La leishmaniose est une zoonose à transmission vectorielle due au parasite protozoaire Leishmania ; des co-infections avec plusieurs espèces de Leishmania ont également été rapportées. Il a été démontré que les vésicules extracellulaires (VE) de ce parasite jouent un rôle dans l'infection précoce, ainsi que la propagation de la résistance in vitro aux médicaments. Peu de médicaments anti-Leishmania sont disponibles, et la résistance continue de croître chez ce parasite; il est donc impératif de comprendre la propagation de la résistance aux antileishmaniens. Nous avons exploré la capacité des VE xénogéniques de Leishmania à moduler la physiopathologie de l'infection et la sensibilité du parasite aux médicaments après contact in vivo. La co-inoculation de parasites et de VE provenant de souches/espèces de Leishmania présentant divers profils de résistance aux médicaments a été réalisée chez la souris. La physiopathologie et la charge parasitaire ont été suivies, et des tests de sensibilité aux médicaments effectués. Les résultats ont démontré que les VE de Leishmania infantum influencent la physiopathologie de Leishmania major dans le cadre in vivo. Nous avons également constaté que ces VE modulent la sensibilité aux médicaments de L. major après un contact in vivo dans un modèle d'infection précoce, entraînant une diminution significative de la sensibilité à l’antileishmanien antimoine. Nous démontrons ici pour la première fois que les VE des parasites xénogéniques peuvent participer à la propagation de la résistance aux médicaments entre les populations de parasites après un contact in vivo, ce qui pourrait expliquer en partie l'augmentation des taux d'échec des traitements contre Leishmania. / Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, endemic to 98 countries and territories. There are several manifestations of leishmaniasis, some fatal if left untreated. Furthermore, co-infections with multiple species of Leishmania have also been reported. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Leishmania have been demonstrated to play a role in early infection, as well as spread of drug resistance in vitro. Few antileishmanial drugs are available, and drug resistance to those in use continues to grow; as such, there is an urgent need to better understand the spread of Leishmania drug resistance. In this study, the ability of xenogeneic Leishmania EVs to modulate infection pathophysiology and parasite drug sensitivity after in vivo contact was explored. Co-inoculation of parasites and purified EVs from strains/species of Leishmania with contrasting drug resistance profiles was performed in BALB/c mice. Pathophysiology and parasite burden were monitored, and drug-susceptibility testing performed on recovered parasites. Results demonstrated that EVs from Leishmania infantum influence pathophysiology of Leishmania major in in vivo experiments. These EVs were also found to modulate drug sensitivity of L. major after in vivo contact in a 6-hour infection model, leading to a highly significant decrease in susceptibility to antileishmanial antimony. Here it is demonstrated for the first time that EVs from xenogeneic parasites can participate directly in propagating drug resistance between parasite populations after in vivo contact. These findings may help explain current observations of rising rates of Leishmania treatment failure.

Trygonorrhina fasciata (Rhinobatidae) specimens naturally infected by three monogenean species were captured and maintained in marine aquaria to promote a continuous parasite load. Monogenean eggs recovered from aquaria provided larvae for descriptions and life history experiments. I describe the adult, larva and post-larval development of a new species of hexabothriid, Branchotenthes octohamatus, from the gills. This is the first monogenean larva described with only eight hooklets. This character may be useful to help resolve problematic relationships within the Hexabothriidae and offers insight into more general hypotheses about relationships within the Monogenea. I also redescribe the adult of Calicotyle australis (Monocotylidae) from the cloaca and describe the larva. The number and arrangement of larval ciliated epidermal cells and sensilla was revealed using silver nitrate. I redescribe Pseudoleptobothrium aptychotremae (Microbothriidae) adults from the skin of T. fasciata, representing a new host and locality record. Larval anatomy and post-larval development are also documented. The presence of six needle-like spicules in the larval haptor is confirmed, supporting an earlier theory that spicules are ancestral vestiges. My studies revealed three different egg hatching, host finding strategies and larval ‘types’. Branchotenthes octohamatus has a ‘sit-and-wait’ strategy, entirely dependent on mechanical disturbance to stimulate eggs to hatch. Larvae are unciliated, cannot swim, lack pigmented eyespots and show no photo-response but may survive for more than two days after hatching at 22ºC. In contrast, eggs of C. australis hatch spontaneously with a strong diurnal rhythm in the first few hours of daylight when exposed to a LD12:12 illumination regime. Larvae are ciliated and can swim, have pigmented eyespots, are