No description available.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme displaying esterase and lactonase activity. PON1 hydrolyzes the oxons of several organophosphorous insecticides (e.g. paraoxon, diazoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon) and metabolizes lipid peroxides of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and HDL. As such, PON1 plays a relevant role in determining susceptibility of organophosphate toxicity and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine associations of PON1 status (i.e. genotype and activity levels) with atherosclerosis (ATH) in individuals from the Southeastern United States. An additional objective was to determine whether PON1 genotype and/or PON1 activity levels influence the capacity of PON1 to metabolize chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) at a relatively low concentration. Data indicated increasing PON1 activity assessed by hydrolysis of phenyl acetate is associated with decreased odds of ATH. Furthermore, neither PON1 genotype nor PON1 activity levels influence capacity of PON1 to metabolize CPO at a relatively low concentration.

No description available.

No description available.

Organophosphates are insecticides which result in acute adverse signs when exposed at toxic doses by animals and lead to death if left untreated. The current treatment for organophosphate toxicity includes atropine and the federally approved oxime 2-PAM. However, 2-PAM is not very effective at crossing the blood brain barrier which results in prolonged inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, which is the primary target of organophosphates, in the brain even after administration. The novel oximes, Oxime 15 and Oxime 20, are able to cross the blood brain barrier and reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase. In this experiment with six animal species frequently used in toxicity studies, they were proven to be just as effective and sometimes better than 2-PAM at reactivating acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon, phorate-oxon, or dicrotophos. The detoxication enzymes butyrylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and paraoxonase were also studied as potential influences of the toxicity of the organophosphates in these different species.

La présente étude visait à déterminer si une augmentation des niveaux de mercure dans le sang était associée à une diminution de l'activité sérique de PON1 dans la population Crie qui est exposée au méthylmercure (MeHg) par son alimentation traditionnelle riche en poisson. Des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés chez 881 adultes Cris vivant dans la région de la Baie James (Québec, Canada), chez lesquels nous avons mesuré la concentration et l'activité de PON1 ainsi que les niveaux de mercure et de sélénium. Dans un modèle de régression multivariée ajusté pour l'âge, les niveaux de cholestérol-HDL et les variantes génétiques de PON1, l'effet de l'exposition au mercure variait selon le polymorphisme -108C/T. L'augmentation de la concentration de mercure était associée à une diminution du niveau d'activité de PON1 pour le génotype AA (TT) du polymorphisme -108C/T et à une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique pour le génotype GG (CC) (analyse de tendance p < 0,0001). En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent une interaction gène-environnement possible entre l'activité de PON1 et le polymorphisme -108C/T pour les individus exposés au MeHg.

A família paraoxonase (PON1, PON2 e PON3) tem sido objeto de grande interesse por prevenir o estresse oxidativo e o processo inflamatório, condições importantes na carcinogênese. O Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B (LDGCB) consiste no subtipo histológico mais comum dentre os linfomas, doenças que se originam a partir das células do tecido linfoide e exibem distintos comportamentos clínicos, fatores patológicos e características epidemiológicas. Há escassez de dados sobre a atuação das paraoxonases na susceptibilidade diferencial ao risco de linfomas. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a frequência alélica e genotípica dos polimorfismos 192QR e 55LM, no gene da PON1, e 148AG e 311SC, no gene da PON2 e o efeito desses polimorfismos sobre as atividades da enzima PON e perfil lipídico em 182 indivíduos (78 pacientes com LDGCB e 104 indivíduos saudáveis). O sangue foi coletado, em 4 momentos, para a determinação do perfil lipídico e das atividades arilesterase e paraoxonase da PON. O DNA foi extraído de leucócitos do sangue periférico pelo método de extração salina. A análise dos polimorfismos foi realizada por PCR/RFLP. Não houve diferença estatística na distribuição de genótipos e frequência de alelos dos polimorfismos nos genes da PON1 e PON2. A atividade sérica da arilesterase apresentou valores significativamente maiores apenas entre os indivíduos saudáveis (p=0,001). As variantes 55MM e 192QQ, do gene da PON1, influenciaram as atividades arilesterase (p=0,011) e paraoxonase (0,001). O polimorfismo PON2 311SS associou-se a atividade arilesterase (p=0,021). A concentração de autoanticorpos oxLDL foi alterada, pela presença do genótipo 55LM (p=0,037) nos indivíduos com LDGCB / The paraoxonase family (PON1, PON2 and PON3) have been the subject of great interest, since they are responsible for preventing oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions important in carcinogenesis. The Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histological subtype among lymphomas, diseases that originate from cells of the lymphoid tissue and exhibit clinically distinct behaviors and pathological and epidemiological factors. There are paucity of data on the activity of paraoxonase in the differential susceptibility to the risk of lymphoma. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the genotypic and allelic frequency of polymorphisms 192QR and 55LM, in the PON1 gene and 148AG and 311SC, in the PON2 gene and the effect of these polymorphisms on PON enzyme activities and lipid profile in 182 subjects (78 patients with DLBCL and 104 healthy subjects). Blood was collected in four moments for the determination of lipid profile and paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of PON. The DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by salt extraction method. The analysis of polymorphisms was performed by PCR/RFLP. There was no statistical difference in the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of polymorphisms in the PON1 and PON2 genes. The serum arylesterase activity was significantly higher only among healthy subjects (p=0.001). 192QQ and 55MM variants of the PON1 gene, influenced arylesterase (p=0.011) and paraoxonase (0.001) activities. The PON2 polymorphism was associated with 311SS arylesterase activity (p = 0.021). The concentration of oxLDL autoantibodies was altered by the presence of 55LM genotype (p = 0.037) in patients with DLBCL

