensificação da poluição nesse ambiente. O estudo do metabolismo fotossintético em T. pallida, demonstrou os teores de pigmentos cloroplastídicos relacionados ao elevado aporte de nutrientes presentes nas estações J2 e J3. Sendo o excesso destes, o provável responsável pelo teor inferior de pigmentos em J3. Observa-se que os ensaios com A. cepa e T. pallida responderam de maneira fidedigna ao risco potencial do ambiente, complementando as análises físicas e químicas usualmente utilizadas na avaliação da qualidade da água de ambientes lacustres. / The management of water resources requires the integration of the physical and chemical parameters, and biotic features, which make it possible, identify the combined effects of substances and their influences. The Allium cepa and Tradescatia pallida test systems are used for the study of water pollution from cytogenetic aspects. In addition to these biomarkers, the contents of chlorophyll also are use in studies of stress due to reflection to the single or combined factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Juara pond (Municipality of Serra / ES) by the integrated analysis of physical, chemical and ecotoxicological aspects through cytogenetic studies in A. cepa and T. pallida, and photosynthetic metabolism in this last specie. Three sampling stations were established along the lagoon. And from water samples, parameters such as conductivity, dissolved oxygen, concentration of nutrients and metals were analyzed. The determination of the metal has occurred by mass spectrometry analysis. The A. cepa test was conducted from seeds germinated in water samples from the pond. With plants of T. pallida, was conducted the test of mitosis in root tip of T. pallida and dosed the pigment contents in fully expanded leaves. For that, assay was performed using the pond water as a solvent for Hoagland solution where previously rooted cuttings of T. pallida were exposed for 24 hours and 40 days for cytogenetic and photosynthetic evaluation, respectively. New test of A. cepa was conducted in the waters of the pond, after 40 days of testing, to assess the maintenance of the chemical properties of the samples. Cytogenetic evaluation in the both species involved the analysis of mitotic index (MI), index of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and frequency of micronuclei (MN). For statistical analysis, analysis of variance followed by Tukey (p <0.05) for the comparison of treatments during the same campaign, and Bonferroni test (p <0.05) for comparison between the campaigns, were used. The measured physical and chemical results show that Juara pond presents evidence of artificial eutrophication. The cytogenetic assays show that two sampling stations, in at least one sampling campaign, showed cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potentials. However, these potentials do not relate to the contents of Fe and Mn quantified, leading to the idea that these points have other potential pollutants. Cytogenetic damage had maximized effects observed during the second campaign, demonstrating the effect of period of rain on the intensification of pollution in that environment. The study of photosynthetic metabolism in T. pallida showed that the chloroplastidic pigment contents are related to the high input of nutrients on J2 and J3 stations. Being the excess of these, the probable responsible for the less content of pigments in J3. It is observed that the A. cepa and T. pallida tests responded faithfully to the potential environmental risk, complementing the physical and chemical analyzes commonly used in assessing the quality of the lake water environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseWCR.pdf: 10434375 bytes, checksum: 36e8a9c56cf09c072ce4bfecfeb78389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The aim of this work was the search for antiparasitic and insecticide compounds in active extracts from the following amazon plants: A. fusciflorus (Rutaceae), T pallida e T. rubra (Meliaceae). The selected biological models were: 1) antiparasitic activity against the forms tripomastigota of T. cruzi, inhibition of the activity of gGAPDH of T. cruzi, inhibition of the activity of APRT of L. tarentolae and 2) insecticidal activity - against Spodoptera frugiperda and Atta sexdens a leafcutter ant. All the extracts were bioasseyed and liquid-liquid partition was carried out. From this each partition they were obtained five fractions that were obtained from each extract and these were assayed as well. The fractions were selected by two criteria: the) evaluation of the biological activity of the fractions in relation to your respective extracts and chemical profile of each fraction. Through successive fractioning it was possible to isolate and identify series of different compounds such as: dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids and steroids (some of them are described for the first time), limonoids and flavonoids. The identification of the compounds was carried out through different kind of NMR technique and comparison with data from the literature. The search for compounds with inhibitory activity on the enzyme APRT led to the furanoquinoline alkaloids. The results obtained for inhibitory effect of the enzyme gGAPDH of T. cruzi are promising compounds. Some of the isolated compounds showed interesting activity against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. The results obtained for inhibitory effect of the enzyme gGAPDH of T. cruzi are promising