photo-positive and can remain active and survive for up to 24 h after hatching at 22ºC. Eggs of P. aptychotremae may have a ‘bet-hedging’ strategy. Some eggs hatch spontaneously and rhythmically in an LD12:12 regime during the last few hours of daylight but their low hatching success rate suggests that other eggs may require a different cue provided by the host. Larvae are ciliated, can swim, lack pigmented eyespots, show no photo-response and remain active for only a few hours at 22ºC. Experiments using the fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE) revealed B. octohamatus on gills of T. fasciata within 30 min of exposure to the host. This provides strong evidence that larvae invade the gills directly via the host’s inhalant respiratory current and do not migrate after initial attachment elsewhere. Five rhinobatid species (Aptychotrema vincentiana, T. fasciata, Trygonorrhina sp. A, A. rostrata and Rhinobatos typus), with overlapping distributions spanning west, south and east Australian coastal waters were surveyed for monogeneans at four locations between Fremantle, Western Australia and Stradbroke Island, Queensland. Genetic homogeneity, using the mitochrondrial gene Cytochrome b (cytb) and the nuclear marker, Elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1a), was observed for all Branchotenthes and Calicotyle specimens irrespective of collection locality or rhinobatid species. Genetic homogeneity was observed for Pseudoleptobothrium specimens collected in western and southern Australia. However, local genetic heterogeneity was apparent among Pseudoleptobothrium specimens collected from two sympatric host species in New South Wales. Analyses revealed a highly divergent clade, indicating a morphologically cryptic, ancestral species. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1323070 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Trygonorrhina fasciata (Rhinobatidae) specimens naturally infected by three monogenean species were captured and maintained in marine aquaria to promote a continuous parasite load. Monogenean eggs recovered from aquaria provided larvae for descriptions and life history experiments. I describe the adult, larva and post-larval development of a new species of hexabothriid, Branchotenthes octohamatus, from the gills. This is the first monogenean larva described with only eight hooklets. This character may be useful to help resolve problematic relationships within the Hexabothriidae and offers insight into more general hypotheses about relationships within the Monogenea. I also redescribe the adult of Calicotyle australis (Monocotylidae) from the cloaca and describe the larva. The number and arrangement of larval ciliated epidermal cells and sensilla was revealed using silver nitrate. I redescribe Pseudoleptobothrium aptychotremae (Microbothriidae) adults from the skin of T. fasciata, representing a new host and locality record. Larval anatomy and post-larval development are also documented. The presence of six needle-like spicules in the larval haptor is confirmed, supporting an earlier theory that spicules are ancestral vestiges. My studies revealed three different egg hatching, host finding strategies and larval ‘types’. Branchotenthes octohamatus has a ‘sit-and-wait’ strategy, entirely dependent on mechanical disturbance to stimulate eggs to hatch. Larvae are unciliated, cannot swim, lack pigmented eyespots and show no photo-response but may survive for more than two days after hatching at 22ºC. In contrast, eggs of C. australis hatch spontaneously with a strong diurnal rhythm in the first few hours of daylight when exposed to a LD12:12 illumination regime. Larvae are ciliated and can swim, have pigmented eyespots, are photo-positive and can remain active and survive for up to 24 h after hatching at 22ºC. Eggs of P. aptychotremae may have a ‘bet-hedging’ strategy. Some eggs hatch spontaneously and rhythmically in an LD12:12 regime during the last few hours of daylight but their low hatching success rate suggests that other eggs may require a different cue provided by the host. Larvae are ciliated, can swim, lack pigmented eyespots, show no photo-response and remain active for only a few hours at 22ºC. Experiments using the fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE) revealed B. octohamatus on gills of T. fasciata within 30 min of exposure to the host. This provides strong evidence that larvae invade the gills directly via the host’s inhalant respiratory current and do not migrate after initial attachment elsewhere. Five rhinobatid species (Aptychotrema vincentiana, T. fasciata, Trygonorrhina sp. A, A. rostrata and Rhinobatos typus), with overlapping distributions spanning west, south and east Australian coastal waters were surveyed for monogeneans at four locations between Fremantle, Western Australia and Stradbroke Island, Queensland. Genetic homogeneity, using the mitochrondrial gene Cytochrome b (cytb) and the nuclear marker, Elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1a), was observed for all Branchotenthes and Calicotyle specimens irrespective of collection locality or rhinobatid species. Genetic homogeneity was observed for Pseudoleptobothrium specimens collected in western and southern Australia. However, local genetic heterogeneity was apparent among Pseudoleptobothrium specimens collected from two sympatric host species in New South Wales. Analyses revealed a highly divergent clade, indicating a morphologically cryptic, ancestral species. