Adaptive phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype to give rise to different phenotypes in different environments, evolves to allow organisms to fine-tune their life-history traits according to the varying conditions they encounter during their lives. Reproductive investment - the manner in which organisms divide their resources between survival and reproduction - is well studied in evolutionary ecology because it is a key determinant of fitness. However, whilst plasticity in reproductive effort is well understood for free-living multicellular taxa (such as insects, birds, and mammals), the application of evolutionary theory for plasticity and life history strategies to unicellular parasites and pathogens is lacking. In this thesis, I use empirical and theoretical approaches to uncover how differential resource allocation to non-replicating, sexual stages (gametocytes) versus asexually replicating stages can be harnessed by the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi to maximise its fitness across the often very variable conditions it encounters during infections. Differential allocation between those stages is equivalent to the fundamental life-history trade-off between survival and reproduction because gametocytes are responsible for between-host transmission (i.e. reproduction of the infection) whereas asexual parasites mediate host exploitation and within-host survival. A suite of within-host models reveal that malaria parasites could gain considerable fitness benefits in the face of low levels of drug treatment if they reduce their investment into gametocyte production ("reproductive restraint"), thereby assuring the continuity of the infection and capitalising on opportunities for future transmission. In contrast, high levels of drug treatment typically select parasites to commit all of their resources to gametocyte production ("terminal investment"), to escape a host that does not offer much opportunity for future transmission. My experiments reveal that P. chabaudi increases both its reproductive investment and its asexual replication rate in anaemic hosts (i.e. host that have a low density of red blood cells), suggesting that parasites profit from host anaemia and can afford high investment in gametocytes ("affluent investment"). I also uncover plasticity in a number of traits that underpin asexual replication rate, including invasion preference for different ages of red blood cells, but it is plasticity in the number of progeny (merozoites) per infected cell that is the main contributor to asexual replication rate. My experiments also reveal genetic variance in plasticity of the life-history traits investigated, which has profound implications for their evolution. Furthermore, plastic modification of these traits is associated with minimal costs or constraints, so that parasites can rapidly match life-history traits appropriately to the within-host environment. Severe anaemia is one of the deadliest symptoms of malaria, so observing that virulence and infectiousness increases in anaemic hosts has also fundamental clinical implications. Finally, the empirical and theoretical observations of affluent investment, reproductive restraint and terminal investment match theoretical predictions of how organisms should behave in varying environments, confirming P. chabaudi as a useful model system to test life-history theory.

Resumo: O protozoário Giardia lamblia foi escolhido como tema de estudo, por ser um enteroparasita de prevalência significativa no mundo inteiro. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram estudar a reprodutibilidade diagnóstica dos métodos Direto, Faust e cols., COPROTEST e Hematoxilina Férrica, bem como descrever a presença da Giardia lamblia, segundo a associação com algumas características da população de estudo como: grupo etário, gênero e distribuição dos casos segundo a variação sazonal nos meses em que se desenvolveu a pesquisa. Foram analisadas 200 amostras de fezes de crianças da região de Araraquara-SP e como resultados encontrou-se Giardia lamblia como o parasita mais freqüente, com 8,0%, não houve associação com o gênero; quanto à idade ocorreram mais casos no grupo de 03 a 05 anos e a maior freqüência de casos foi no mês de janeiro. Em relação as metodologias utilizadas chegou-se a conclusão que o melhor método diagnóstico para Giardia lamblia seria a associação de pelo menos, duas metodologias associadas de ótima reprodutibilidade que nesse estudo foram: COPROTEST - Faust; Direto-Faust e Coprotest-Direto (k > 0,81). / Abstract: Giardia lamblia protozoan was chosen as a study them due to its significant prevalence all over the world. The present dissertation aims to study the diagnostic reproductibility of Direct, Faust et al., COPROTEST and Ferric Hematoxiline methods. It also describes the presence of Giardia lamblia, according to the association with some characteristics of the population in study, such as group age, gender and distribution of cases according to seasonal variation in the month studied. 