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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Submicrometre aerosol emissions from sea spray and road traffic

Mårtensson, Monica January 2007 (has links)
The uncertainty of the climate and health effects of aerosols is still large, one important reason being lack of knowledge of the primary emissions. This thesis combines laboratory and field experiments, and process modelling in an effort to better quantify the submicrometre aerosol emissions and to understand some of the processes in the atmosphere. A parameterisation was derived for the source flux of sea salt particles (particles m-2 s-1) in the size range 0.02-2.8 µm dry diameter (Dp), it is the first parameterisation to almost cover two full decades of the submicrometre sea salt aerosol production, and to include the effect of water temperature. This sea salt parameterisation was validated for temperate water in the 0.1-1.1 μm Dp range using in situ size resolved emissions of marine aerosol particles, which were measured with the eddy covariance (EC) method. For periods sampled air was heated to 300ºC in order to evaporate semi-volatile organics and isolate the sea salt fraction. Comparisons with the total aerosol emissions suggest that in these emissions organic carbon and sea salt are internally mixed in the same particles. Finally an aerosol dynamics model was modified for marine conditions. In the model parameterised emissions of sea salt was included together with aerosol dynamics, chemistry and clouds representative for the marine boundary layer. The sea salt emissions are together with secondary sulphate, and cloud processing able to reproduce a typical marine aerosol size distribution and cloud condensation nuclei population. Measurements with the EC method of the road traffic related aerosol source number flux for Dp>0.011 µm show that the major part of the aerosol fluxes is due to road traffic emissions. Both an emission factor for the whole fleet mix in Stockholm (1.4x1014 vehicle-1 km-1) and separate emission factors for light- and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) were deduced. The result shows that during weekdays 70-80% of the emissions come from HDV.
32

Large-scale Runoff Generation and Routing : Efficient Parameterisation using High-resolution Topography and Hydrography / Storskalig modellering av flödessvarstid ochavrinningsbildning : Effektiv parametrisering baserad på högupplöst topografi och hydrografi

Gong, Lebing January 2010 (has links)
Water has always had a controlling influence on the earth’s evolution. Understanding and modelling the large-scale hydrological cycle is important for climate prediction and water-resources studies. In recent years large-scale hydrological models, including the WASMOD-­M evaluated in the thesis, have increasingly become a main assessment tool for global water resources. The monthly version of WASMOD-M, the starting point of the thesis, revealed restraints imposed by limited hydrological and climate data quality and the need to reduce model-structure uncertainties. The model simulated the global water balance with a small volume error but was less successful in capturing the dynamics. In the last years, global high-quality, high-resolution topographies and hydro­graphies have become available. The main thrust of the thesis was the development of a daily WASMOD-M making use of these data to better capture the global water dynamics and to parameter­ise local non-linear processes into the large-scale model. Scale independency, parsimonious model structure, and computational efficiency were main concerns throughout the model development. A new scale-independent routing algorithm, named NRF for network-response function, using two aggregated high-resolution hydrographies, HYDRO1k and HydroSHEDS, was developed and tested in three river basins with different climates in China and North America. The algorithm preserves the spatially distributed time-delay information in the form of simple network-response functions for any low-resolution grid cell in a large-scale hydrological model. A distributed runoff-generation algorithm, named TRG for topography-derived runoff generation, was developed to represent the highly non-linear process at large scales. The algorithm, when inserted into the daily WASMOD-M and tested in same three basins, led to the same or a slightly improved performance compared to a one-layer VIC model, with one parameter less to be calibrated. The TRG algorithm also offered a more realistic spatial pattern for runoff generation. The thesis identified significant improvements in model performance when 1) local instead of global climate data were used, and 2) when the scale-independent NRF routing algorithm was used instead of a traditional storage-based routing algorithm. In the same time, spatial resolution of climate input and choice of high-resolution hydrography have secondary effects on model performance. Two high-resolution topographies and hydrographies were used and compared, and new tech­niques were developed to aggregate their information for use at large scales. The advantages and numerical efficiency of feeding high-resolution information into low-resolution global models were highlighted. / Vatten har alltid varit en nyckelfaktor för jordens utveckling. Att förstå och kunna modellera det storska­liga vattenkretsloppet är betydelsefullt såväl för klimatförutsägelser som för studier av vattenresur­ser. På senare år har storskaliga hydrologiska modeller, däribland WASMOD-M som utvärderas i denna avhand­ling, i ökande utsträckning kommit att användas som huvudverktyg för utvärdering av globala vattenresurser. Den månatliga versionen av WASMOD-M, avhandlingens startpunkt, användes för att påvisa inskränk­ningar som låg i begränsande hydrologi- och klimatdata liksom behovet av att minska model­lens strukturella osäkerheter. Modellen simulerade den globala vattenbalansen med ett mycket litet volymfel (avrinningens långtidsmedelvärde) men var mindre lyckosam att efterlikna dynamiken. Under se­nare tid har globala topografiska och hydrografiska data med hög rumslig upplösning och kvalitet blivit tillgängliga. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga drivkraft var att utveckla WASMOD-M med hjälp av dessa data i syfte att bättre fånga den globala vattendynamiken och för att parametrisera lokala ickelin­jära processer i den storskaliga modellen. Under hela modellutvecklingen har skaloberoende, lågparametrise­rad modellstruktur och numerisk beräkningseffektivitet varit viktiga bivillkor. En ny skaloberoende svarstidsalgoritm, benämnd NRF (network-response function), som utnyttjar två aggregerade högupplösta hydrografier, HYDRO1k och HydroSHEDS, utvecklades och provades i tre avrinningsområden med olika klimat i Kina och Nordamerika. Algoritmen bevarar den rumsligt fördelade informationen om koncentrationstider i form av enkla responsfunktioner för vattendragsnä­tet för godtyckliga lågupplösta beräkningsrutor in en storskalig hydrologisk modell. En distribuerad algoritm för avrinningsbildning, benämnd TRG (topography-derived runoff genera­tion), utvecklades för att representera den höggradigt ickelinjära processen i större skalor. Algoritmen användes i den dagliga WASMOD-M och provades i samma tre avrinningsområden som ovan. Modellprestanda blev lika bra eller bättre än en enlagers VIC-modell fast med en parameter mindre att kalibrera. TRG-algoritmen gav ett rimligare rumsligt mönster för avrinningsbildningen. Avhandlingen har identifierat påtagliga förbättringar i modellprestanda när 1) lokala i stället för globala klimatdata användes och 2) när NRF, den skaloberoende svarstidsalgoritmen användes i stället för en traditionell magasinsbaserad svarstidsalgoritm. Samtidigt har klimatdatas rumsliga upplösning och val av högupplöst hydrografi en andra ordningens inverkan på modellprestanda. Två högupplösta topografier och hydrografier användes och jämfördes, och nya tekniker utveckla­des för att aggregera deras informationsinnehåll i stora skalor. Fördelarna och den numeriska beräkningsef­fektiviteten av högupplöst information i lågupplösta globala modeller har belysts.

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