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1323070 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Le campagnol terrestre, Arvicola terrestris, occasionne en France, lors de ses pullulations cycliques interannuelles, d’importants dégâts aux prairies de montagne. Un groupe de travail constitué des équipes de recherche de l’Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), de l’INRA (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations) et d’organismes agricoles (Fédération Régionale de Défense contre les Organismes Nuisibles de Franche-Comté, FREDON), ont privilégié une approche « systémique » dans laquelle les interactions entre les campagnols, leur habitat (paysage, prédateurs) et les pratiques agricoles sont analysées de façon hiérarchisées (spatialement et temporellement). Un des objectifs est de mettre en évidence le plus grand nombre possible de facteurs de contrôle sur lesquels il est possible d’agir, et l'échelle à laquelle ces actions sont pertinentes. Ces études ont permis d’initier une stratégie, expérimentée avec succès, notamment en Franche-Comté et en Auvergne, et qui privilégie la lutte raisonnée. Il subsiste néanmoins des zones d’ombre relatives à la compréhension du cycle, notamment concernant les déterminants de la phase de déclin. Le rôle du cortège de pathogènes (parmi lesquels certains peuvent être transmis à l’homme) reste pour l’instant sujet de débat dans la littérature scientifique. La compréhension des facteurs clés déterminant cette phase devrait permettre aux éleveurs de mieux anticiper les impacts économiques et adopter les stratégies de contrôles des population les plus adéquates. Objectifs de la thèse (1) Tester les hypothèses des pathogènes et de la sénescence pour expliquer le déclin démographique. (2) Rechercher des indicateurs biologiques (diversité des pathogènes et/ou indicateurs immunitaires) qui permettent de prédire les phases de déclin et d’anticiper des mesures agricoles appropriées pour restaurer les prairies. (3) Evaluer le rôle de la transition entre la phase de forte densité et de déclin démographique pour l’émergence de pathogènes circulants par les populations de campagnols et responsables de maladies humaines. Méthodologie générale Des suivis de populations avec des prélèvements réguliers (mensuels) seront réalisés sur plusieurs populations (répliquats) dans la période qui encadre le déclin démographique. Des méthodes fondées sur le séquençage à haut débit (NGS : Next Generation Sequencing) pour l’épidémiologie permettent d’établir des catalogues complets des pathogènes (virus, bactéries, parasites) hébergées par les populations, et d’en mesurer les prévalences. / Context In France, during cyclic population surges, water voles, Arvicola terrestri, cause extensive damage to mountain grassland. A working group consisting of researchers from the University of Franche-Comté (UFC), INRA (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations) agricultural organizations (Fédération Régionale de Défense contre les Organismes Nuisibles de Franche-Comté, FREDON) are working on systems approach in which interactions between voles, their habitat (landscape, predators) and agricultural practices are analysed hierarchically (in space and time). One of the objectives is to highlight the largest possible number of control factors on which it is possible to act, and the scale at which these actions are relevant. These studies have helped initiate a strategy, successfully tested in Franche-Comté and in Auvergne, which promotes the integrated control of water vole populations. Nevertheless, there are still grey areas in the understanding of the cycle, particularly on the determinants of the decline phase. The role of pathogen communities (some species may even be transmitted to humans) so far remains the subject of debate in the scientific literature. The understanding of the key factors determining this phase should allow farmers to better anticipate economic impacts and to adopt optimal strategies for vole population control Objectives: (1) To test the pathogens and senescence hypotheses in order to explain the population decline. (2) To look for biological indicators (diversity of pathogens and / or immune indicators) that may predict the decline phase in order to anticipate appropriate measures to restore grasslands. (3) To assess the role of the transition between high population density phase and the decline phase for the emergence of pathogens in vole populations that may cause human diseases.General Methodology Population monitoring with regular (monthly) sampling will be made on several populations (replicates) in the period that brackets the vole population declines. Methods based on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) makes it possible to establish extensive catalogues of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, other parasites) hosted by vole populations and to measure the prevalence.