200 feces samples of children from the region of Araraquara-SP were analysed and to cach of them the four diagnostic methodolgies were applied and then compared. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that Giardia lamblia was the most frequent parasite, with 8, 0% occurrence; there was no association with gender; most cases of parasites were found in the 3-5 year-old groups, the highest frequency of parasites occurred in january and the best diagnostic to detect Giardia lamblia was the association of at least two methodologies of optimum reproductibility. The associations of optimum reproductibility were COPROTEST- Faust, Direct- Faust and COPROTEST- Direct (k >0, 81). / Orientador: Maria Jacira Silva Simões / Coorientador: Vera Lucy de Santi Alvarenga / Banca: João Aristeu da Rosa / Banca: Ana Amélia Carraro Abrahão / Mestre

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T14:56:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Edson Sidião de Souza Júnior - 2018.pdf: 4221627 bytes, checksum: 3ff22d97cfbda2b66f7ea55810e5e04c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T15:49:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Edson Sidião de Souza Júnior - 2018.pdf: 4221627 bytes, checksum: 3ff22d97cfbda2b66f7ea55810e5e04c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T15:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Edson Sidião de Souza Júnior - 2018.pdf: 4221627 bytes, checksum: 3ff22d97cfbda2b66f7ea55810e5e04c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / The Coccidia (Phylum Microspora) and Microsporidia (Phylum Apicomplexa) are responsible for a range of clinical pictures, and with important mortality rate, usually in patients with compromising of the immunological system. Its occurrence has been underestimated in our milieu maybe for the lack of knowledge on the part of the professionals of the health, or, by existence of a few qualified laboratories for its identification. The recognition of the species causing the infection is fundamental to guide the therapeutic handling to be adopted and definition of the infected patient's prognostic. This recognition is only possible through electronic Microscopy and of biomolecular techniques, standing out the of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The present study it is part of a longitudinal study, developed in the IPTSP/UFG, on the clinical profile, epidemiologist and laboratorial of these agents. It specifically aims at to describe the standartization and the use of the PCR in the laboratorial diagnosis of opportunist protozoa in clinical samples human beings and as instrument of study of consumption waters human being in the city of Goiânia-GO, basic instrument for the control of these protozoa. The study it was carried through between october 1999 and december 2007. In the total were appraised 994 patient: 1) 664 immunocompromissed patients (with immunossuppression or immunodepression) with diarrhea coming from the School Hospital of UFG and of reference units in attendance to the health of the Goiás State; 2) 330 individuals from the community, by aleatory selection seemingly without disturbances of immunological systems and coming of the health reference units (unique sample). All of the samples were submitted to techniques of HPJ, Rugai and specific colorations for the diagnosis of the Coccidia (Hot Kinyoun) and intestinal Microsporidia (Hot-Chromotrope-Kokoskin), with previous coprological concentration through the ethyl formalin-acetate technique. The suggestive laboratorial infections were confirmed by the PCR technique, when the sample was enough. The confirmation and the identification of the species for PCR indicated the presence of the Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis in the analyzed samples. The