Stroke is the third leading cause of death. Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries is a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a central role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated serum esterase/lactonase, protects HDL and LDL from oxidative modifications. Thus, PON1 is protective against the development of atherosclerosis. PON1 gene has two functional coding region (192Q/R and 55L/M) and one promoter region (&amp / #8722 / 107T/C) polymorphism that affect the catalytic efficiency and levels of the enzyme, respectively. In this study, the aim was to determine the importance of PON1 genetic polymorphisms and activity as risk factors for ischemic stroke. The study population was comprised of 172 unrelated adult Caucasian patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke and 105 symptom-free controls. Serum and total blood samples were obtained from G&uuml / lhane Military Medical Academy Hospital Neurology Department, Ankara. Hypertension and diabetes were 2 times more common and HDL-C was significantly lower among patients compared to controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed hypertension and smoking to be significant predictors of stroke. Serum PON1 activities towards three substrates, paraoxon (paraoxonase activity / PON), phenyl acetate (arylesterase activity / ARE) and diazoxon (diazoxonase activity), which were measured by spectrophotometric methods, were found to be lower in stroke patients compared to controls. PON and PON/ARE were negatively associated with ischemic stroke by use of logistic regression analysis. PON/ARE was 1.26 times protective against stroke. The frequencies of the risky alleles 192R, 55L and &amp / #8722 / 107T were increased in the patient group. Frequency of the 55L allele of PON1 was significantly increased among patients (0.690) compared to controls (0.628 / P=0.003). Logistic regression analysis revealed PON1 55LL genotype to be associated with a 1.8-fold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke versus control status. Prevalence of triple combined haplotype QRLMTC was significantly lower in stroke patients (4.1%) when compared to controls (11.4% / P=0.019). The combined heterozygote haplotype had around 7 times increased protective effect against stroke in the overall population and 10 times protective effect in the elderly population. The low expressor genotype &amp / #8722 / 107TT was associated with almost 2 times increased risk for stroke in elderly. 192R allele of PON1 represented 1.554 times increased risk for ischemic stroke in hypertensives relative to normotensives. Furthermore, the risk of hypertensive individuals having ischemic stroke was highest in the 192RR group (Odds Ratio / OR=7), followed by 192QR heterozygotes (OR=2.18), and the risk decreased to insignificant levels in 192QQ individuals. 192R allele constituted a 1.55 times increased risk in diabetics. 55L allele was associated with a 1.66 times increased risk of stroke in hypertensives and a 2.6 times increased risk for stroke in diabetics relative to non-diabetics. PON1 &amp / #8722 / 107T allele also represented a 1.35 times risk for stroke in hypertensives.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.