compounds. Some of the isolated compounds showed interesting activity against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. In the search for insecticidal compounds against S. frugiperda it was evaluated the activity of limonoids, cicloartane triterpenes, steroids, flavonoids, cumarins and alkaloids. Special attention was driven to the incorporation of skiamminine and the estimate DL50. In the bioassay carried out to A. sexdens it was observed the toxicity of some extracts, mainly the methanol extract of leaves from A. fusciflorus. It was also observed that some compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity on symbiotic fungi of A. sexdens and for some pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, in this work it was possible to isolate and identify active compounds in all proposed biological models. / Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo buscar metabólitos secundários com atividade antiparasitária e ou inseticida em A. fusciflorus (Rutaceae), T. pallida e T. rubra (Meliaceae). Os modelos biológicos selecionados foram: 1) Atividade antiparasitária - à forma tripomastigota de T. cruzi, inibição da atividade de gGAPDH de T. cruzi, inibição da atividade de APRT de L. tarentolae e 2) Atividade inseticida - ensaio frente a Spodoptera frugiperda e Atta sexdens uma formiga cortadeira de folhas. Todos os extratos foram bioensaiados e fracionados através de partição líquido-líquido. De cada partição foram obtidas cinco frações que também foram submetidas aos ensaios biológicos. As frações foram selecionadas por dois critérios: a) avaliação dos efeitos biológicos das frações em relação aos seus respectivos extratos e b) perfil químico da fração. Através de fracionamentos sucessivos foi possível isolar e ou identificar várias substâncias de diferentes classes químicas: derivados do ácido diidrocinâmico, cumarinas, alcalóides, triterpenos, esteróides (alguns com estruturas inéditas), limonóides e flavonóides. A identificação estrutural das substâncias se deu através de diferentes técnicas de RMN e comparação com os dados publicados na literatura. Assim, na busca por substância com atividade inibitória da atividade da enzima APRT foi apresentava o efeito de alcalóides; a inibição da atividade da enzima gGAPDH de T. cruzi principalmente causada pelos flavonóides e furanocumarinas e a atividade de algumas substâncias frente as formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi. Na busca por substâncias inseticidas para S. frugiperda pode-se destacar a atividade de limonóides, triterpenos cicloartanos, esteróides colestanos, flavonóides, cumarinas e alcalóides quando incorporados a dieta artificial dando enfoque à atividade inseticida de esquimianina e à estimativa da sua DL50. Nos ensaios realizados por ingestão com operárias de A. sexdens foi observado a toxicidade de alguns extratos, principalmente o extrato em metanol das folhas de A. fusciflorus e de um triterpenos cicloartano isolado deste extrato que também teve sua atividade avaliada. Foi observado ainda, que algumas substâncias isoladas causaram efeito deletério sobre o fungo simbionte da formiga cortadeira e para algumas bactérias. Assim, ao fim deste trabalho, foram obtidas substâncias ativas frente a todos os modelos biológicos inicialmente propostos.

Orientador: Jose Roberto Trigo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MarcelaFernandes_M.pdf: 1168577 bytes, checksum: 50668e658835e5ddf79a806596992a18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Formigas podem exercer um efeito positivo ou negativo na aptidão das plantas com as quais inferagem, dependendo de suas relações com herbívoros, polinizadores e dispersores de sementes. Uma notável característica das interações entre formigas e plantas é a alta freqüência com a qual essas interações são mutualísticas. O suposto beneficio dessas interações é que a aptidão da planta pode ser aumentada indiretamente, já que uma redução na taxa de herbivoria significa uma maior produção de sementes, ou diretamente, através de redução da predação de sementes. Mas será que as plantas realmente se beneficiam da presença dos insetos que atraem?Apesar de alguns estudos terem encontrado beneficios para a planta, há aqueles que indicam o oposto, como os casos em que polinizadores e dispersores de sémentes evitam flores e frutosdevido à presença de formigas. O legado evolutivo das interações entre plantas, herbívoros e formigas é o aparecimento de novas estruturas em plantas. Crotalaria pallida é uma planta muito visitada por formigas devido à presença de nectários extraflorais (NEFs), glândulas produtoras de açúcar sem relação direta com polinização. Superficialmente, pode parecer que as conseqüências para a planta das suas relações com seus herbívoros sejam necessariamente contrárias às conseqüências para o herbívoro. Por outro lado, uma observação mais.cautélosa revela que alguns mecanismos que produzem efeitos negativos no herbívoro não levam automaticamente a um beneficio da planta. Sendo assim, este estudo visa avaliar a relação custo-beneficio da visitação por formigas em C. pallida através de sua aptidão na presença e ausência de formigas, assim como de observações de campo de interações destas plantas com vespas. As taxas de ganho de biomassa e de herbivoria, assim como a produção de flores, vagens e sementes, bem como o peso das sementes não diferiram estatisticamente entre indivíduos de C. pallida com e sem formigas. Por outro lado, o ataque às vagens foi significativamente menor nos indivíduos