standardization of the technique of PCR for ambient samples (water) was made from a survey carried through in the rivers and lakes of the city of Goiânia-GO. Inside of this quantitative one was found of Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, demonstrating the viability of the PCR for ambient analyses that search the presence of opportunist protozoa in the water. These findings reveal, on one side, that these agents are present in ours milieu causing infections isolated or associated (co-infections), among them or with other infect-parasitic agents, being constituted in a risk for the populations of immunocompromised patients; and for other hand, they suggest in the need of implanting, more improvement diagnosis techniques, to define the clinical and epidemiological aspects of opportunistic protozoa species circulating in the Goiás State. / Os Coccídios do gênero Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora (Filo Apicomplexa) e os Microsporídios (Filo Microspora) são responsáveis por quadros clínicos com expressivos índices de morbi-mortalidade, preferencialmente em pacientes com comprometimento do Sistema Imunológico. A ocorrência desses agentes tem sido subestimada em nosso meio, seja pelo desconhecimento por parte dos profissionais da saúde, como por existirem poucos laboratórios qualificados para sua identificação. O reconhecimento da espécie desses protozoários que está causando a infecção é fundamental para guiar a terapêutica a ser adotada e definição do prognóstico do indivíduo infectado. Este reconhecimento só é possível através da Microscopia eletrônica e de técnicas biomoleculares, destacando-se a técnica da Reação da Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR). Considerando importância da água na veiculação destes agentes, o monitoramento ambiental, realizado com técnicas viáveis e eficientes, é de extrema importância epidemiológica. O presente estudo faz parte de um estudo longitudinal, desenvolvido no IPTSP/UFG, sobre o perfil clínico, epidemiológico e laboratorial destes agentes. Visa especificamente descrever a padronização e o uso do PCR no diagnóstico laboratorial das enteroparasitoses oportunistas em amostras clínicas humanas e como instrumento de monitoramento de águas de consumo humana, no município de Goiânia-GO, além de conter uma revisão sistemática da literatura que aborada tal uso deste instrumento na identificação destes parasitos em populações com déficit imunitário e imunocompetentes. O estudo foi realizado entre outubro 1999 e dezembro 2007. No total foram avaliados 994 pacientes: sendo 664 pacientes com diarréia e/ou com algum tipo de imunossupressão e/ou imunodepressão procedentes dos hospitais-escola da UFG e de unidades referências em assistência à Saúde de Goiás; e 330 indivíduos da comunidade, selecionados aleatoriamente, aparentemente imunocompetentes, e provenientes de Unidades de Saúde de referência (amostra única). Todas as amostras (2526 amostras de fezes) foram submetidas a técnicas de HPJ, Rugai e colorações específicas para o diagnóstico de Coccídios (Kinyoun à quente) e Microsporídios intestinais (Hot-Chromotrope-Kokoskin), com concentração coprólogica prévia pela técnica de formalina-acetato de etila. Os achados laboratoriais genéricos de infecção por estes agentes, no total 45 amostras, foram confirmados pela técnica de PCR. A confirmação e a identificação da espécie pelo PCR indicaram a presença do Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis e Cyclospora cayetanensis nas amostras clínicas analisadas. A padronização da técnica de PCR para amostras ambientais (água) foi feita a partir de um levantamento realizado nos rios e lagos do município de Goiânia. Dentro desse quantitativo foi identificado oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, demonstrando a viabilidade do PCR para análises ambientais que busquem a presença de enteroparasitos oportunistas na água. Estes achados revelam, por um lado, que estes agentes estão presentes em nosso meio podendo causar infecções isoladas ou associadas (co-infecções), entre eles ou com outros agentes infecto-parasitarios, constituindo-se num risco para as populações de pacientes imunosuprimidos; e por outro, sugerem na necessidade de implantar, técnicas diagnósticas mais aprimoradas, para definir os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos das parasitoses intestinais oportunistas humanas em nosso estado.