Título: Estresse oxidativo e hormônios esteróides na associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono e Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana Introdução: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram a existência de associação entre a Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e os Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono (DRS). Evidencias sugerem que o estresse oxidativo gerado pela hipóxia intermitente sofrida pelos pacientes com DRS pode estar relacionado à progressão da DAC. Os hormônios esteróides testosterona, progesterona e estradiol estão relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, e podem ter papel em ambas as doenças. A enzima glutationa S-tranferase utiliza a molécula antioxidante glutationa na detoxificação de compostos que podem ser formados neste processo. A enzima paraoxonase-1 hidrolisa peróxidos lipídicos, atuando sobre as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade oxidadas (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL são marcadores de peroxidação lipídica, e são importantes na formação da placa aterosclerótica. O vaso dilatador óxido nítrico (NO●) é considerado ateroprotetor e pode estar reduzido, agravando a DAC. Objetivos: Estudar o estresse oxidativo e as alterações fisiopatológicas decorrentes da associação entre DRS e DAC, e avaliar a participação dos hormônios esteroides neste processo. Material e Métodos: 56 pacientes com prévio diagnóstico para Doença Aterosclerótica Coronariana (DAC) e avaliação do Índice de Apneias-hipopneias (IAH) para diagnóstico de Distúrbio Respiratório do sono (DRS) foram divididos em dois grupos, 29 pacientes controles e 27 pacientes com DAC, definidos por apresentarem obstrução coronariana >30%. Foram quantificadas as concentrações séricas dos triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, ferritina, tranferrina e ferro disponível, assim como dos níveis séricos dos hormônios testosterona, estradiol e progesterona, das enzimas paraoxonase-1 e glutationa S-transferase, e das ox-LDL. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e nitritos e nitratos (medida indireta de NO●) em eritrócitos. A concentração do marcador de dano oxidativo em DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2’-desoxiguanosina foi obtida em leucócitos. Resultados: Pacientes com DAC possuem reduzida concentração de nitritos e nitratos. A concentração de 8-OHdG, a atividade da GsT, os níveis de glutationa total, glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada, assim com o estradiol e a progesterona, não apresentaram relação com DAC ou DRS. Além do IAH, a redução da testosterona e do ferro disponível estão relacionados a DAC. A redução da atividade da paraoxonase-1 e a maior concentração de ox-LDL são preditores de DAC. A testosterona está relacionada à concentração de ferritina, transferrina e ferro disponível nestes pacientes. A ferritina correlacionou-se positivamente ao dano oxidativo em proteínas e com o IAH, negativamente aos níveis de nitritos e nitratos, e é maior nos pacientes com DAC. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de testosterona e ferro disponível, assim com o aumento da ferritina podem estar relacionados à fisiopatologia da associação entre DRS e DAC. Paraoxonase-1 e ox-LDL são importantes preditores de DAC, mas parecem não estar diretamente relacionados ao IAH nestes pacientes. / Title: Oxidative stress and steroid hormones in the association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a possible association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). Evidences suggest that oxidative stress generated by the intermittent hypoxia experienced by patients with sleep disorders may be related to progression of CAD. The steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone and estradiol are related to oxidative stress, and may have a role in both diseases. Glutathione S-transferase uses the antioxidant molecule glutathione in the detoxification of compounds that can be formed in this process. The enzyme paraoxonase-1 hydrolyzes lipid peroxides, acting on oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL are lipid peroxidation markers, being important for the atherosclerotic plaque formation. The vasodilator nitric oxide (NO●) is considered atheroprotective and can be reduced, aggravating DAC. Objective: Evaluate the oxidative stress and the pathophysiological changes arising from the association between SDB and CAD, and the role of steroid hormones in this process. Material and Methods: 56 patients with prior Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) diagnosis and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) evaluation for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were divided into two groups, 29 control patients and 27 patients with CAD, defined by present a coronary obstruction > 30%. The serum concentration of triglycerides, HDL, LDL, ferritin, transferrin and available iron was obtained, as well as the serum levels of the hormones testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, enzymes paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase, and ox-LDL. Were measured concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide and nitrites and nitrates (NO● indirect measure) in erythrocytes. The concentration of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, oxidative DNA damage marker, was obtained from leukocytes. Results: CAD patients have reduced concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. The concentration of 8-OHdG, GST activity, levels of total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide, and estradiol and progesterone, showed no relationship with CAD or SDB. In addition to AHI, the reduction of testosterone and iron available are related to CAD. The reduced activity of paraoxonase-1 and the highest concentration of ox-LDL are CAD predictors. Testosterone is related to the concentration of ferritin, transferrin and iron available in these patients. Ferritin was positively correlated to oxidative damage in protein and with the AHI, and negatively to the levels of nitrites and nitrates, and is higher in CAD patients. Conclusion: Low testosterone levels and iron available, as well as the increase ferritin may be related to the pathophysiology of the association between SDB and CAD. Paraoxonase-1 and ox-LDL are important CAD predictors, but do not seem to be directly related to AHI in these patients.