Orientador: Vanessa Doro Abdallah / Resumo: No presente estudo é apresentada uma análise da diversidade de parasitos presentes em peixes da ordem Siluriformes, coletados durante os anos de 2014 a 2016 no rio Batalha, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do Tietê-Batalha (BH-TB), localizada na Região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os parasitos de organismos aquáticos, particularmente os de peixes, são subestimados quanto à sua importância no impacto das populações hospedeiras. Tem-se observado um aumento nas pesquisas com esta temática, com estudos mais aprofundados envolvendo a dinâmica populacional destes organismos ao longo do tempo-espaço em hospedeiros em seu ambiente natural, ampliando assim o conhecimento sobre as estratégias de adaptação nas relações parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente. Em regiões impactadas, como é o caso da maioria dos corpos d’água do Estado de São Paulo, e dependendo do tipo de alteração ambiental em seus arredores, toda a cadeia trófica dos organismos aquáticos será influenciada por tais mudanças, e os parasitos responderão mais rapidamente do que os seus hospedeiros a estas alterações. A diversidade de organismos aquáticos no rio Batalha ainda é pouco conhecida com estudos restritos na região, e os peixes da ordem Siluriformes se destacam tanto em riqueza de espécies quanto em abundância, cuja importância se dá nas práticas desportivas, na alimentação local e, principalmente, com finalidade ornamental. São organismos amplamente diversificados e complexos, distribuídos em vários tipos de ambient... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study analyzes the parasites diversity present in fish species of the order Siluriformes, collected during the years 2014 to 2016 in the Batalha River, Tietê-Batalha river basin (BH-TB), in the Central-West Region of the State of São Paulo. Parasites of aquatic organisms, particularly those parasitizing fish, are underestimated as to their importance in the impact of host populations. The studies on this theme has grown over time, with more in-depth studies involving the population dynamics of these organisms over time-space in hosts in their natural environment, thus increasing knowledge on adaptation strategies in parasite-host-environment relationship. In degraded regions, as is the case with most water bodies in the State of São Paulo, and depending on the type of environmental change in their surroundings, the entire trophic chain of aquatic organisms will be influenced by such changes, and the parasites will respond more than your hosts to these changes. The diversity of aquatic organisms in the Batalha River is still little known with restricted studies in the region, and the Siluriformes species stand out both in species richness and in abundance, whose importance is given in sports, local feeding and ornamental purpose. They are widely diversified and complex organisms, distributed in several types of environment, with preference for cloudy water, between rocks and vegetation of the bottom of the rivers, with predominantly nocturnal habits, mainly in trop... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum et Plasmodium falciparum sont des parasites protozoaires intracellulaires obligatoires, respectivement responsables de la toxoplasmose, de la néosporose et du paludisme. Les différents traitements mis en œuvre reposent sur une association médicamenteuse. Cependant, des échecs thérapeutiques et des résistances aux traitements ont été décrits. Notre travail a porté sur l’identification de molécules actives isolées par Chomatographie de Partage Centrifuge (CPC) à partir d’extraits d’écorces d’Anogeissus leiocarpus, un arbre d’Afrique de l’ouest connu pour son activité antipaludique, et de dix arbres de la région Champagne-Ardenne. Nous nous sommes penchés, dans un premier temps, sur l’activité antiparasitaire des fractions obtenues à partir d’extrait d’écorce d’A. leiocarpus. La trachélospérogénine E et l’extrait global sans tanin se sont révélés actifs, notamment en inhibant l’invasion des cellules hôtes par T. gondii. Cet extrait a également préservé la survie des souris atteintes de toxoplasmose chronique. Les mêmes composés naturels ont eu un effet contre N. caninum et P. falciparum. Dans une seconde partie, 30 extraits d’écorces de dix arbres de la région Champagne-Ardenne ont été testés sur T. gondii et N. caninum. Les composés responsables de l’activité antiparasitaire présents chez Alnus glutinosa semblent être la bétuline et ses dérivés. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’activité de 400 molécules de synthèse de la Pathogen Box. Huit d’entre elles ont eu un effet significatif contre T. gondii, dont trois avec une sélectivité importante. Des expérimentations sont toutefois à réaliser pour N. caninum. / Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Plasmodium falciparum are mandatory intracellular protozoan parasites and are responsible for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and malaria, respectively. The different treatments used are based on drug combination. However therapeutic failures and drug resistances have been described. Our work focused on the identification of active compounds isolated by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) from crude barks extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus, a West African tree known for its antimalarial activity, and ten trees from the Champagne-Ardenne region. First we studied the activity of the fractions obtained from the crude bark extract from A. leiocarpus. Trachelosperogenin E and the global extract without tannin showed a good activity by inhibiting host cell invasion by T. gondii. The latter was able to preserve mice survival toward chronic toxoplasmosis. These extracts were also active on N. caninum and P. falciparum. In a second part 30 crude barks extracts from ten trees located in the Champagne-Ardenne region were screened on T. gondii and N. caninum. Compounds responsible for the antiparasitic activity found in Alnus glutinosa were especially betulin and its derivatives. In the last part of this study we focused on the antiparasitic activity of 400 synthetic molecules from the Pathogen Box. Eight out of them were significantly efficient against T. gondii, among which three showed an important selectivity. Further experiments must be completed in the case of N. caninum.

Ergasilus sieboldi has been reported from a number of trout fisheries in England and Wales. The population dynamics of this parasitic copepod in Rutland Water, a large reservoir in Central England was studied from 2003 to 2005. A combination of angler and net caught fish were examined to record numbers of adult females and egg production throughout each year. The parasite overwintered in large numbers on trout and commenced egg production in April which then continued until October/November. The prevalence of infection and the abundance of the parasite were very high in overwintered rainbow trout but these parameters then decreased in March as large numbers of uninfected fish were stocked into the reservoir. The parasite population then increased until October. Infection levels in 2004 and 2005 were significantly lower than in 2003. Infections of cage-held rainbow trout showed that E.sieboldi could become ovigerous within two weeks of attachment to trout in July and August. New infections occurred from June until November. Several species of coarse fish examined were also shown to be infected by the parasite. Cage trials showed that triploid rainbow trout were infected by significantly higher numbers of the parasite than diploid rainbow, brown trout or “blue” rainbow trout. Observations of infected fish in experimental tanks showed that overwintering parasites were stimulated to commence oviposition by increasing water temperatures. Photoperiod had no noticeable effect on the parasite. Egg viability and rate of development was studied using tank held infected fish and in vitro incubation techniques. Viability of eggs in sacs detached from the adult parasite was greater than those remaining attached. The rate of egg development was modelled and was shown to be predicted by temperature. Development of eggs was estimated to commence at 3.6ºC. Eggs developed more rapidly at higher temperatures and at peak production, inter-clutch interval was between 0 and 0.5 days. Egg production models estimated that an overwintered parasite could produce up to 19 clutches of eggs between April and October under normal temperature regimes measured at the reservoir. Ovarian development during the winter was confirmed using classifications of ovary size and shape based on parameters measured using image analysis techniques. The life span of E.sieboldi was estimated at 10-12 months. Nauplii culturing techniques were compared, and nauplii to stage V were successfully developed. Nauplii hatched from the eggs of adult parasites occurring in the spring were larger and conditioned to develop at lower temperatures than those hatched later in the year. Nauplii were fed on 4 different types of algae held in monocultures but development occurred only in algal polycultures. A comparison was made of nauplii feeding preferences and development with algae recorded in Rutland Water in 2003 and 2005 but no correlations were found. Fish stock assessment was carried out using models of angler catch, effort and stocking figures from the fishery. Parasite numbers on the overwintered fish were estimated at 12 million parasites in April 2003, 8.3 million in April 2004 and 1.2 million in April 2005. Stock assessments suggested a reduction in number of overwintering trout and effects of stocking policy to be at least partially responsible for the decline in the parasite population. The results of this study formed a management strategy for the operation of the trout fishery.