O litoral brasileiro apresenta a ocorrência de cinco das sete espécies de tartarugas marinhas presentes no mundo. A região da costa sudeste brasileira é uma área de alimentação de tartarugas verdes juvenis. Muitas ameaças; a grande maioria delas por ação antrópica estão diminuindo as populações de tartarugas marinhas, mas também causas naturais podem estar envolvidas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever os principais achados necroscópicos e histopatológicos de tartarugas verdes achadas mortas, ou que morreram no centro de reabilitação do Projeto Tamar na cidade de Ubatuba/SP. Como resultados, relações estatísticas foram encontradas entre achados macroscópicos e formas de captura, além de observar grande quantidade de animais acometidos pela presença de parasitas da família Spirorchiidae e suas lesões. Além disso, foi constatada a evidência de resíduos antropogênicos relacionados a presença de fezes compactas associadas a constipações ou obliterações no trato gastrointestinal. Algumas lesões sugestivas de infeções por agentes bacterianos também foram observadas, mas em menor proporção. Foi realizada a dosagem da concentração de cálcio e magnésio no líquido pericárdico, demonstrando maior concentração destes eletrólitos em animais achados mortos - presos em rede de pesca. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo podem representar uma ajuda para o clínico e determinar a presença de possíveis doenças emergentes nestas populações. / Five of the seven sea turtle species in the world gather into Brazilian coastline. The region of the southeast Brazilian coast is a feeding area for young green turtles. There are many threats, the vast majority of them are decreasing populations of sea turtles by anthropic action, but natural causes may also be involved. The present work had as purpose to describe the main necroscopic and histopathological findings in green turtles that were found dead or that were found dead at the rehabilitation center of Tamar Project in Ubatuba City/SP. As results, statistical relationships were found among macroscopic findings and catching methods, beside the observation of high quantity of animals stricken by the presence of Spirorchiidae family parasites and their lesions. In addition, the evidence of anthropogenic residues related to the presence of compact feces associated with constipation or gastrointestinal obliterations was verified. Some lesions suggests infections by bacterial agents were also observed, but in a small proportion. The dosage of calcium and magnesium in the pericardial fluid was determined, evidencing a higher concentration of these electrolytes in animals found dead trapped in fishing net. The results obtained in this study may represent a support for clinicians and it may determine the presence of possible emerging diseases in these populations.

Várias regiões do planeta sofrem com escassez natural de água potável, o aumento da população e a contaminação ambiental desse recurso têm agravado esse quadro. Nesse contexto, práticas de reuso de água na agricultura vêm sendo difundidas em diversos países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a qualidade parasitológica e toxicológica entre hortaliças cultivadas com água de reuso e hortaliças comercializadas em feiras livres do município de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Para tanto, foram coletadas 20 amostras de alface (Lactuca sativa) e 20 de rúcula (Eruca sativa) nas feiras livres do município e na horta experimental construída na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Ribeirão Preto, onde as hortaliças foram irrigadas com efluente tratado e clorado a 0,1 mgL-1. No total foram coletadas 80 amostras. Para análise parasitológica foram utilizadas a Técnica de Sedimentação Espontânea e a Técnica de Separação Imunomagnética com utilização de Microscopia de Imunofluorescência e Contraste de Fase (método 1623 USEPA), para análise de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. A leitura das concentrações de metais foi realizada por Espectrometria de Massa com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-MS). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que tanto as verduras coletadas nas feiras livres quanto as produzidas na horta experimental apresentaram positividade para contaminação parasitológica, especialmente helmintos. Especificamente para Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., o método 1623 mostrou que houve contaminação por Giardia spp. apenas nas hortaliças procedentes da horta experimental, com densidades que variaram de 6 a 15 cistos/50g. e por Cryptosporidium spp., com densidade de 3 oocistos/50g. As análises de metais mostraram que houve diferença significante dos metais Cd, Pb, Mn e Fe, em alface e rúcula, sendo as concentrações maiores nas amostras procedentes da horta experimental. O Pb apresentou concentrações máximas próximas ou superiores ao Limite Máximo de Tolerância, segundo