de C. allida em que as formigas foram excluídas, e a sobrevivência destas plantas foi maior, em comparação com as plantas que foram visitadas normalmente por formigas. Um experimento de campo indicou que a predação de larvas não parece ser influenciada pela presença de vespas, mas apenas por formigas. Por outro lado, durante observações de campo todas as vespas que visitaram racemos de C. pallida foram influenciadas pela Presença de formigas, sendo que algumas reduziram seu tempo de visitação e outras deixaram o racemo após o encontro com formigas. Assim, os resultados obtidos através dos experimentos e observações de campo sugerem que as formigas não afetam a aptidão de C. pallida, pelo menos não nas condições encontradas na área de estudo deste trabalho / Abstract: Ants may have a positive or negative effect on the fitness of the plants with which they interact, depending on its relationship with herbivores, pollinators and seed dispersers. A remarkable characteristic of the interactions between ants and plants is the high frequency with which they are mutualistic. The supposed benefit of these interactions is that the plant fitness may be enhanced indirectly, since herbivory reduction means larger seed production, or direct1y, by reduction on seed predation. But do plants really benefit from the presence of the insects they attract? Despite some studies have found benefits to the plant, there are some that indicate the opposite, like those cases in which pollinators and seed dispersers avoid flowers and fruits due to ant attendance. The evolutive legacy of the interactions between plants, herbivores and ants is the appearance of new plant structures. Crotalaria pallida is a plant highly attended by ants because of its extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), su gar-producing glands with no pollination relationship, located on the base of each flower or pod. Superficially, it may seem that the consequences of the plant relationship with its herbivores are necessar~ly opposed to the consequences to the herbivore. On the other hand, a cautious observation reveals that some mechanisms ;that produce negative effects on the herbivore not automatically lead to a benefit for the plant. Therefor, this work aim to evaluate the magnitude of the costs and benefits of ant attendance to the EFN s of C. pallida on the protection against phytophagous insects, by estimating its fitness in the presence and absence of ants, as well as using field observations of the interactions of these plants with wasps. The rates of biomass gain and herbivory, likewise the flower, pod and seed production, and also seed weight didn't differ significantly between ant-attended and non ant-attended C. pallida plants. As opposed to this, the pod attack was significant1y lower in C. pallida plants not attended by ants, and the survival of these plants was higher, in comparison to the ant-attended plants. A field experiment indicated that larvae predation don't seem to be in:t1uenced by the presence of wasps, but only by ant attendance. On the other hand, during field observations all the wasps visiting C. pallida pods were affected by ant attendance, and some of them reduced its visitation time while others left the pod after meeting an ant. 80, the results we got with the experiments and field observations suggest that the ants don't affect C. pallida fitness, at least not under the conditions found in the area where this work took place / Mestrado / Mestre em Ecologia

The nutritional value for the following species have been determined: P.pallida, P.laevigata var. andicola, P.flexuosa, P.nigra, P.alba of the genus Proposis. To obtain this purpose surveys were done about the use and consumption of the Carob Tree in the High and Central Valleys of the Cochabamba Department. As a result of the surveys it was determined that the consumption of the pods made up for 54% of human nourishment. The species that were consumed the most were P.pallida and P.laevigata var. andicola. Within the uses of these leguminous pods, the pods are directly consumed in their raw form and on a lesser scale in their cooked form. It was also observed that a minority use it as flour which is then ingested principally in the form of pito and api. Afterwards a chemical bromatologic analysis was done and it was determined that there was a high content of carbohydrates and fiber, a relatively good percentage of protein and a low ethereal extract, standing out more than the minerals calcium and iron. It was also determined that the highest content of protein and ethereal extract show P.laevigata var. andicola and P.nigra, the fiber P.laevigata var. andicola, and P.pallida calories. The species with the most concentration of the minerals phosphorus, iron, and calcium were P.pallida and P.nigra. The biological tests for the protein quality performed for the two species that were the most consumed show poor results of Real Digestibility (Dr), Net Use of Real Protein (UNPr), Real Biological Value (VBr), and the Relation of the Efficiency of Protein (PER). These are considerably becoming better through a thermic process (toasted 10min). The leguminous cereal complementation (corn-carob tree), favorably increased all of the biological indexes. The species P.pallida showed superiority compared to the results obtained for P.leavigata var. andicola. In the meantime these species can be considered a good energy source and with the combination of cereals can effectively cover caloric protein deficiencies.