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites cause great losses in the production of small ruminants through reduced productivity and the cost of preventive and curative treatments. Because of the threat of anthelmintic resistance, biological control of sheep nematodes has been identified as an alternative to anthelmintic drugs. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner) and Clonostachys rosea (Schroers) have been widely studied as biocontrol agents. B. thuringiensis has been used for the biocontrol of insects and C. rosea has been successfully used as biocontrol agent of Botrytis cinera (De Bary) in plants. B. thuringiensis and C. rosea strains were isolated from soil collected from the Livestock Section at Ukulinga Research Farm, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Twenty-five strains of Bt and 10 strains of C. rosea were successfully isolated. The Bt colonies were identified by their circular, white, flat and undulate character, and the gram-positive and rod-shaped endospores. C. rosea was identified by white colonies on Potato-dextose agar and the characteristic conidiophores, which were branched and showed phialides at the tips. In vitro screening of the isolates was undertaken to select the best isolates. The isolates that caused significantly greater mortality were Bt isolate B2, B10 and B12 and C. rosea isolates P1, P3 and P8. These isolates caused substantial nematode mortality in both faeces and water bioassay. Nematode counts were reduced by 28.5% to 62% and 44% to 69.9% in faecal bioassay for Bt and C. rosea, respectively. In the water bioassay, nematode counts were reduced by 62% to 85% for Bt and by 62.7% to 89.3% for C. rosea. The best inoculum level at which the best isolates were most effective, and the optimum frequency of application were determined. The trial was conducted using bioassays with faeces and water. Inoculum levels of 10(6), 10(8), 10(10), 10(12) spores ml-1 for Bt and 10(6), 10(8) and 10(10) conidia ml-1 for C. rosea was used in the faecal bioassay. The inoculum levels tested in water bioassay were 10(6), 10(8), 10(10) and 10(12) spores ml-1 for Bt and 10(9), 10(10), 10(11), 10(12) conidia ml-1 for C. rosea. In the faecal bioassay, B2 was the most effective Bt isolate at an inoculum level of 10(10) spores ml-1. Isolate P3 was the best C. rosea isolate at 10(8) conidia ml-1. In the water bioassay, Isolate P3 caused a mortality of 85% at inoculum levels of 10(9), 10(10) and 10(11) conidia ml-1. The performance of biological control agents in the field is sometimes inconsistent. Combining different biocontrol agents may be a method of improving their reliability and performance. However, the combination of most of the isolates was antagonistic, with efficacy less than that of either individual biocontrol agent. In particular, Isolate P3 was more effective when used alone than when combined with any other isolates. Therefore, the combination of biocontrol agents does not always result in synergistic interaction. There were some additive interactions between two bacterial isolates, and with one bacterial and fungal combination. The effect of feeding the best of the biocontrol agents, or diatomaceous earth (DE), was evaluated in sheep. Two doses of Bt (1g and 2g kg-1BW) and C. rosea (1g kg-1BW) reduced the numbers of L3 nematode larvae in sheep faeces. The DE product (at 15% of feed) also reduced L3 numbers but it was less effective than either the Bt or the C. rosea products. Nematode counts were reduced by 74.6%, 75.1%, 84.6%, 68.5% and 27.5% for Bt 1g kg-1BW, Bt 2g kg-1BW, C. rosea (1g kg-1 BW), DE and control, respectively. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

This work is part of a wider project than it seeks to make risings, revise, describe, publish the taxonomy and help on the systematic, with publication of the illustrations of species morphology of parasitoids species acurring the Rio Grande do Sul. The data of the parasitoids associated were related with Brassolis astyra Godart, 1824 and Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel (1904) bionomy, from observations and capture in four places of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: São Martinho da Serra (SMS), Tupanciretã (TP), Santa Maria (SM) and Camobi-Berleze (BE). The parameters analyzed to Brassolis astyra were: postures biometry, pupae longevity average, adults' average emergency rates, adult s body wight and volume, pupae and wings morfometrics from anatomic landmarks. Eggs collected in Tupanciretã (TP), urban area, hatched 46%, and were parasited 43% and 