o Decreto 55871/1965, nos dois grupos de hortaliças analisados. Concluiu-se que a cloração do efluente tratado a uma concentração de 0,1 mgL-1 não elimina os agentes patogênicos persistentes ao tratamento convencional. Para viabilizar a utilização de águas residuárias tratadas na cultura de hortaliças é necessário buscar uma forma de tratamento complementar que elimine microrganismos patogênicos presentes no efluente. Evidenciou-se também, a necessidade de monitoramento constante das concentrações de metais no efluente e na hortaliça produzida considerando as variações temporais que caracterizam o esgoto urbano, pois esses elementos podem ser transferidos para a cadeia alimentar. Torna-se evidente a necessidade de continuar buscando usos alternativos ao reuso da água, visando contornar os problemas já existentes de escassez de água garantindo a preservação de fontes de água no futuro. / Several regions of the planet suffer from a shortage of natural drinking water. However, population growth and environmental pollution have aggravated this situation. In that context, a practice to use wastewater in the agriculture has been extend in several countries. The aim of this study was to compare the parasitological and toxicological quality of vegetables grown with recycled water and vegetables sold in street markets in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP. To this end, we collected 20 samples of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and 20 of rocket salad (Eruca sativa) in a streets markets and experimental garden built in the Sewage Treatment Station of Ribeirão Preto, where the vegetables were irrigated with treated and chlorinated effluent to 0,1 mgL-1. In total, were collected 80 samples. For parasitological analysis we used the Spontaneous Sedimentations Technique and the Technique of Immunomagnetic Separation with use of Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Phase Contrast (USEPA, Method 1623) for analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Metals concentration was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma with Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that vegetables collected in free markets and those produced in the experimental garden were positive for parasitological contamination, especially helminths. Specifically for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., the Method 1623 showed that there was contamination by Giardia spp. only in the experimental garden vegetables, with densities ranging from 6 to 15 cists/50g. and Cryptosporidium spp. with a density of 3 oocists/50g. Analyses of metals showed a significant difference of the metals Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe in lettuce and rocket salad, with higher concentrations in samples from experimental garden. The results showed Pb concentration near or above the Maximum Tolerance Limit, according to Federal Decree 55871/1965, in both vegetable groups analyzed. We concluded that the chlorination to 0,1 mgL-1 of the treated effluent do not eliminated the persistent pathogens of conventional treatment. To enable the use of treated wastewater in the culture of vegetables is necessary to search a form of complementary treatment to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms present in the effluent. It also showed the need for constant monitoring of metal concentrations in the effluent and vegetables produced considering temporal variations that characterize the urban sewage, since these elements can be transferred to the food chain. This study highlights the need to continue seeking for alternative uses for recycled water, in order to correct existing problems of water scarcity and ensuring the preservations of water sources in the future.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-17T13:12:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2001 - Marilene Alvares.pdf: 614893 bytes, checksum: ca3d3b41579b663ff4afa2939a0a892f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T13:12:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2001 - Marilene Alvares.pdf: 614893 bytes, checksum: ca3d3b41579b663ff4afa2939a0a892f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The habromatids biology and their patogenies have abready been well studied. But not na efficient technique has been developed, or peridically tested for the diagnosis of the gastric habronemiasis in equidae. Has been proposed the compation of two techniques: the UENO (1986) technique and UENO & GUTIERRES (1983), modified and the xenodiagnostic technique. On the Ueno (modified) technique to recuperate first stage larvae, has been used fecal examples of 3g and 5g, with 3 repetitions for each. From each example has been taken 0,3 ml of the sediment, divided in three microscope slides and then the slides were observed though the light microscope for counting the larvae number of Habronema spp. or Drashia megastoma. To the xenodiagnostic, larvae of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Muscidae: Diptera) were inoculated in the equidae feces and then were kept in the laboratory. The adults muscoids0 were dissected and the third stage larvae of the nematodes were saved and counted. The adults nematodes were colected from the stomach of 35 equidae then fixed in AFA and preserved in alcohol 70% for later identification. The comparative analysis were based on the linear correlation. The comparation of the determination rates indicated that there weren?t significative difference on the recuperation of larvae on the Ueno (modified) technique, with the two different examples weights and the xenodiagnostic technique. The Ueno (modified) technique utilizing 3g and 5g of feces had the same index of determination, 73%. The test t analysis showed no significant difference between the three slides on the Ueno technique observation. While the xenodiagnostic technique got a determination rate of 79,1%, when utilizing only M. domestica and the two especies of females of Habronema spp. And the determination index of 81,3% when utilizing M. domestica and females of Habronema muscae based on the linear correlation. / A biologia das Habronemat?neos e suas patogenias j? foi bem estudada. No entanto, nenhuma t?cnica coprosc?pica eficiente foi desenvolvida e rotineiramente testada para o diagn?stico da habronemose g?strica em eq??deos. Foi proposta a compara??o de duas t?cnicas: a t?cnica de UENO (1968) e UENO & GUTIERRES (1983) modificada e a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico. Na t?cnica de Ueno (modificada) para recupera??o da larva de primeiro est?gio, foi utilizado amostras contendo 3g e 5g de fezes, com tr?s reparti??es para cada amostra de fezes. De cada amostra foi retirado 0,3 ml de sedimento, dividindo em tr?s l?minas sendo levado ao microsc?pio ?tico para contagem do n?mero de larvas de Habronema spp. ou Drashia megastoma. Para o xenodiagn?stico, larvas de Musca domestica e Stomoxys calcitrans (Muscidae: Diptera) foram inoculadas nas fezes dos eq??deos e mantidos em laborat?rio. Os musc?deos adultos foram dissecados e as formas de terceiro est?gio dos nemat?ides recuperados e contados. Os nemat?ides adultos foram coletados do est?mago de 35 eq??deos, fixados em AFA e conservados em ?lcool a 70%, para posterior identifica??o. A an?lise comparativa foi baseada na regress?o linear. A compara??o dos ?ndices de determina??o indicaram n?o haver diferen?a significativa na recupera??o de larvas na t?cnica de Ueno (modificada), com os dois diferentes pesos de amostras de fezes e a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico. A t?cnica de Ueno (modificada) utilizando 3g e 5g de fezes obteve o mesmo ?ndice de determina??o 73%. A an?lise do teste t demonstrou n?o existir diferen?a significativa entre as tr?s l?minas na leitura da t?cnica de sedimenta??o. Enquanto a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico obteve o ?ndice de determina??o de 79,1% quando utilizado apenas M. domestica para realiza??o desta, e as duas esp?cies de f?meas de Habronema spp. e o ?ndice de determina??o de 81,3% quando utilizado M. domestica e f?meas de Habronema muscae como base da regress?o linear.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-27T14:24:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2001 - Marilene Alvares.pdf: 614893 bytes, checksum: ca3d3b41579b663ff4afa2939a0a892f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T14:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2001 - Marilene Alvares.pdf: 614893 bytes, checksum: ca3d3b41579b663ff4afa2939a0a892f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-09-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The habromatids biology and their patogenies have abready been well studied. But not na efficient technique has been developed, or peridically tested for the diagnosis of the gastric habronemiasis in equidae. Has been proposed the compation of two techniques: the UENO (1986) technique and UENO & GUTIERRES (1983), modified and the xenodiagnostic technique. On the Ueno (modified) technique to recuperate first stage larvae, has been used fecal examples of 3g and 5g, with 3 repetitions for each. From each example has been taken 0,3 ml of the sediment, divided in three microscope slides and then the slides were observed though the light microscope for counting the larvae number of Habronema spp. or Drashia megastoma. To the xenodiagnostic, larvae of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Muscidae: Diptera) were inoculated in the equidae feces and then were kept in the laboratory. The adults muscoids0 were dissected and the third stage larvae of the nematodes were saved and counted. The adults nematodes were colected from the stomach of 35 equidae then fixed in AFA and preserved in alcohol 70% for later identification. The comparative analysis were based on the linear correlation. The comparation of the determination