11% failure. However, eggs of the São Martinho da Serra (SMS), natural area, 4% hatched, 95% were parasited and 1% failure. With base in the adults emergency from pupae 77% of males and females presented a normal morphology (viable) and 23% were malformed. Xanthozona melanopyga was registered (Wiedmann, 1830) (Diptera: Tachinidae) as parasite of Brassolis astyra pupae. In Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus the parasitoids observed were: Conura maculata (Fabricius, 1787) and Cotesia alius (Muesebeck, 1958) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae). Conura maculata, pupae parasitoid, is the first record to the Rio Grande do Sul. Are presented too data about the emergency time, the adults' longevity and sexual rate. It is presented, also, an ilustrated description of the main external morphologic characteristics of the species. Cotesia alius, caterpillar parasitoid, is the first record for Rio Grande do Sul state, also. The study present data about the cocoons and average cocoons number, by posture, and the emergency time elapsed, the adults' longevity and sexual rate. Four Eulophidae family species were observed hyperparasiting C. alius cocoons: Horismenus opsiphanis Schrottky, 1909 and Horismenus sp. (Entedoninae), a new specie according to Dr. Christer Hansson (Lund University, Sweden); and the Oomyzus Sokolowskii Kurdjumov, 1912 and Aprostocetus sp., (Tetrastichinae), new specie also, according to Dr. John La Salle (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial and Research Organisation, Australia), can be considered a new specie too. Diagnoses of all parasitoids are presented, including the new species. / Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto mais amplo que visa efetuar levantamentos, revisar, descrever, divulgar a taxonomia e auxiliar na sistemática com a publicação de ilustrações da morfologia das espécies de parasitóides ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Neste estudo são analisados dados relacionados á bionomia de Brassolis astyra Godart, 1824 e Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel (1904) e dos parasitóides associados, com base em observações e coletas em quatro localidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul: São Martinho da Serra (SMS), Tupanciretã (TP), Santa Maria (SM) e bairro Camobi - Berleze (BE). Em Brassolis astyra os parâmetros analisados foram: biometria das posturas, longevidade média das pupas, taxa média de emergência de adultos, massa das pupas e dos adultos, volume das pupas, e morfometria das pupas e das asas a partir de marcos anatômicos. Dos ovos coletados em Tupanciretã (TP), área urbana, 46 % eclodiram, 43 % foram parasitados e 11% malograram. Entretanto, dos ovos coletados em São Martinho da Serra (SMS), área natural, 4% eclodiram, 95% foram parasitados e 1% malograram. Com base nos adultos emergidos a partir das pupas, verificou-se que 77% dos machos e das fêmeas apresentaram uma morfologia normal (viável) e 23% eram malformadas. Neste estudo foi registrada Xanthozona melanopyga (Wiedmann, 1830) (Díptera: Tachinidae), parasita de pupas de Brassolis astyra. Em Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus os parasitóides observados foram: Conura maculata (Fabricius, 1787) e Cotesia alius (Muesebeck, 1958) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae). Conura maculata, parasitóide de pupas, é o primeiro registro para o Rio Grande do Sul. São apresentados dados sobre o tempo de emergência, longevidade dos adultos e proporção sexual. Apresentada, também, uma descrição ilustrada das principais características morfológicas externas da espécie. Cotesia alius, parasitóide de larvas é, também, primeiro registro para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste estudo são apresentados dados sobre o número de casulos e número médio de casulos por postura e dados sobre o tempo e emergência, longevidade dos adultos e proporção sexual. Além destas duas espécies, foram observadas quatro espécies de Eulophidae hiperparasitando casulos de C. alius: Horismenus opsiphanis Schrottky, 1909 e Horismenus sp. (Entedoninae), espécie nova, segundo Dr. Christer Hansson (Lund University, Suécia) e, ainda, Oomyzus Sokolowskii Kurdjumov, 1912 e Aprostocetus sp. (Tetrastichinae), que segundo Dr. John La Salle (Commonwe a l th Sc i ent i f i c and Indus t r i a l Re s e a r ch Organi s a t ion, Aus t r á l i a ) pode s er t ambém uma nova e spé ci e . São apresentadas diagnoses de todos os Hymenopteros e Dipteros coletados, incluindo as espécies novas.

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