rates indicated that there weren?t significative difference on the recuperation of larvae on the Ueno (modified) technique, with the two different examples weights and the xenodiagnostic technique. The Ueno (modified) technique utilizing 3g and 5g of feces had the same index of determination, 73%. The test t analysis showed no significant difference between the three slides on the Ueno technique observation. While the xenodiagnostic technique got a determination rate of 79,1%, when utilizing only M. domestica and the two especies of females of Habronema spp. And the determination index of 81,3% when utilizing M. domestica and females of Habronema muscae based on the linear correlation. / A biologia das Habronemat?neos e suas patogenias j? foi bem estudada. No entanto, nenhuma t?cnica coprosc?pica eficiente foi desenvolvida e rotineiramente testada para o diagn?stico da habronemose g?strica em eq??deos. Foi proposta a compara??o de duas t?cnicas: a t?cnica de UENO (1968) e UENO & GUTIERRES (1983) modificada e a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico. Na t?cnica de Ueno (modificada) para recupera??o da larva de primeiro est?gio, foi utilizado amostras contendo 3g e 5g de fezes, com tr?s reparti??es para cada amostra de fezes. De cada amostra foi retirado 0,3 ml de sedimento, dividindo em tr?s l?minas sendo levado ao microsc?pio ?tico para contagem do n?mero de larvas de Habronema spp. ou Drashia megastoma. Para o xenodiagn?stico, larvas de Musca domestica e Stomoxys calcitrans (Muscidae: Diptera) foram inoculadas nas fezes dos eq??deos e mantidos em laborat?rio. Os musc?deos adultos foram dissecados e as formas de terceiro est?gio dos nemat?ides recuperados e contados. Os nemat?ides adultos foram coletados do est?mago de 35 eq??deos, fixados em AFA e conservados em ?lcool a 70%, para posterior identifica??o. A an?lise comparativa foi baseada na regress?o linear. A compara??o dos ?ndices de determina??o indicaram n?o haver diferen?a significativa na recupera??o de larvas na t?cnica de Ueno (modificada), com os dois diferentes pesos de amostras de fezes e a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico. A t?cnica de Ueno (modificada) utilizando 3g e 5g de fezes obteve o mesmo ?ndice de determina??o 73%. A an?lise do teste t demonstrou n?o existir diferen?a significativa entre as tr?s l?minas na leitura da t?cnica de sedimenta??o. Enquanto a t?cnica do xenodiagn?stico obteve o ?ndice de determina??o de 79,1% quando utilizado apenas M. domestica para realiza??o desta, e as duas esp?cies de f?meas de Habronema spp. e o ?ndice de determina??o de 81,3% quando utilizado M. domestica e f?meas de Habronema muscae como base da regress?o linear.

Várias regiões do planeta sofrem com escassez natural de água potável, o aumento da população e a contaminação ambiental desse recurso têm agravado esse quadro. Nesse contexto, práticas de reuso de água na agricultura vêm sendo difundidas em diversos países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a qualidade parasitológica e toxicológica entre hortaliças cultivadas com água de reuso e hortaliças comercializadas em feiras livres do município de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Para tanto, foram coletadas 20 amostras de alface (Lactuca sativa) e 20 de rúcula (Eruca sativa) nas feiras livres do município e na horta experimental construída na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Ribeirão Preto, onde as hortaliças foram irrigadas com efluente tratado e clorado a 0,1 mgL-1. No total foram coletadas 80 amostras. Para análise parasitológica foram utilizadas a Técnica de Sedimentação Espontânea e a Técnica de Separação Imunomagnética com utilização de Microscopia de Imunofluorescência e Contraste de Fase (método 1623 USEPA), para análise de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. A leitura das concentrações de metais foi realizada por Espectrometria de Massa com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-MS). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que tanto as verduras coletadas nas feiras livres quanto as produzidas na horta experimental apresentaram positividade para contaminação parasitológica, especialmente helmintos. Especificamente para Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., o método 1623 mostrou que houve contaminação por Giardia spp. apenas nas hortaliças procedentes da horta experimental, com densidades que variaram de 6 a 15 cistos/50g. e por Cryptosporidium spp., com densidade de 3 oocistos/50g. As análises de metais mostraram que houve diferença significante dos metais Cd, Pb, Mn e Fe, em alface e rúcula, sendo as concentrações maiores nas amostras procedentes da horta experimental. O Pb apresentou concentrações máximas próximas ou superiores ao Limite Máximo de Tolerância, segundo o Decreto 55871/1965, nos dois grupos de hortaliças analisados. Concluiu-se que a cloração do efluente tratado a uma concentração de 0,1 mgL-1 não elimina os agentes patogênicos persistentes ao tratamento convencional. Para viabilizar a utilização de águas residuárias tratadas na cultura de hortaliças é necessário buscar uma forma de tratamento complementar que elimine microrganismos patogênicos presentes no efluente. Evidenciou-se também, a necessidade de monitoramento constante das concentrações de metais no efluente e na hortaliça produzida considerando as variações temporais que caracterizam o esgoto urbano, pois esses elementos podem ser transferidos para a cadeia alimentar. Torna-se evidente a necessidade de continuar buscando usos alternativos ao reuso da água, visando contornar os problemas já existentes de escassez de água garantindo a preservação de fontes de água no futuro. / Several regions of the planet suffer from a shortage of natural drinking water. However, population growth and environmental pollution have aggravated this situation. In that context, a practice to use wastewater in the agriculture has been extend in several countries. The aim of this study was to compare the parasitological and toxicological quality of vegetables grown with recycled water and vegetables sold in street markets in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP. To this end, we collected 20 samples of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and 20 of rocket salad (Eruca sativa) in a streets markets and experimental garden built in the Sewage Treatment Station of Ribeirão Preto, where the vegetables were irrigated with treated and chlorinated effluent to 0,1 mgL-1. In total, were collected 80 samples. For parasitological analysis we used the Spontaneous Sedimentations Technique and the Technique of Immunomagnetic Separation with use of Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Phase Contrast (USEPA, Method 1623) for analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Metals concentration was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma with Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that vegetables collected in free markets and those produced in the experimental garden were positive for parasitological contamination, especially helminths. Specifically for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., the Method 1623 showed that there was contamination by Giardia spp. only in the experimental garden vegetables, with densities ranging from 6 to 15 cists/50g. and Cryptosporidium spp. with a density of 3 oocists/50g. Analyses of metals showed a significant difference of the metals Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe in lettuce and rocket salad, with higher concentrations in samples from experimental garden. The results showed Pb concentration near or above the Maximum Tolerance Limit, according to Federal Decree 55871/1965, in both vegetable groups analyzed. We concluded that the chlorination to 0,1 mgL-1 of the treated effluent do not eliminated the persistent pathogens of conventional treatment. To enable the use of treated wastewater in the culture of vegetables is necessary to search a form of complementary treatment to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms present in the effluent. It also showed the need for constant monitoring of metal concentrations in the effluent and vegetables produced considering temporal variations that characterize the urban sewage, since these elements can be transferred to the food chain. This study highlights the need to continue seeking for alternative uses for recycled water, in order to correct existing problems of water scarcity and ensuring the preservations of water sources in the future.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of the North, 1977 / Refer to document

Gopherus polyphemus populations are diminishing throughout their range due to urbanization, fragmentation, and poor management of habitats. Increased population densities, poor habitat quality, and lack of fire may influence disease transmission. Parasite roles within wild tortoise populations are largely unknown, despite evidence these pathogens may pose health risks. This study provides a baseline of gopher tortoise endoparasites across South Florida and reports on how varying environmental and tortoise characteristics may affect endoparasite species prevalence, approximate loads, and overall distributions. Tortoise fecal samples were taken from five differing SF habitats. Seven species of intestinal parasites were discovered from 123 tortoises. Identified parasites include endo-helminths such as cyathostomes, pinworms, ascarids, flukes, and protozoans including Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, and Amoeba species. Significant differences in parasite prevalence and loads were seen between sampling years, seasons, size classes, and sites, however, overall parasite distributions suggest parasitism remains relatively ubiquitous throughout most host and site characteristics. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection